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Practicing with West Bengal Board Class 10 History Book Solutions and WBBSE Class 10 History Sample Question Paper Set 1 alongside detailed explanations can lead to a deeper understanding of the subject.

West Bengal Board Class 10 History Model Question Paper Set 1

Group A.

1. Choose the correct answers to the following: 1×20=20

Question 1.
Of the following which constitutes ‘Social History’?
a. History of the ancient people
b. Accounts of the daily life of the people
c. History of environment
d. History of science
Answer:
b. Accounts of the daily life of the people

Question 2.
Of the following which is the earliest text on Indian food habits ?
a. Indian Food: A Historical Companion
b. Indian Food
c. The Charyapada
d. The Indian Food Habits and Cuisine
Answer:
c. The Charyapada

Question 3.
Of the following who was the author of ‘A Handbook of Indian Art’?
a. Ernest Binfield Havell
b. Jamini Roy
c. Nandalal Bose
d. Sarasikumar Saraswati
Answer:
a. Ernest Binfield Havell

Question 4.
Which of the following started publishing features on science?
a. Bijnan Rahasya
b. Banga Darshan
c. Bijnan Sadhana
d. Bangaduta
Answer:
b. Banga Darshan

Question 5.
Of the following who was not associated with the foundation of the Hindu College?
a. David Hare
b. Radhakanta Dev
c. Iswarchandra Vidyasagar
d. Lord Hastings
Answer:
c. Iswarchandra Vidyasagar

Question 6.
Who conferred the title of ‘Brahmananda’ to Keshab Chandra Sen?
a. Sivnath Shastri
b. Debendranath Tagore
c. Tarachand Datta
d. Radhakanta Deb
Answer:
b. Debendranath Tagore

Question 7.
Of the following who was the earliest champion of women’s rights?
a. Vidyasagar
b. Maharaja Srischandra
c. Rammohan Roy
d. Motilal Seal
Answer:
c. Rammohan Roy

Question 8.
Of the following who lay the foundation of practical Vedanta?
a. Sri Ramakrishna
b. Bijay Krishna Goswamee
c. Swami Vivekananda
d. Lalan Faqir
Answer:
c. Swami Vivekananda

Question 9.
In which of the following places did the Rangpur Revolt take place 1783?
a. Chotonagpur
b. Rangpur in present Bangladesh
c. Bengal
d. Bhagalpur, in Bihar
Answer:
b. Rangpur in present Bangladesh

Question 10.
With whom did the Chuars align themselves to raise the banner of rebellion?
a. Local zamindars
b. Debi Singh
c. Buddhu Bhagat
d. Madara Mahato
Answer:
a. Local zamindars

Question 11.
Of the following who built the Banser Kella Bamboo fortress. in a fight against the British soldiers?
a. Dudu Mian
b. Titu Mir
c. Joa Bhagat
d. Durjan Singh
Answer:
b. Titu Mir

Question 12.
Of the following who was associated with the Indian Association?
a. Surendranath Banerjee
b. Surendranath Banerjee
c. Debendranath Tagore
b. Harish Chandra Mukherjee
Answer:
d. Rammohan Roy

Question 13.
In which of the following background was the novel Gora composed ?
a. Santhal Rebellion
b. Revolt of 1857
c. Indigo Rebellion
d. Partition of Bengal
Answer:
d. Partition of Bengal

Question 14.
Of the following find the one that is incompatible :
a. Bartaman Bharat
b. Gora
c. Bharatmata
d. Anandamath
Answer:
c. Bharatmata

Question 15.
U.Ray was famous for which of the following ?
a. Spread of science education
b. Spread of Western education
c. Advanced printing technology
d. Spread of medical education
Answer:
c. Advanced printing technology

Question 16.
Of the following who was one of the founders of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science?
a. Jagadish Chandra Bose
b. Mahendralal Sircar
c. Taraknath Palit
b. Mahendralal Sircar
Answer:
d. Satyendranath Bose

Question 17.
Of the following which was ‘in many ways the child of the Non-Cooperation Movement’?
a. Eka Movement
b. Anti-Partition Movement
c. Bardoli Satyagraha
d. Home Rule Movement
Answer:
d. Home Rule Movement

Question 18.
Which of the following Trade Unions was established in 1920 on an all-India basis ?
a. All India Trade Union Congress
b. Girni Kamgar Union
c. Centre of Indian Trade Unions
d. Workers’ and Peasants’ Party
Answer:
a. All India Trade Union Congress

Question 19.
Of the following who was associated with the Civil Disobedience Movement?
a. Pritilata Waddedar
b. Bina Das
c. Kalpana Datta
d. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
Answer:
d. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay

Question 20.
Under whose leadership did the Chittagong armoury raid take place ?
a. Badal Gupta
b. Bina Das
c. Surya Sen
d. Bhagat Singh
Answer:
c. Surya Sen

Group B.

2. Answer the following Questions

(Attempt one question from each sub-group: In all 16 questions 1×16=16

Answer each of the following questions in one sentence :

Question 1.
Who edited the journal Antahpur?
Answer:
Srimati Hemantakumari Choudhury was the editor of the journal Antahpur

Question 2.
Who was associated with the Chhatri Sangha, a female students’ organization of Calcutta?
Answer:
Kalpana Dutta was associated with the organization called Chhatri Sangha.

Question 3.
What was the name of the autobiography of Bipin Chandra Pal ?
Answer:
Sattar Batsar (Seventy Years) was the name of the autobiography of Bipin Chandra Pal.

Question 4.
Who organized the Dipali Sangha in Dhaka for the spread of women education?
Answer:
Dipali Sangha was organized by Leela Roy in Dhaka (capital of Bangladesh)

Identify which of the following is ‘True’ or ‘False’ :

1. Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission.
Answer: True

2. Anandamath was written by Rabindranath Tagore
Answer: False

3. Birsa Munda was the leader of the Santhal Rebellion (1855)
Answer: False

4. Matangini Hazra was the leader of the Non-Cooperation Movement
Answer: False

Match column ‘A’ with column ‘B’

A	B
1. Rammohan Roy	a. Banser Kella
2. Radhakanta Deb	b. Bardoli Movement
3. Vallabhbhai Patel	c. Hindu College
4. Titumir	d. Brahmo Samaj

Answer:
1 – (d), 2 – (c), 3 – (b), 4 – (a)

Identify the following places in the given map of India :

1. The region of Santhal Rebellion.
2. Areas of the Indigo Revolt of Bengal.
3. Centre of the Peasants’ Revolt in Pabna (Bangladesh).
4. Centre of the Eka Movement.
Answer:
See the map attached
Or
(Only for blind students)

1. One of the leaders of the Brahmo Movement was _________
Answer: Rammohan Roy

2. The play Neel Darpan was composed by _________
Answer: Dinabandhu Mitra

3. The Nababidhan was formed by _________
Answer: Keshab Chandra Sen

4. One of the centres of the Indigo Rebellion was _________
Answer: Barasat

Select the correct interpretation of the following statements :

1. Statement: Jibansmriti is an autobiography written by Rabindranath.

Interpretation 1: It was the story of his life
Interpretation 2: It was a collection of ‘memory pictures’
Interpretation 3: It was a narrative of the contemporary Bengali society
Answer:
Interpretation 2: It was a collection of ‘memory pictures’

2. Statement: Bangadarshan was published under the editorship of Bankin Chandra Chatterjee.

Interpretation 1: This was a news journal meant for the elites of the society.
Interpretation 2: This was the first literary journal of its kind.
Interpretation 3: This published articles on economic issues
Answer:
Interpretation 2: This was the first literary journal of its kind.

3. The Calcutta Medical College was founded in 1835.

Interpretation 1: This ushered in a new era in medical education.
Interpretation 2: This was meant for treatment of the poor people.
Interpretation 3: This was a College established with official patronage.
Answer:
Interpretation 1: This ushered in a new era in medical education.

4. The Quit India Movement was launched in 1942.

Interpretation 1: Gandhiji personally led the volunteers.
Interpretation 2: The peasantry participated in the movement in a big way.
Interpretation 3: Working class participated in it in a big way.
Answer:
Interpretation 3: Working class participated in it in a big way.

Group C.

Answer the following questions in 2 or 3 sentences (any 11)

Question 1.
Do you think that autobiography can be used as a source of history ?
Answer:
Autobiography tells the story of life of the person writing the autobiography. This is an important source of information of the contemporary period. Hence autobiography may be treated as an important source of the construction of history.

Question 2.
Why was the literary journal Bangadarshan importantant ?
Answer:
Bangadarshan was a literary journal in which contributors used to write articles on different topics. The articles clearly show that the common people of the country were the object of the journal. The articles published included subjects like history, politics, philosophy and so on.

Question 3.
Who came to be called ‘Young Bengal’?
Answer:
Derozio as the teacher of the Hindu College moulded the minds of a number of brilliant students. Derozio taught his students about the evil effects of idolatry and superstition. Such students together came to be known in the contemporary period as ‘Young Bengal’

Question 4.
What programme of welfare measure was introduced by Keshab Chandra Sen after he joined the Brahmo Samaj ?
Answer:
Keshab Chandra’s great achievement was to introduce welfare measures. One such measure was to help the people in distress. Also he organized a volunteer party called Sangat Sabha for famine relief.

Question 5.
How did the Forest Acts cause hardship to the tribal people?
Answer:
The Forest Acts introduced by the British Government caused immense hardship to the tribal people. The tribal women were unable to cook food using fuel-wood which was banned. Moreover, with a ban on shifting cultivation the tribal people were deprived of their basic right of cultivation.

Question 6.
What was the importance of the Rangpur Revolt ?
Answer:
Though the Rangpur Revolt was unsuccessful it clearly brought to the fore the weakness of the prevalent system of farming out of revenue. Besides, the revolt paved the way for the formulation of revenue on a permanent basis.

Question 7.
What was the characteristic feature of the risings prior to the Revolt of 1857 ?
Answer:
The characteristic feature of the pre-1857 revolts was that they were essentially local in character. Besides, the British armed forces also found these revolts easy to suppress. The revolts could not seriously disturb the British colonial rulers.

Question 8.
What did Gaganendranath Tagore express in his cartoon ‘University Machine’?
Answer:
One of the famous cartoons of Gaganendranath was the ‘University Machine’. Through satire Gaganendranath has ridiculed the English education. Through picture he made out the point that after the courses are done, the students come out flattened and crippled.

Question 9.
Why did the British Government close Hicky’s newspaper?
Answer:
James Augustus Hicky set up his printing press in 1780 and in the same year brought out the first newspaper of India. In 1782 the then Company’s government closed the press. The action was due to the fact that Hicky exposed many scandals of the Europeans at that time in his paper.

Question 10.
What ideas Rabindranath had on education?
Answer:
Rabindranath himself had once said that the fundamental purpose of education was not merely to enrich ourselves through the fullness of knowledge. Rather to him the purpose of education was to establish bond of love and friendship between man and man.

Question 11.
Why was Titumir important?
Answer:
Titumir is important because it was he along with his followers offered armed resistance to the oppressive zamindar of Pura. As Titumir’s rebellion assumed an anti government character military was deployed to suppress the rebels. Titumir fought the military from a hurriedly built fortress with bamboos and mud.

Question 12.
Who were Passi Madari and Sahreb ?
Answer:
The insurgent peasants of Hardoi, Sitapur,etc. were active under the name Ekta (or Eka). Passi Madari and Sahreb were the two leaders of the Eka movement.

Question 13.
What was the ‘Rashid Ali Day’?
Answer:
The student community of Bengal staged demonstrations against the government decision of public trial of the INA officers. Rashid Ali was a Captain of the INA who was imprisoned on the charge of sedition. 11 February 1946 was observed as the ‘Rashid Ali Day’ by the students demanding the release of Rashid Ali.

Question 14.
What picture of the refugee problem is revealed in memoirs?
Answer:
Plight of the refugees both from East and West Pakistan to India may be realized from the memoirs of those who struggled for reconstructing their life in an alien land. Recollecting his memories Himangsu Mazumder stated at length how the refugees suffered and struggled making a marshy land liveable.

Question 15.
Why was Uttaloni Sabha founded?
Answer:
Under the leadership of Guruchand Thakur the Mathua movement progressed a lot. He was responsible for the spread of education amongst the Namasudras. Besides, he organized Uttaloni Sabha or uplift meeting for the social uplift of the Namasudras.

Group D.

4. Answer the following questions in 7/8 sentences :

(Attempt one question from each sub-group: in all 6 questions)

Question 1.
Write about the contributions of Raja Rammohan Roy to the Brahmo Movement.
Answer:
It was Rammohan Roy who first analyzed Indian religions and social system to show how idolatry and caste system had created division amongst the Indians. As a reform measure he founded Atmiya Sabha in 1815 which later on was renamed Brahmo Samaj (1828). The Sabha was founded with the purpose of promoting among different religious groups a faith in the unity of the divine and of man.

He attacked the caste system and protested vehemently against the inhuman practice of sati. It was Rammohan’s movement that influenced William Bentinck, the then Governor-General of India to declare the practice of sati illegal. By Regulation XVII of 1829 sati was declared a punishable offence. As a part of the Brahmo Movement it was felt that no real improvement of society was possible without the progress of the womenfolk.

Question 2.
How did Iswarchandra Vidyasagar help the spread of women education ?
Answer:
Iswarchandra Vidyasagar firmly believed that the regeneration of India was possible only through education. Particularly, he emphasized on women education. Having spent his early life in village Iswarchandra could realize the sorrowful condition of the womenfolk. He rightly believed that the emancipation of women was not possible as long as they remained ignorant.

He, therefore, took upon himself the task of promoting the cause of female education. Noticing the British Government’s indifference towards female education Iswarchandra himself started a few model schools for girls. He also collaborated with John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune in establishing the Hindu Female School (present Bethune School and College of Kolkata) in 1849.

Question 3.
What was the importance of the Queen’s Proclamation?
Answer:
Queen Victoria by a Proclamation announced on 1 November 1858 directly assumed the responsibility of the Indian administration in her own hands. Importance of the Proclamation lies in a number of changes that followed it.

• It was in accordance with the Queen’s Proclamation that the honourific title of Viceroy was added to the designation of ‘Governor-General of India’.
• Lord Canning, so far known as the Governor-General of India became the first Viceroy of India.
• In her Proclamation Queen Victoria also announced certain changes in the governmental policy henceforth to be pursued by the British Government in India.
• She made it clear that the British Government had no desire for further territorial expansion in India.
• The Queen also categorically stated that the British Government in India would in no way interfere with the established customs or religion of the Indian people.

Question 4.
What were the objectives of the Hindu Mela?
Answer:
In 1867 the Hindu Mela was started. Debendranath Tagore was its inspirer. The objectives of the Hindu Mela were :

• To foster the spirit of self-help, which was considered essential for the progress and welfare of the nation.
• Manohohon Bose, the great orator of the time, emphasized that national progress, national unity and practice of self-sufficiency must be the sacred goal of the Mela.
• Another objective of the Mela was to help building up of Indian economy.
• Propagation of the motto self-dependency throughout the country was another major objective of the Hindu Mela.

Question 5.
How did Upendrakishor Roy Chowdhury contribute to the development of printing press in Bengal ?
Answer:
Upendrakishor spearheaded the cultural rejuvenation of Bengal. He pioneered the art of engraving in the country. Also he was the first to attempt colour printing.

• Upendrakishor was the man who first introduced the art of modern block-making no only in India but in the whole region of South Asia.
• He learnt the process of block making in stages. While reproducing some illustrations using woodcut line blocks in his book Chheleder Ramayana Upendrakishor found that these were very poor. This encouraged him to learn modern technology in block-making.
• In his endeavour to learn the modern technique Upendrakishor imported books, chemicals and other equipments necessary in block-making from Britain.
• After attaining mastery over the technique Upendrakishor successfully introduced modern block-making, including half-tone and colour blocks.

Question 6.
Write about Rabindranath’s ideas on education.
Answer:
Elaborating his own ideas about the aims of education Rabindranath said that the fundamental purpose of education was not “….merely to enrich ourselves through the fullness of knowledge…”.

• Rather Rabindranath believed that the purpose also was to establish bond of love and friendship between man and man.
• Thus it may be said that Rabindranath’s approach to education was humanistic. He believed in an inner harmony amongst man, nature and god.
• In Rabindranath’s idea of education teachers had to be imaginative. The teachers should understand the child, and help the child to develop curiosity in them.
• Tagore further felt that the creative learning could be encouraged only within natural environment. Living in harmony with nature, children would be able to cultivate their natural creativity.

Question 7.
How did the women revolutionaries participate in the national movement ?
Answer:
The call of Bankim Chandra to save the Motherland from the clutches of the fact, from the emotional hymn Bandemataram touched the womenfolk of the country. In of the nation Partition of Bengal down to the Quit India Movement a remarkable feature is that in the movement was the participation of women. What is all the more important –

• One revolutionary struggle participation of women presented a different picture. the important feature of the women participation was that they got involved in
• The armed struggle on their own initiative. of women
• Another important aspect of the participation of women in the revolutionary movement was that a number of association emerged which initiated the members to revolutionary ideal.

Question 8.
What was the main point of difference between Gandhiji and Ambedkar regarding the Dalits ?
Answer:
There is little doubt that both Gandhiji and Ambedkar were very much aware of the problem of untouchability or the dalits. Yet there was sharp difference between the two regarding the dalit issue.

• That there was little in common in the perception between the two came to the forefront in the early 30 of the nineteenth century.
• Gandhiji refused to view the dalits as a minority who should be given political safeguards. Rather he considered it essentially a social problem, and that was to be tackled by the Hindu community itself.
• Contrarily, Ambedkar describing the dalits as ‘slaves’ advocated for communal representation of the dalits on the ground that ‘untouchability constitutes a definite set of interests which the untouchables alone can speak for.’
• The real break between the two surfaced during the events of the Round Table Conference of 1932.
• In the two Round Table Conferences Ambedkar ended up supporting separate electorate for the untouchables (dalits). But this proved to be too much for Gandhiji. For him the untouchables were a part of Hinduism, and a separate electorate for them would create a division in Hinduism. In his own words ‘it

Group E.

5. Answer any one question in 15/16 sentences :

Question 1.
What led to the peasants’ revolt in Pabna?
Answer:
Peasants’ Revolt in Pabna (presently in Bangladesh) is an ideal example of how the question of rent (khazna) created bitter relationship between the zamindars and the ryots.

a. The Tenancy Act of 1859 was put into force to safeguard the interests of rich peasants and the landed peasantry (jotedar).

b. It was expected that the two classes of people would act as precursor to the development of agriculture. In reality, however, this did not happen.

c. The zamindars did never follow the provisions of the Act. While the Tenancy Act did not allow occupancy right to the peasants, allowed the zamindars to enhance rent at their sweet-will.

d. Official records show that enhancement of rent proceeded after 1859. The peasants were forced to pay increased rent failing which they we evicted.

e. In such a condition the discontent of the peasants found expression in locally organizing resistance to the zamindars. The resistance finally took the shape of a revolt in 1870 when an agrarian league was formed at Esafshahi in the Pabna district of present Bangladesh.

f. Thus all evidences show that the revolt was due to enhancement of rent by the zamindars.

• The characteristic feature of the revolt was that the Muslim peasants of Pubna fought hand in hand with the Hindus.
• The revolt took the form of a rent-strike as the peasants refused to pay rent to the zamindars.
• Leaders of the movement came from the rich peasants, jotedar, village headmen and others. They moved from village to village organizing the league. Khoodi Mollah, a Muslim jotedar, also organized the peasants against the zamindar.

e. As the Act of 1859 had failed to ensure security of the ryots the Bengal Tenanacy Act was passed in 1885. The Act sought to protect the interests of the ryots.

Question 2.
What was the attitude of the educated Bengali society towards the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
The Bengali intelligentsia was apathetic to the Revolt of 1857. This is such a ticklish problem that none has been able to offer any satisfactory explanation.

1. One thing that may be relevant to note that the Bengali intellectuals, in the mid eighteenth century, were very much conscious of their own interest. As such it will not be fare to say that they merely echoed the sentiments of the British rulers in taking a negative attitude towards the rebels of 1857. In any case their hostile attitude towards the Revolt of 1857 needs an explanation.

2. In Bengal Barrackpore, near Calcutta was the centre of the initial spark of the Revolt of 1857. The revolt broke out over the religious question that there was a conspiracy to destroy religions of the sepoys (over the Enfield Rifle issue). This was in tune with the cry of the orthodox Hindus of the city of Calcutta who had long suspected that the British were bent on destroying their religion and caste and converting them into Christianity. The intellectuals of Bengal, who were against orthodoxy and fanaticism, considered the rebel sepoys as the allies of social reaction. Under the circumstances the Bengali intelligentsia had no option but oppose the rebellion.

3. There were also socio-economic reasons for which the Bengali intelligentsia opposed the Revolt of 1857. Their economic status raised because of the trade and commerce, and the intellectual position was due to their English education. In the success of the Revolt of 1857 they apprehended the return of old social order with all the reactionary principles and ideals. Hence the Bengali intelligentsia did not sympathize with the rebels of 1857.

4. It has been pointed out by Sri Benoy Ghose that the varepsilon Jwing political consciousness of the English educated Bengali middle class also shaped their hostility towards the Revolt of 1857. The educated Bengali middle class saw no hope in the Revolt of 1857. Thus they condemned the rebels of 1857.

Question 3.
What was the role of the peasantry in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Write in short about the Workers’ and Peasants’ Party. 5+3=8
Answer:
A. Peasantry and the Civil Disobedience: Indication for a new mass movement was clear from the demand for Complete Independence raised at the Lahore Session of the Congress. With the violation of the Salt Law on 6 April 1930 at Dandee (in Gujarat) began the Civil Disobedience Movement under the leadership of Gandhiji. People irrespective of their class, creed, sex and religion joined the movement. Peasants were also not lagging behind.

i. Though Gandhiji was unhappy over the peasants’ plight and protested against the zamindars’ oppressions on them, the Congress as an organization, till 1929 at least, was not tactically prepared to take the side of the peasants and thereby come into open conflict with the zamindars. However, the Indian peasantry during the 1930s really built up organization relying upon own strength.

ii. The Great Depression of 1929 adversely affected the Indian peasantry. Increase in the revenue demand also pressed them very hard. Bardoli Satyagraha created a new enthusiasm amongst the peasantry. All this gave a new impetus to the Indian peasants.

iii. Economically ruined peasants of Bihar were organized into Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS) under the initiative of Sahajanand Saraswati in 1929.

iv. In course of time Kisan Sabhas were established in other parts of the country as well. For instance, in Bengal such initiative was taken by Muzaffar Ahmed and Bankim Mukherjee both of them were believers in Communist ideology.

v. The Civil Disobedience Movement by Congress, under the leadership of Gandhiji, served as an encouragement to peasants’ movement. During the Civil Disobedience years the peasants of U.P. (United Province at that time, later on Uttar Pradesh) began a new type of movement. It was a ‘no-revenue and no-rent’ campaign. Under the initiative of Jawaharlal Nehru the U.P. Congress Committee lent its full support to the no-rent campaign of the peasants.

vi. The second phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement lasted in U.P. until mid1932. This time the people of the countryside were drawn into the Congress agitation. According to one estimate more than 10,000 Congress volunteers and agitators were convicted in U.P. alone.

B. Workers’ and Peasants’ Party: The first Left-wing peasant organization in India was not conceived as an exclusively peasant body, it was bracketed with ‘workers’. Thus the Workers’ and Peasants’ Party (WPP) came into existence by early 1927, under the leadership of the people like S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, P.C. Joshi and others. Initially it functioned as a left-wing within the Congress. It rapidly gained strength within the Congress in the provincial and national levels. It was, however, not before 1929 that the WPP emerged as a genuine peasant organization.

Group F.

6. Answer the questions in a complete sentence :

Question 1.
Who was the Governor-General of India when the practice of sati was abolished?
Answer:
It was under the Governor-Generalship of Lord William Bentinck that the practice of sati was declared a punishable offence.

Question 2.
Name one of the women participants in the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal.
Answer:
Ashalata Sen, a little girl of 11 years participated in the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal.

Question 3.
Who was the founder of the Bose Institute?
Answer:
Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose was the founder of the Bose Institute.

Question 4.
By what name was Surya Sen popular?
Answer:
Surya Sen was popular by the name ‘masterda’.

Question 5.
Who was the chairperson of the States Reorganization Commission ?
Answer:
Fazl Ali was the chairperson of the States Reorganization Committee.

7. Answer the following questions in 2/3 sentences :

Question 1.
What do understand by the term ‘Social History’?
Answer:
‘Social History’ or ‘New Social History’ is a broad branch of history that studies the experience of common people. This branch emerged through the writings of such British historians as Edward Thomson, Eric Hobsbawm, etc.

Question 2.
What was said about education in the Charter Act 1813?
Answer:
The Charter Act of 1813 was a landmark in the history of education in India. The Act directed the East India Company’s government to spend yearly one lakh of rupees for the spread of education in India.

Question 3.
Why was Anti-Circular Society formed ?
Answer:
As a punitive measure against the students who would join political agitation the British Government issued the Carlyle Circular (1905). Immediately Sachindra Prasad Basu organized the Anti-Circular Society in order to encourage the students to participate in the political movement.

Question 4.
Why is Pritilata Waddedar remembered ?
Answer:
Pritilata Waddedar is remembered because she made a daring attack upon the Europeans in a club at Chittagong. She died a martyr’s death consuming poison when she was about to be apprehended by the British police.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Question Answer West Bengal Board

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Book Solutions West Bengal Board in English Medium

• Chapter 1 Exogenetic Processes and Resultant Landforms
  • Chapter 1.1 Exogenetic Forces
  • Chapter 1.2 Works of a River
  • Chapter 1.3 Works of a Glacier
  • Chapter 1.4 Works of Wind
• Chapter 2 Atmosphere
  • Chapter 2.1 Concepts of Atmosphere
  • Chapter 2.2 Layers of the Atmosphere
  • Chapter 2.3 Heat, Temperature and Global Warming
  • Chapter 2.4 Pressure Belts and Winds
  • Chapter 2.5 Humidity and Precipitation
• Chapter 3 Hydrosphere
• Chapter 4 Waste Management
• Chapter 5 India: Introduction
  • Chapter 5.1 Location and Administrative Divisions of India
  • Chapter 5.2 Physiography of India
  • Chapter 5.3 Water Resources of India
  • Chapter 5.4 Climate of India
  • Chapter 5.5 Soils in India
  • Chapter 5.6 Natural Vegetation of India
  • Chapter 5.7 Agriculture in India
  • Chapter 5.8 Industries in India
  • Chapter 5.9 Population of India
  • Chapter 5.10 Transport and Communication System in India
• Chapter 6 Satellite Imagery and Topographical Map

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Book Solutions West Bengal Board in Hindi Medium

• Chapter 1 बहिर्जात प्रक्रियाएँ तथा उत्पन्न स्थलरूप
• Chapter 2 वायुमण्डल
• Chapter 3 जलमण्डल
• Chapter 4 अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन
• Chapter 5 भारत : भौतिक तथा आर्थिक वातावरण
  • Chapter 5A भारत : स्थिति एवं प्रशासनिक विभाग, भू-प्रकृति, जल संसाधन, जलवायु, मिट्टियाँ एवं प्राकृतिक वनस्पति
  • Chapter 5B भारत : कृषि, उद्योग, जनसंख्या, परिवहन एवं संचार पद्धति
• Chapter 6 उपग्रह प्रतिबिम्ब एवं स्थलाकृतिक मानचित्र

West Bengal Board Class 10 History Question Papers

• West Bengal Board Class 10 Geography Question Paper 2020
• West Bengal Board Class 10 Geography Question Paper 2019

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Syllabus West Bengal Board 2023

Group A Physical Geography

Chapter 1 Exogenetic Processes and Resultant Landforms

(a) Exogenetic Processes – Role of exogenetic processes on the formation of landforms in brief.

(b) Works of a River (Erosion, Transportation, Deposition) and Resultant Landforms – River as a part of the hydrological cycle, river basin, interfluves, courses of river, Works of river-mechanisms of erosion, transportation, deposition and analysis of causes behind the formation of landforms, Landforms – ‘V-shaped Valley, Interlocking spurs, Gorge, Canyon, Rapid, Waterfall, Plunge pool, Pothole, Alluvial fan, Meander (Slip-off slope, River cliff), Ox-bow lake (as a result of combined actions of erosion, transportation, and deposition), Flood plain, Natural Levee, Estuary, Delta (Cuspate, Arcuate, Bird’s foot delta); Causes of delta formation at river mouth – Analysis of conditions favourable for the formation of deltas. Effect of global warming on the active delta region (The Sundarbans of Ganga-Padma-Meghna) « Comprehensive concept on how global warming has affected this region. Current situation of Lohachara, New Moore, and Ghoramara islands.

(c) Works of Glacier (Erosion, Transportation, Deposition) and Resultant Landforms – Concept of Glacier, glacier as the largest source of fresh water on earth, types of glacier (continental, mountain, piedmont), Snowline, Iceberg, Crevasse and Bergschrund (problems in mountaineering), Erosion, transportation and deposition processes and landform formation (analysis); Landforms – Corrie, Arete, Pyramidal peak, Truncated spurs, U-shaped valley or Glacial trough, Hanging valley, Roches Mountonnes, Crag and tail, Fjord, Moraines (Lateral, Medial, Terminal moraines). Glacio-fluvial landforms-Outwash plain, Drumlin, Esker, Kame, Kettles.

(d) Works of Wind (Erosion, Transportation, Deposition) and Resultant Landforms – Predominance of wind action in the major deserts of the world (with map) and in coastal regions, concept of formation of sand particles; Works of wind, processes and concept of formation of different landforms; Landforms – Deflation hollow, Gour, Zeugen, Yardang, Inselberg, Sand Dunes (Barkhans and Seif), loess; Landforms formed by the combined actions of wind and running water – Concepts of landforms formed by the combined actions of wind and running water (Wadi, Pediment, Bajada, Playa); Expansion of deserts and measures to control it (examples of Sahara and Thar desert).

Chapter 2 Atmosphere

(a) Concept of the Atmosphere, Composition – Atmosphere, the concept of different elements of the atmosphere.

(b) Layers of Atmosphere (on the basis of composition and temperature) – Concepts of layers of atmosphere on the basis of composition and variation of temperature (explanations with diagrams) – Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Ionosphere, Exosphere, and Magnetosphere; Importance of Ozonosphere and its depletion.

(c) Heat, Temperature and Global Warming – Insolation, heat budget, processes of heating of the atmosphere, measurement of heat- Six’s Thermometer, maximum and minimum temperature, average temperature and range of temperature (diurnal, monthly and annual)- calculation from a given table; Causes of variation of atmospheric temperature (with examples) – latitude, altitude (mention inversion of temperature), distribution of land and water bodies (mention maritime and continental climates), winds, ocean currents, slope of land, cloud cover and precipitation, natural vegetation, soil, urbanisation and industrialisation; Heat Belts, Isotherm and horizontal distribution of temperature; Global warming-role of green house gases; Effects of global warming-melting of polar ice caps and mountain glacier, rise of sea level, change in nature of precipitation, over and under production of crops, change in agricultural methods, El-Nino and its global effects, imbalance in earth’s incoming and outgoing solar radiation.

(d) Pressure belts and winds (planetary winds, local winds, sudden or irregular winds, cyclone, anticyclone – Concept of air pressure, measurements of air pressure (Torricelli’s Barometer, Fortin’s Barometer, Aneroid Barometer, mention other advanced instruments), Factors affecting atmospheric pressure (altitude, temperature, water vapour, earth’s rotation, distribution of land and water), Isobars (mentioning the concept of pressure gradient); Pressure belts of the earth, shifting of pressure belts, winds- planetary winds, periodic winds (land and sea breezes, monsoon, mountain, and valley breezes), local winds (warm-Foehn, Chinook, Sirocco, Loo; cold-Mistral, Bora), sudden or irregular winds (cyclone and anticyclone, brief explanation of tropical cyclones); Jet streams, the relation between monsoon and jet streams.

(e) Humidity and Precipitation – Concept of hydrological cycle, evaporation, humidity (absolute humidity, specific humidity, relative humidity), saturated air, dew point, measurements of humidity; condensation and its different forms-dew, fog, smog, cloud (classification not required), use of conventional signs and symbols of cloud cover in weather map; Precipitation – concept, mention of different forms of precipitation, types of rainfall, measurements of rainfall; Major climatic regions of the world – Wet Equatorial, Tropical (Monsoon, Hot Desert), Warm Temperate (Mediterranean, Steppe, China type), Cold Temperate (West Coastal Maritime, Continental, Wet Temperate), Cold (Tundra) [through table and a full page world map], identification of climate and hemisphere with the help of temperature and rainfall graph (Wet Equatorial, Tropical Monsoon, Tropical Hot Desert, Mediterranean, Tundra).

Chapter 3 Hydrosphere

(a) Concept of ocean currents, causes of origin of ocean currents (descriptions of ocean currents of different oceans not required) specific influence of ocean currents throughout the world – Concept of ocean currents (comparison with waves), types- warm and cold currents; Causes of origin of ocean currents- earth’s rotation, wind, temperature and salinity of ocean water, density of ocean water, melting of ice, shape of coastline, seasonal variations; Effects of ocean currents on earth-formation of banks and its commercial importance, coastal climate, climate change (ocean currents of different oceans to be shown in a full page world map).

(b) Concept of tides, origin, and effects; Concept of tides, the origin of tides, primary tides, secondary tides, the difference in time between high tide water and low tide water, spring tides, neap tides, syzygy, apogee, perigee, tidal bore; Effects of tides.

Group B Environmental Geography

Chapter 4 Waste Management

(a) Concept of Waste – Concept of waste with reference to waste derived from the locality. Classification of waste-solid, liquid, gaseous, toxic, and non-toxic waste. Sources of waste and its effects; Brief concept of sources of waste – domestic waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, municipal waste, organic waste, biomedical waste, radioactive waste, the effect of waste on environment; Methods and importance of waste management – Concept of waste management- reduction, reuse and recycling, Processes of solid, liquid and gaseous waste disposal and management- segregation of waste (bio-degradable, non-bio-degradable) landfill, composting, drainage, scrubber, Need for waste management, Role of students in waste management, Effects of waste disposal on Bhagirathi-Hooghly river-A case study.

Group C Regional Geography

Chapter 5 India – Introduction

(a) Location, Administrative divisions – Geographical Location, Extent, Boundaries, Brief history of demarcation of provinces of India after independence, Existing Provinces and Union Territories of India.

India-Physical Environment
(b) Physiography of India – Physiographic divisions of India-The northern mountainous region, The plains of northern India, The peninsular plateau, The coastal plains, The islands, Significance of physiographic divisions.

(c) Water Resources of India – Brief overview of water resources of India – rivers (only the description of the courses of Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Tapi, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri rivers), distribution of lakes, water bodies, canals and their importance in human life, Means of irrigation (well, tube well, canal), advantages and disadvantages, overuse of groundwater and its impact, Multi-purpose river valley project- mention some important river valley projects. The Damodar Valley Corporation- A case study, Conservation of water- importance and methods (Watershed Development, Rain Water Harvesting). Role of Tamil Nadu in rainwater harvesting – A case study.

(d) Climate of India – Regional variations in climate of India, Factors affecting the climate of location and latitudinal extension, role of the Himalayas, relief, distance from the sea (continentality), monsoon winds, jet stream, tropical cyclone and Western Disturbances, El-Nino and La-Nina, Monsoon winds and seasonality in India-summer, rainy season, retreating monsoon, winter, Impact of monsoon rainfall on soil, natural vegetation, agriculture (mentioning flood and drought).

(e) Soils in India – Types of soils (Alluvial soil, Black soil, Red soil, Laterite soil, Desert soil, Mountain soil), composition, characteristics (colour, texture, minerals, crops associated), regional distribution, Soil erosion, causes of soil erosion (surface runoff, wind, nature of rainfall, topography, the pressure of excessive population on land, overgrazing, unscientific mining, landslide, deforestation, the conventional method of farming), regions of soil erosion, Consequences of soil erosion – loss of the top layer of fertile soil, fall of groundwater table and reduction in soil moisture, expansion of the desert region, frequent occurrence of flood and drought, increasing siltation in canals and rivers, increasing landslide, hindrance in economical prosperity and cultural development, Prevention of soil erosion and soil conservation-tree planting, Terrace farming, Contour plowing, Strip cropping, Gully plowing, prevention of Jhoom cultivation.

(f) Natural vegetation of India – Types of vegetation (Tropical Evergreen Forest, Tropical Deciduous Forests, Tropical Desert Forests, Montane Forests, Littoral Forests) regional distribution, characteristic features, uses, Need for conservation of forests and its measures-prohibition of indiscriminate deforestation, reduction of felling of premature trees, use of alternate source of energy instead of fuel wood, prevention of forest fire, control of diseases of forest trees chemically and biologically, controlled grazing of cattle, afforestation and reforestation, adaptation of forest management like felling of mature trees and selective tree felling operations, people’s participation), Social-forestry and Agro-forestry.

India-Economic Environment
(a) Agriculture in India – characteristics of Indian agriculture, types (on the basis of crops and seasons), production and distribution of major crops (Rice, Wheat, Millet, Sugarcane, Cotton, Tea, Coffee) – Major characteristics of Indian agriculture (subsistence agriculture, the pressure of population, predominance of animal force, dependence on monsoon, uses of irrigation, small size of land holding, uncontrolled uses of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, the predominance of food crops, an insignificant place to given fodder crops, variety of food crops, Classification of crops on the basis of uses-food crops, fibre crops, plantations, others, Classification of crops on the basis of the season- kharif, rabi, zaid. Favourable geographical environment (physical & economical), distribution, production, and trade of major crops, Problems of Indian agriculture and their solutions, Causes of agricultural prosperity in Punjab, Haryana – A case study.

(b) Industries in India – Iron and Steel industry. Cotton textile, Engineering, Petrochemical, Automobile, and Information technology – Factors affecting the location of industries (importance of raw material, water, electricity, transport, labour, market, capital, etc.) concept of pure and impure raw materials, Classification of industries on the basis of nature of raw materials (agro-based, animal-based, forest-based, mineral-based), c Causes of development of the mentioned industries (with reference to their locations).

(c) Population of India – Census and demographic characteristics in brief, growth of population, sustainable development, causes of variation in population distribution, density of population, urbanisation, problems of urbanisation – Brief overview of census, Basic demographic information about population of India (total population, male, female, annual and decadal population growth rate, adult population, child population, dependent population, literacy rate, unemployed population, life expectancy, child mortality rate, percentage of population engaged in primary, secondary, tertiary and other sectors-figures only, according to 2011 census), Concept of population growth and sustainable development, Factors influencing the regional distribution of population in India, Concept of density of population, Causes of emergence of town and cities by concentration of gathering of population at locations favourable to human livelihood, Problems of urbanisation in India – unplanned urbanisation, peoples tendency to settle in cities, lack of infrastructure (settlement, transport, health, education, electricity, problems related to sewage system).

(d) Transport and Communication System of India – Importance and modes of transport, major seaports and international airports in India – Importance of transport, Modes of transport, Importance of railways and roadways (Golden Quadrilateral, north- south-east-west corridors, national highways, state highways), Waterways- inland and sea, major seaports, Airways-location of national and international airports, Other transportation systems-Importance of ropeway, pipeline, underground railways, Modern communication system-internet, e-mail, cell phone etc.

Group D Satellite Imagery and Topographical Map

Chapter 6 Satellite Imagery and Topographical Map

Satellite imagery and Topographical map – concept, differences, uses of scales on Topographical map, characteristics and uses of satellite image – General concept of Satellite imagery and Topographical map, Differences between Satellite imagery and Topographical map, Uses of different types of scale on Topographical map, Steps in acquisition of satellite image, Characteristics of satellite image, Uses of satellite image and its importance.

First Summative Evaluation: 40 marks
Internal Formative Evaluation: 10 marks
Month of Evaluation: April

• Chapter 1 Exogenetic processes and resultant landforms
• Chapter 5 India – Introduction, Physical Environment

Second Summative Evaluation: 40 marks
Internal Formative Evaluation: 10 marks
Month of Evaluation: August

• Chapter 2 Atmosphere
• Chapter 3 Hydrosphere
• Chapter 5. India – Economic environment

Third Summative Evaluation: 90 marks
Internal Formative Evaluation: 10 marks
Month of Evaluation: December

• Chapter 4 Waste Management
• Chapter 6 Satellite imagery and Topographical map
• Map (India)

Note: Topics chosen for the first and second summative evaluations are also to be included in the third summative evaluation.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Blueprint for 1st Summative Evaluation (Total Marks – 40)

Topic	Group – A	Group – B	Group – C	Group – D	Group – E	Total
	MCQ (1 mark)	VSAQ (1 Mark)	SAQ (2 Marks)	SEA (3 Marks)	LAQ (5 Marks)
Physical Geography Chapter 1	1 × 4 = 4	1 × 4 = 4	2 × 2 = 4	3 × 1 = 3	5 × 1 = 5	20
Regional Geography Chapter 5	1 × 4 = 4	1 × 4 = 4	2 × 2 = 4	3 × 1 = 3	5 × 1 = 5	20
	8	8	8	6	10	40

Note:
Group – A: MCQ Type – Information-based and concept-oriented questions to be set (four options to be provided)
Group – B: Very Short Answer Type – should consist of fill-in-the-blanks, true/false, column matching, and one or two-word answers.
Group – C: Short Answer Type Question – Consists of ‘what’ / ‘where’ type questions.
Group – D: Short Explanatory Answer Type Question – Compare/Contrast/Reasoning type of questions to be set (three points to be asked).
Group – E: Long Answer Type Question – Preferably diagram-based questions from Physical Geography, ‘How’/‘Why’ questions from Regional Geography.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Blueprint for 2nd Summative Evaluation (Total Marks – 40)

Topic	Group – A	Group – B	Group – C	Group – D	Group – E	Total
	MCQ (1 Mark)	VSAQ (1 Mark)	SAQ (2 Marks)	SEA (3 Marks)	LAQ (5 Marks)
Physical Geography Chapter 2	1 × 3 = 3	1 × 3 = 3	2 × 1 = 2	3 × 1 = 3	5 × 1 = 5	16
Chapter 3	1 × 2 = 2	1 × 2 = 2	2 × 1 = 2	3 × 1 = 3	–	9
Regional Geography Chapter 5	1 × 3 = 3	1 × 3 = 3	2 × 2 = 4	–	5 × 1 = 5	15
	8	8	8	6	10	40

Note:
Group – A: MCQ Type – Information-based and concept-oriented questions to be set (four options to be provided)
Group – B: Very Short Answer Type – should consist of fill-in-the-blanks, true/false, column matching, and one or two-word answers.
Group – C: Short Answer Type Question – Consists of ‘What’ / ‘Where’ type questions.
Group – D: Short Explanatory Answer Type Question – Compare/Contrast/Reasoning type of questions to be set (three points to be asked).
Group – E: Long Anser Type Question – Preferably diagram-based questions from Physical Geography, ‘How’/‘Why’ questions from Regional Geography.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Blueprint for 3rd Summative Evaluation (Total Marks – 90)

Topic	Group – A	Group – B	Group – C	Group – D	Group – E	Map (1 Mark)	Total
	MCQ (1 Mark)	VSAQ (1 Mark)	SAQ (2 Marks)	SEA (3 Marks)	LAQ (5 Marks)
Physical Geography Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3	1 × 6 = 6	1 × 9 = 9	2 × 2 = 4	3 × 1 = 3	5 × 2 = 10	–	32
Environmental Geography Chapter 4	1 × 1 = 1	1 × 2 = 2	2 × 1 = 2	3 × 1 = 3	–	–	8
Regional Geography Chapter 5	1 × 6 = 6	1 × 9 = 9	2 × 2 = 4	3 × 1 = 3	5 × 2 = 10	–	32
Satellite Imagery and Topographical Map Chapter 6	1 × 1 = 1	1 × 2 = 2	2 × 1 = 2	3 × 1 = 3	–	–	8
Map (India)	–	–	–	–	–	1 × 10	10
	14	22	12	12	20	10	90

Note:
Group – A: A total of 14 questions to be given. [Total 6 questions to be given including 2 questions from each topic of Physical Geography]. There will be no alternative in this group.
Group – B: A total of 26 questions are to be set, out of which 22 are to be answered. [At least 3 questions from each topic of Physical Geography to be given].
Group – C: A total of 12 questions are to be given in this group, out of which 6 are to be answered. [Total 4 questions at least 1 from each topic of Physical Geography and 4 questions from Regional Geography to be given. 2 questions each from Physical Geography and Regional Geography to be answered. 4 questions, 2 each from Environmental Geography and Satellite imagery and Topographical map to be given. 1 question each from Environmental Geography and Satellite imagery and Topographical map to be answered].
Group – D: A total of 8 questions to be given in this group. [1 out of 2 alternatives from each of Physical Geography, Environmental Geography, Regional Geography, Satellite imagery, and Topographical map to be answered.]
Group – E: A total of 8 questions to be given in this group. [4 questions to be given at least 1 from each topic of Physical Geography and 4 questions to be given from Regional Geography. Total 4 questions including 2 questions each from Physical Geography and Regional Geography to be answered.]

Distribution of Marks and Question Pattern for Third Summative Evaluation/Selection Test

Group	Type of Question	Marks for Each Question	Number of Questions to be Attempted	Total Marks	No. of Questions to be Set	Nature of Question
A	MCQ Type	1	14	1 × 14 = 14	14	Information-based and concept-oriented questions are to be set (four options to be provided)
B	Very Short Answer Type Question	1	22	1 × 22 = 22	26	Fill in the Blanks True/False Column Matching One or Two Word Answer
C	Short Answer Type Question	2	6	2 × 6 = 12	12	‘What’/‘Where’ Type Questions
D	Short Explanatory Answer Type Question	3	4	3 × 4 = 12	8	Compare/Contrast/Reasoning type of questions to be set (three points to be asked)
E	Long Answer Type Question	5	4	5 × 4 = 20	8	Preferably diagram-based questions from Physical Geography, ‘How’/‘Why’ questions from Regional Geography
F	*Map Work	1	10	1 × 10 = 10	10	Outline map of India to be provided and questions to be set to locate and label geographical features
			Total = 60	Total = 90	Total = 78

*10 questions to be provided for sightless candidates in lieu of map work. Each question carries 1 mark.
Note: The question pattern is indicative of the Madhyamik Examination.

WBBSE Class 10 Solutions

West Bengal Board Class 9 Text Book Solutions WBBSE

• West Bengal Board Class 9 Maths Book Solutions
• West Bengal Board Class 9 Life Science Book Solutions
• West Bengal Board Class 9 Physical Science Book Solutions
• West Bengal Board Class 9 Geography Book Solutions
• West Bengal Board Class 9 History Book Solutions
• West Bengal Board Class 9 Bengali Book Solutions
• West Bengal Board Class 9 English Book Solutions
• West Bengal Board Class 9 Hindi Book Solutions
• WBBSE Class 9 Physical Science MCQ Questions
• WBBSE Class 9 Life Science MCQ Questions
• WBBSE Class 9 Geography MCQ Questions
• WBBSE Class 9 History MCQ Questions
• WBBSE Class 9 Physical Science Notes

WBBSE Solutions

West Bengal Board Class 9 Physical Science Notes WBBSE

1. Measurement Class 9 WBBSE Notes
2. Force and Motion Class 9 WBBSE Notes
3. Matter: Structure and Properties Class 9 WBBSE Notes
4. Matter: Atomic Structure, Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter Class 9 WBBSE Notes
5. Work, Power and Energy Class 9 WBBSE Notes
6. Heat Class 9 WBBSE Notes
7. Sound Class 9 WBBSE Notes

WBBSE Class 9 Solutions

Well structured WBBSE Class 9 Physical Science MCQ Questions Chapter 1 Measurement can serve as a valuable review tool before exams.

Measurement Class 9 WBBSE MCQ Questions

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
What is the SI unit of temperature ?
(i) calorie
(ii) kelvin
(iii) centrigrade
Answer:
Kelvin.

Question 2.
Which unit should be chosen to measure the distance between two stars ?
(i) kilometre
(ii) femtometre
(iii) light year
Answer:
light year.

Question 3.
Which physical quantity has the dimension [MLT^-2] ?
(i) velocity
(ii) acceleration
(iii) temperature
Answer:
acceleration.

Question 4.
What is the unit of atomic weight ?
(i) gram
(ii) milligram
(iii) no unit
Answer:
no unit.

Question 5.
At what temperature density of water is maximum ?
(i) 0°C
(ii) 4°C
(iii) 1 K
Answer:
4°C.

Question 6.
Of the following quantities, which is scaiar quantity ?
(i) velocity
(ii) time
(iii) weight
(iv) force
Answer:
time.

Question 7.
The dimension of velocity is :
(i) [LT^-1]
(ii) [M L T^-2]
(iii) [M L^-1 L^-2]
(iv) [M L T^-1]
Answer:
[LT^-1].

Question 8.
Which one is not fundamental unit ?
(i) metre
(ii) litre
(iii) kilogram
(iv) second
Answer:
litre.

Question 9.
Light year is the unit of :
(i) time
(ii) distance
(iii) temperature
Answer:
distance.

Question 10.
To measure the diameter of an atom, the unit is used :
(i) ohm
(ii) metre
(iii) fermi
(iv) millilitre
Answer:
fermi.

Question 11.
1 fermi is :
(i) 10^-15 metre
(ii) 10^-10 metre
(iii) 10^-5 metre.
Answer:
10^-15 metre.

Question 12.
1 X-unit is :
(i) 10^-13 cm
(ii) 10^-12 cm
(iii) 10^-11 cm
Answer:
10^-11 cm.

Question 13.
1 light year is :
(i) 9.45 × 10¹⁰ km
(ii) 9.47 × 10¹¹ km
(iii) 9.467 × 10¹² km.
Answer:
9.467 × 10¹² km.

Question 14.
Which one is scalar quantity :
(i) acceleration
(ii) velocity
(iii) work
Answer:
work.

Question 15.
An object has density 4 g c .c. and volume 20 c.c.. What will be the mass of the object ?
(i) 80 g
(ii) 40 g
(iii) 5 g.
Answer:
80 g.

Question 16.
Identify the vector quantity :
(i) mass
(ii) volume
(iii) time
(iv) weight
Answer:
Weight.

Question 17.
The unit of volume is :
(i) fundamental unit
(ii) derived unit
(iii) none of these
Answer:
derived unit.

Question 18.
The density of Hg is :
(i) 13.6 g c. c.
(ii) 12.6 g c. c.
(iii) 11.6 g c. c.
Answer:
13.6 g c. c.

Question 19.
The watch used in run competition is :
(i) pendulum clock
(ii) stopwatch
(iii) table clock
Answer:
stopwatch.

Question 20.
The dimension of Retardation is :
(i) [LT^-1]
(ii) [LT^-2]
(iii) [LT]
Answer:
[LT^-2]

Question 21.
1 per sec is :
(i) 30.84 km
(ii) 29.75 km
(iii) 28.82 km
Answer:
30.84 km

Question 22.
1 Astronomical unit (Au) is :
(i) 1.495 × 10⁸ km
(ii) 2.57 km
(iii) 3.82 km
Answer:
1.495 × 10⁸ km .

Question 23.
The dimensions of force are :
(i) [M² L T^-2]
(ii) [M L^-2 T^-2]
(iii) [M L T²]
(iv) [MLT^-2]
Answer:
[MLT^-2]

Question 24.
The prefix mega stands for
(i) 10^-9
(ii) 10⁸
(iii) 10⁷
(iv) 10⁶
Answer:
10⁶

Question 25.
The periodic time of a simple pendulum is propartional to
(i) its lengths
(ii) square root of its length
(iii) reciprocal of its length
(iv) square of its length
Answer: Square root of its length.

Question 26.
One litre stands for :
(i) 10₃ m³
(ii) 10^-3 m³
(iii) 10 m³
(iv) 100 m³
Answer:
10^-3 m³

Fill in the blanks

1. A scalar physical quantity can be expressed with its magnitude but _________ any direction.
Answer:
without.

2. _________ physical quantities are those, each of which associates one or more fundamental physical quantities.
Answer:
Derived.

3. A vector physical quantity is expressed with magnitude, proper unit as well as a _________.
Answer:
direction.

4. Physical quantities are of two types, _________ and vector.
Answer:
scalar.

5. Any __________ quantity related to a material body or any natural or mechanical event is known as a physical quantity.
Answer:
measurable.

6. The time that elapses between two consecutive apparent transits of the Sun across the __________ at a place is known as Solar day.
Answer:
meridian.

7. Dimension is a _________ or quotient of the fundamental quantities involved in a derived physical quantity raised to appropriate powers.
Answer:
product.

8. Some physical quantities have no units, since each is expressed by a _________ of similiar physical quantities.
Answer:
ratio.

9. Derived units are obtained by using a fundamental unit more than once or by using two or more __________ units.
Answer:
fundamental.

10. Measurement of a physical quantity means to compare it with a standard physical quantity of the _________ nature accepted by all in the world.
Answer:
same.

11. Spring balance measures the __________ of a body.
Answer:
weight.

12. __________ is the mass per unit volume.
Answer:
Density.

13. Velocity is a _________ quantity.
Answer:
vector.

14. Anything that can be measured is a _________ quantity.
Answer:
physical.

15. CGS system is also known as ___________ system.
Answer:
metric.

16. InCGS system unit of mass is __________.
Answer:
gram.

17. InCGS system, unit of density is ___________.
Answer:
g/c.c.

18. Mass of 1 c.c. of pure water at 4°C is ___________.
Answer:
1 g.

19. A measuring cylinder is used for measuring the volume of a _____________.
Answer:
liquid.

20. The weights in the weight box are in the ratio of ___________.
Answer:
5 : 2 : 2 : 1

21. Work is a ___________ quantity.
Answer:
scalar.

22. 1 A° = ___________ cm.
Answer:
10^-8

23. The dimension of force is ____________.
Answer:
[MLT^-2]

24. Stopwatch has no __________ hand.
Answer:
hour.

25. The light year is the unit of ____________.
Answer:
distance

26. Small time intervals are measured by ___________.
Answer:
stopwatch.

Comprehensive WBBSE Class 9 Physical Science Notes Chapter 1 Measurement can help students make connections between concepts.

Measurement Class 9 WBBSE Notes

Science : This word originated from Latin word ‘Scientia’ meaning ‘to know’. Thus knowledge acquired by man through systemetic observations and experiments is called Science.

Physical Quantity : A physical quantity is any measurable quantity of an object or an event. Example : mass, length, time, weight, density etc.

Types of physical quantity :

• Scalar quantity
• Vector quantity

Scalar quantity : The quantity which has only magnitude but no direction is called scalar quantity.
Example : mass, length, time etc.

Vector quantity : The quantity which has both magnitude and direction is called vector quantity.
Example : weight of matter, velocity, acceleration, force etc.

Unit : In measuring any physical quantity, some convenient and definite quantity of it is taken as the standard and in terms of this standard the physical quantity is measured. This standard is called a unit.

Importance of units :

• Measurement of any physical quantity without unit is meaningless. Because we cannot have any idea about a physical quantity with its magnitude only.
• Unit establishes relation between different measures of same quantity.

Characteristics of units :

1. The unit should be well defined.
2. The unit should be of suitable size.
3. The unit should be easily reproducible.
4. The unit should be imperishable.
5. The unit should not change with time or with physical conditions like pressure, temperature etc.

Fundamental unit : This units of physical quantities which are independent of each other and from which other units can be derived are called the fundamental units.
Example : units of length, mass, time etc.

Derived unit : The units of physical quantity which are derived with the help of one or more than one fundamental units are called derived units.

Example : The unit of area is obtained by using the unit of length twice. Similarly units of speed, force, work etc. are all derived units.

Different systems of fundamental units :

1. CGS system : The word ‘C’ is the unit of length-Centimeter, ‘G’ is the unit of mass gram, ‘S’ is the unit of time-Second.
2. EPS system : This is the British system of units in which units of length, mass and time are foot, pound and second respectively.
3. MKS system : This is basically practical systems of units in which units of length, mass and time are metre, kilogram and second respectively.

SI units : In 1960, an international system of units was adopted to have a consistent system of units. This system of units is known as SI units.

Types of SI units :

• Fundamental SI units
• Derived SI units

Fundamental SI Units :

Derived SI units :

Some important rules for writing SI units :

• The symbol of the units are always written in Roman small letter. Example : {kg}, {m}, {s} etc.
• If a unit is named after a person, the symbol is written in capital letter. Example : Newton-N, Ampere-A, Volt-V etc.
• The symbols of the units are always used in singular form. Example : Mass- 5 kg not 5 kgs.
• When temperature is expressed in Kelvin scale, (0°) degree sign is not used i.e. we write 273 K, not 273°k
• Full stop, comma, etc. are not written after the symbols of the units. (e.g. we should write cm and not cm. or cm,)
• The multiplication of two units are written as symbols of unit sequencially, e.g. kgm.
• units like metre per second is written as m/s or ms^-1 or in case of Joule per kelvin per mole is written as JK^-1 mol^-1 or J/K mol but not J/K/mol.

Definitions of units of SI :

Metre : The distance between the two marks made on a platinumiridium bar maintained at 0°C temperature preserved at International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau international des poids et measures) at Sevres near Paris considered as one metre (symbol : m).

Modern definition of metre : The standard metre is exactly equal to 1650763.73 wavelengths in vacuum, of the radiation from Krypton isotope of mass number 86.

Kilogram : Mass of a solid cylinder made of platinum-iridium and preserved at the standard office at Sevres near Paris, is called one kilogram (kg).

Modern definition of second : One second is the duration of 9192631770 periods of radiation corresponding to unperturbed transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of \({ }^{193} {C}_{{s}}\) atom.

Units of volume :

Volume : It is defined to be the space occupied by a substance.
Solids have three dimensions, i.e. length, breadth and height and so the unit of volume is CGS system in cm × cm × cm = cm³.
Unit of volume in SI system is m³.

Volume of some solid figures :

1. Volume of a rectangle solid = length × breadth × height.
2. Volume of a cube = (length)³.
3. Volume of a sphere = \(\frac{4}{3}\) πr³
4. Volume of a cone = \(\frac{1}{3}\) πr² h
5. Volume of a right circular cylinder = πr² h

[r = radius, π = \(\frac{22}{7}\), h = the perpendicular height]

Unit of volume of liquid :

Litre (L)= Volume of 1 kg of pure water at 4°C or 277 K is called a litre. This is not an SI unit. 1 L = 1000 ml = 1000 cm⁹ = 10 dm³

Volume of 1 kg of water is 1000 ml.
Hence, volume of 1000 ml (cc) of pure water at 277 K is called a litre.
It is the unit of liquid in CGS system.
1 ml = 1 cc

Advantage of increased volume of water on solidification : In the winter season in the cold country water solidifies to ice and the volume of water increased on solidification. The density of ice being less than water it floats on the upper surface of water. Again by costing water reaches at the temperature of 4°C and it attains its maximum density and thereby it cannot come on the upper surface of water below the surface of ice and remain at 4°C. So aqua life is possible in winter.

Measurement of length : The measurement of lengths are of two types :

• direct method
• indirect method

Length measuring device in direct method :

• a metre scale : for 10-3 m-102 m length
• a Vernier – Callipers : for distances upto 10-4m
• a screw gauge or a spherometer : for distances upto 10-5 m.

Length measuring device in indirect method for large distance :

Parallax method : The change in the position of an object with respect to the background, when seen from two different positions is known as parallax. The distance between the two positions of observation is called the basis.
Size of an astronomical object : The size of an astronomical object, such as the moon can be measured with the help of an astronomical telescope.

Indirect methods for determination of very small length : The optical microscopes, working on visible light of wavelengths ranging from 4 × 10^-7 m to 8 × 10^-7 m, cannot be used to measure the sizes of molecules (10^-8 m. to .10^-16 m).
An electron microscope is usually used for this purpose.

Wavelength of radiations are expressed in angstrom (A°).
1 A°=10^-8 cm = 10^-10m

Some commonly used prefixes in CGS and SI system :

Measurement of Mass :

The mass of a body is the quantity of matter contained in it. The range of mass varies from that of electron having mass of the order of 10-30 kg to observable universe with masses of the order of 1055 kg}.

Mass measuring device :

1. The mass of ordinary objects-common balance
2. The large masses of planets etc-gravitational methods are adopted.
3. For measuring of very small masses of atomic or sub-atomic particles – mass spectrograph.

Few important points related to common balance :

If the mass of right-hand side pan and left-hand side pan in balance are unequal but same in length then the actual mass of substance

m = \(\frac{m_1+m_2}{2}\)
(where, m₁ and m₂ are mass of substance in two different pans)

If the length of balance is unequal but the pans are same in mass, then the actual mass of substance
m = \(\sqrt{m_1 m_2}\) (where m₁ and m₂ are mass in two pans)

Characteristics of Good balance :

• The pillar should be vertical, i.e. the balance beam horizontal with the help of levelling screws and plumb line.
• The balance should be correct.
• The balance should be rigid.
• The balance should be stable.

Different portion of comman balance :

• balance beam
• stirrups
• pointer
• lever
• scale pans
• plumb line
• glass case

Weight box : A wooden box for holding weights are called weight box is supplied each balance.
It may be noted that in a weight box weights one in the ratio 1 : 2 : 2 : 5.
A common balance can measure a minimum weight of 5 mg accurately. The upper range is about 200 g.

Spring balance: The weight of a body is the force with which is attracted by the earth towards its centre. The weight of a body is measured by spring balance.

Measurement of time : The range of time interval of events varies from as small as of the order 10-24 s} for life span of most unstable particle to as large as of the order of 1017 s} for age of universe.

For measurement of time interval, we need a clock based on any phenomenon that repeats itself regularly.
Commonly used clocks and watches are based on spring, pendulum etc.

Time measuring device :

Stop watch : It is used to measure the interval of incident starting and ending. This watch can measure a time interval of one-tenth of a second accurately. This watch is used in sports, scientific work etc. for measuring time.

Sand watch : This consists of two conical shaped glass vessels joined with each other with a narrow opening in the middle. The upper vessel contains a measured quantity of dry sand and it takes a definite interval of time for the sand to pass from the upper vessel to the lower one. The bottle is inverted for reuse when the upper vessel becomes empty.

Sundial : Sun rays are used in this time-measuring device. It consists of a horizontal circular disc with a thin triangular plate of metal fixed at its centre and pointing in the north-south direction. This triangular plate serves as an obstacle to the rays of the sun and casts shadow on the circular disc on the other side. The circular disc has graduations from 1 to 12 like that on a clock. Any particular time of the day, is indicated by the position of the shadow.

The sundial can be used only on a sunny day and not at night or on a cloudy day.

The pendulum clock : In this clock a simple pendulum is used. At a particular place, a pendulum of a given length takes fixed time to complete one oscillation i.e. starting from one extreme position and coming back to that position. This time is called the time period of the pendulum. A seconds pendulum is that whose time period is 2 seconds. In a pendulum clock such a seconds pendulum is used.

Atomic or caesium clock : These clocks are based on periodic vibrations produced in a caesium atom. These clocks are very accurate and in a year such a clock lose or gain not more than 3s.

Electric oscillators : The A.C. main electric supply has a frequency of 50 Hz. The synchronous rotations of an A.C. motor can be used for having a time scale.

Electronic oscillators : Vacuum tubes and transistors can be used for producing electro-magnetic waves of high frequencies and their small time periods of oscillations are used small time intervals accurately.

Quartz crystal clock : A quartz crystal shows piezo-electric effect. When fluctuating pressure is applied across one pair of faces of a crystal, an oscillating emf is developed across another pair perpendicular faces. These oscillations may be used for measuring time. It has an accuracy of 1 second in every 10^-9second.

Decay of elementary particles : Many unstable elementary particles decay in time interval as short as 10^-10 second to 10^-24 second. Thus studying their decay very small time intervals can be measured.
Radioactive dating : This technique is used for measuring long time interval of the order of 10^-17 second.

Accuracy : The closeness of the measured value to the true value of the physical quantity is known as the accuracy of the measurement.

Precision : It means the extent or limit to which the measurement of a physical quantity is done.
Errors in measurement : The error in the measurement of a physical quantity is defined as the difference between the true value and the measured value of the physical quantity.

Types of errors :

• Systematic errors
• Random errors

Systematic errors : The error which occurs according to a definite pattern is known as systematic error.

Types of systematic errors :

1. Instrumental errors : The errors caused due to defective instrument are called instrumental errors.
2. Personal errors : The errors in the measurement of a physical quantity due to limitations or carelessness of the person experimenting are known as personal errors.
3. Natural errors : The errors due to the change in the conditions of the environment (temperature, pressure etc.) are known as natural errors.

Random error : Random or chance errors are due to unknown causes. These errors cannot be controlled by the observer and are not constant in magnitude. They may be positive or negative.
The errors are expressed in different ways :

Absolute error: The absolute error of a given value of physical quantity is the difference between mean value of the physical quantity and the observed value under consideration.
Absolute error of the i-th observation

the mean value of the measured quantity,
x_i = the value of the measured quantity in the i th observation.]

Mean absolute error : The arithmetic mean or average of all absolute errors of the measurements is called the mean absolute error.
Mean absolute error

Relative error : The ratio of the absolute error to the physical quantity is called the relative error.
Relative error = Sk = \(\frac{\Delta \bar{x}}{x}\)

Percentage error = Relative error × 100%
= \(\frac{\Delta \bar{x}}{x}\) × 100%
Accuracy : The closeness of the measured value to the true value of the physical quantity is known as the accuracy of the measurement.

The degree of accuracy of any measurements depends upon :

the accuracy of the measuring device used.
Precision : It means the extent or limit to which the measurement of a physical quantity is done.

Significant figures : It is in the reported result of a measurement of a quantity is the number of digits that are known with certainty plus one that is uncertain, beginning with the first non-zero digit.

Rounding off : The observed results of various measurements may have different precisions. Thus, the results obtained at various stages of calculation are to be rounded off because the final result cannot be more precised than that of the least precised measurement.

Precautions in the measurement of measuring devices :

Ordinary scale : We often use ordinary scale for measuring length. It is usually a thin rectangular bar of box-wood, metal or plastic.

Precautions in measurement :

• The scale is to be placed on the straight line in such a way that the graduations of the scale be perpendicular to the straight line. By doing this the error in the reading due to thickness of the scale is avoided.
• It is better not to use any end of the scale, for that edge may be broken.
• The length of a straight line should be measured by different parts of the scale and average length should be determined.
• By doing this, the error in the reading due to irregularities in the graduations in the different parts of the scale, if any, is eliminated.
• IN.B. In making an ordinary scale wood or plastic is usually used instead of metal. With the change in atmospheric temperature metal scales changes in length.]

Measuring cylinder : A measuring cylinder is used for measuring the volume of a liquid. It is a glass cylindrical jar graduated in millilitre. The internal volumes of the jar are marked with horizontal marks, the reading starting from the bottom of the jar. The liquid whose volume is to be determined, is poured, into the jar. The volume of the liquid is obtained from the reading corresponding to the level of the liquid in the jar.

Precautions in measurement :

1. During determination of volume of a liquid, it should be noted that free surface of the liquid in the jar is always either concave or convex.
2. In either case (concave or convex), the reading is to be taken along a line tangential to the curved surface of the liquid. The reading is taken avoiding parallax error.

Common balance : In the laboratory we measure the mass of a body usually with a common balance. Actually we find the mass of the body by comparing its mass with some standard weights. Common balance is much more sensitive and masses of even small objects can be determined accurately with its help.

Precautions in measurement :

1. Body whose mass is to be determined must be dry and at room temperature.
2. The weights must be held with a pair of forceps.
3. The balance beam should be on the beam support when weights are being placed on or taken away from the scale pan, otherwise the beam may topple down.

Dimensions : Dimensions of a physical quantity give the relation of its unit with the units from which it is derived.

The dimensions of a physical quantity are expressed as the powers to which the fundamental units of masses, length and time are raised to obtain the derived unit of the quantity.

Fundamental units from which the unit of a physical quantity are derived are each expressed in capital letters.

For example, the length is denoted by [L], unit of mass by [M], unit of time [T] etc. The dimensions are always written within square bracket.
w Dimensonal formula and equation : The dimensional formula of a physical quantity is an expression which gives the fundamental units on which the physical quantity depends and the nature of the dependence.

Thus, the dimensional formula of velocity is [M° L¹ T^-1]. If we represent velocity by [v], then [v]=[ M°L¹T^-1] is called dimensional equation of velocity. So, when a physical quantity is equated to its dimensional formula, we get the dimensional equation of the physical quantity.

Dimensional formulae of some physical quantities :

Different types of variables and constants :

Dimensional constants : The quantities which have dimensions but of constant value are called dimensional constants.
Example : Gravitational constant, Planck’s constant.

Dimensionless constants : The constant quantities having no dimensions are called dimensionless constants.
Example : pure numbers 1,2,3 …., π, e ( = 2 .718).

Dimensional variables : The quantities which have dimensions but do not have any fixed value are called dimensional variables.
Example: volume, velocity, force etc.

Dimensionless variables : The quantities which have neither dimensions nor any constant value are called dimensionless variables.
Example : angle, specific gravity, strain etc.

Use of dimensional analysis :

The dimensional analysis have following applications :

• To check the correctness of a physical equation.
• To derive the relation between different physical quantities involved in a physical phenomena.
• To convert from one system of units to another.

Limitations of dimensional analysis :

1. This method fails to determine the dimensionless constants in the formula.
2. If a physical quantity depends on more than three factors, having dimensions, the formula cannot be determined.
3. This method cannot be used to derive a relation if it involves trigonometric or exponential or log functions.
4. This method fails to derive an exact form of a relation when it consists of more than one part on any one side.
5. It gives no information whether a physical quantity is scalar or vector.
6. Even when dimensions are given, the physical quantity may not be unique, as many physical quantities have the same dimensions.

Some uses of different measuring devices :

1. Determination of areas of an irregularly shaped sheet of metal or paper: This is done with the help of a graph paper.
2. Determination of the length of a curved line: This is done by using a thread and a linear scale.
3. Determination of thickness of a sheet of a thin paper : This is indirectly done with the help of linear scale.
4. Determination of volume of an irregularly shaped solid: This is done by using a measuring cylinder.
5. Determination of rate of fall of water from a tap : This is done by using measuring cylinder and stopwatch.

Students should regularly practice West Bengal Board Class 9 Hindi Book Solutions and रचना साहित्यिक निबंध to reinforce their learning.

WBBSE Class 9 Hindi रचना साहित्यिक निबंध

निबंध उस गद्य-रचना को कहते है जिसमें किसी विषय का वर्णन किया गया हो । निबंध के माध्यम से लेखक उस विषय के बारं में अपने विचारों और भावों को बड़े प्रभावशाली ढंग से व्यक्त करने की कोंशिश करता है। एक श्रेष्ठ, सुगठित एवम् व्यवस्थित निबं-लेखक को विषय का अच्छा ज्ञान होना चाहिए, उसको भाषा पर अच्छी पकड़ होनी चाहिए। प्रत्येक व्यक्ति की अपनी अभिव्यक्ति होती है । इसलिए एक ही विषय पर हमें अलग-अलग तरीको से लिखे गए निबध मिलतं हैं ।

किसी एक विषय पर विचारों को कमबद्ध कर सुंदर, सुगठित और सुबोध भाषा में लिखी गई रचना को निबंध कहते हैं। अनेक विद्वानों ने निबंध शब्द की पृथक्-पृथक् व्याख्या की है –

• निबंध अनियमित, असीमित और असंबद्ध रचना है ।
• निबंध वह लंख है जिसमे किसी गहन विषय पर विस्तृत और पांडित्यपूर्ण विचार किया जाता है।
• मन की उन्मुक्त उड़ान निबंध कहलाती है ।
• मार्नसिक विश्व का बुद्धि-विलास ही निबंध है।
• सीमित समय और सीमित शब्दों में क्रमबद्ध विचारों की अभव्यक्ति ही निबंध है

अच्छे निबंध की विशेषताएँ-

एक अच्छ//श्रषष्ठ निबंध की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ निम्नलिखित हैं –

• निबंध की भाषा विषय के अनुरूप होंनी चाहिए ।
• विचारों में परस्सर तारतम्यता होनी चाहिए।
• विषय सं संबंधित सभी पहलुओं पर निबंध में चर्चा की जानी चाहिए।
• निबंध के अंतिम अनुच्छेद में ऊपर कही गई सभी बातों का सारांश होना चाहिए ।
• वर्तनो शुद्ध हानी चाहिए तथा उसमें विराम-चिह्नों का उचित प्रयांग किया जाना चाहिए ।
• निबध लिखतं समय शब्दों की सीमा का अवश्य ध्यान रखना चाहिए
• निबंध किसी निश्चित उद्देश्य तथा एक विषय को लेकर लिखा जाना चाहिए।
• निब्रंध में लंखक का व्यक्तित्व प्रतिफलित होना आवश्यक है।
• निबंध अधिक विस्तृत न होकर संक्षेप में होना चाहिए।
• निबंध-लंखन विचारों की एक अखंड धारा होती है, उसका एक निश्चित परिणाम होना चाहिए।

प्रस्तुतिकरण की दृष्टि से निबंध निम्नलिखित प्रकार के होते हैं –

• वर्णनात्मक (माघ मेले का वर्णन, यात्रा का वर्णन, किसी त्योहार का वर्णन, विविध आयोजनों का वर्णन आदि)।
• विवरणात्मक (ताजमहल, हिमालय आदि) ।
• भावप्रधान (मँरी माँ, मेरा प्रिय मित्र आदि) ।
• विचारप्रधान (समय नियोजन, सच्ची मित्रता, स्वदेश प्रेम आदि) ।

निबंध-लेखन : पूर्व तैयारी :
निबंध लेखन सं पूर्व विषय के विभिन्न बिंदुओं/पक्षो पर गहराई से विचार करना अपेक्षित है । विषय की निश्चित धारणा मन में बना लनी चाहिए ताकि कोई आवश्यक बिंदु न छूटने पाए । इस दृष्टू से लेखक को अपने साथियों से चर्चा करके निबंध की रूपरेखा तैयार कर लेना उपयुक्त रहता है ।
रूपरेखा-निर्माण के बाद विषय संबंधी सामग्री तथा विभिन्न सोतों का संचयन करना उपयोगी होता है। उद्धरणों, विषयानुकूल उदाहरण सूक्तियों, तकों, प्रमाणों का संकलन कर लेना चाहिए ताकि उनका उपयुक्त प्रयोग किया जा सके।

निबंध लिखने के लिए निम्नलिखित बातों को ध्यान में रखना चाहिए।

• विभिन्न सोतों से विषय संबंधी जानकारी प्राप्त की जानी चाहिए ।
• छात्रों द्वारा अपने अध्यापक के साथ विषय पर चर्चा करने के उपरांत विषय की रूपरेखा तैयार करनी चाहिए।
• रूपरेखा के आधार पर निबंध लिखते समय छात्रों द्वारा यथा-प्रसंग अपने निजी अनुभवों का उल्लेख किया जाना चाहिए।

निबंध का गठन : निबंध के तीन अंग होते हैं – (क) प्रस्तावना या भूमिका (ख) विषय का प्रतिपादन (ग) उपसंहार ।
यह पहले से निश्चित कर लेना चाहिए कि जितनी जानकारी विषय के संबंध में है, उसमें से कितनी प्रस्तावना में रहनी चाहिए, कितनी निबंधों के मुख्य अंश में और कितनी उपसंहार में ।
(क) प्रस्तावना :- प्रस्तावना ऐसी हो जो पाठक के मन में निबंध के विषय के प्रति उत्सुकंता उत्पन्न कर दे । प्रस्तावना लंबी नहीं होनी चाहिए । कुछ ही वाक्यों के बाद विषय पर पहुँच जाना चाहिए ।
(ख) विषय का प्रतिपादन :- विषय के प्रतिपादन की दृष्टि से तथ्यों, भावों और विचारों का तर्कसंगत रूप में संयोजन किया जाना चाहिए । साथ ही उनकी क्रमबद्धता और सुसंबद्धता का ध्यान रखा जाना अपेक्षित है।

निबंध के मुख्य अंश में सभी बातें और सभी विचार अलग-अलग अनुच्छेदों में लिखने चाहिए । एक अनुच्छेद में सामान्यत: एक ही बात या विचार रखा जाए । बातों और विचारों को प्रस्तुत करने में एक निश्चित कम होना चाहिए । सभी अनुच्छेद आपस में संबद्ध होने चाहिए, जिससे विचारों की एक श्रृंखला बनी रहे । ऐसा करने से ही निबंध सुगठित होता है और उसमें कसावट आती है।

जहाँ आवश्यकता हो उद्धरण वहीं देना चाहिए । उद्धरण गद्य तथा पद्य दोनों में हो सकते हैं।

निबंध की भाषा शुद्ध, प्रांजल और विषय के अनुकल होनी चाहिए। यदि भाषा में किसी प्रकार की शिथिलता या कमजोरी रह जाती है तो निबंध का वांछित प्रभाव पाठक पर नहीं पड़ता।

(ग) उपसंहार :- निबंध के अंत में, विषय-विवेचन के आधार पर निश्चित निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत किया जाना चाहिए । इसका अंत इस प्रकार लिखा जाए कि निबंध का पाठक पर स्थायी प्रभाव पड़े।

प्रारंभ में सामान्य और परिचित विषयों पर निबंध लिखने का अभ्यास करना चाहिए । फिर गंभीर विषयों पर निबंध लिखने चाहिए । यहाँ कुछ निबंधों के उदाहरण दिए गए हैं –

साद्रित्यिक निबंध :

मेरी प्रिय पुस्तक ‘श्रीरामचरितमानस’

रूपरेखा :

• प्रस्तावना
• श्री रामचरितमानस की विशेषताएँ
• उपसंहार ।

प्रस्तावना :- जिस प्रकार मनुष्य की आँखें आकाश में असंख्य तारों के होते हुए भी धुव तारे को ही खोजती हैं। उपवन में अनेक प्रकार के पुष्यों के होते हुए भी गुलाब का अपना महत्व है । उसी प्रकार हिंदी साहित्य में हजारों गंथों के होते हुए भी ‘श्रोरामचरितमानस’ सबसे अधिक लोकप्पिय ग्रंथ है। यही वह महान ग्रंथ है जो जीवन के प्रत्येक क्षेत्र को उचित दिशा प्रदान करता है। आज से लगभग चार सौ वर्ष पूर्व इस महाकाव्य की रचना हुई तथा आज भी इस महान रचना का महत्व सर्वाधिक है। यह एक विश्व्पसिद्ध साहित्यिक एवं आध्यात्मिक ग्रंथ है । यही एकमात्र हिंदी का ऐसा ग्रंथ है जो हिंदी एवं अहिंदी भाषी सभी का प्रिय एवं सम्माननोय ग्रंथ है।’श्रीरामचरितमानस’ सदियों से एक महान ग्रंथ के रूप में स्वीकृत एवम् लोकप्रिय बना हुआ है।

‘श्रीरामवरितमानस’ में मर्यादा पुरुषोत्तम श्रीराम के पावन चरित्र की झाँकी प्रस्तुत की गई है । महाकवि तुलसीदास ने संवत् 1631 में इसे लिखना प्रारंभ किया तथा यह महान ग्रंथ संवत्1 633 में लिखकर पूरा हुआ । इस ग्रंथ की रचना अवधी भाषा में हुई है। इसमें सात कांड हैं-बालकांड, अयोध्याकांड, अरण्यकांड, किष्किन्धाकांड, सुंदरकांड, लंकाकांड और उत्तरकांड।

तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित ‘श्रीरामचरितमानस’ एक ऐसा ग्रंथ है जिसके अध्ययन से प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को संतुष्ट, सुखी तथा सर्वहितकारी जीवन व्यतीत करने में सहायता मिलती है।

श्रीरामचरितमानस सदाचार की शिक्षा देने वाला एक महाकाव्य है। इस ग्रंथ के प्रारंभ में ही कवि ने सदाचार के संबंध में कहम है कि, वे ही व्यक्ति वन्दनीय हैं जो दुःख सहकर भी दूसरों के दोषों को प्रकट नहीं करते –

जे सहि दुख परछिद्र दुरावा । वंदनीय जेहिं जग जस पावा ।।

तुलसीदास जो का दृष्टिकोण व्यापक था। उन्होंने उसी व्यक्ति और वस्तु को सर्वश्रेष्ठ माना है, जिससे सबका हित होता हो, किसी एक का नहीं –

कीरति भनिति भूति भल सोई । सुरसरि सम सब कहँ हित होई ।।

‘श्रीरामचरितमानस’ में तुलसीदास ने जिन पात्रों की सृष्टि की है वे मानव-जीवन के आदर्श पात्र हैं।श्रीरामचरितमानस’ में आदर्श भाई, आदर्श पत्नी, आदर्श पुत्र, आदर्श माता, आदर्श पिता, आदर्श सेवक, आदर्श राजा एवं आदर्श प्रजा को प्रस्तुत करके तुलसीदास जी ने उच्चस्तरीय मानव-आदर्श की कल्पना की है ।

‘श्रीरामचरितमानस’ में एक ऐसे राज्य की कल्पना की गई है जिसमें कोई किसी से वैर नहीं करता । जिसमें सभी प्रेम के साथ रहते हैं तथा अपने-अपने धर्म का पालन करते हैं । जहाँ सभी उदार हों, कोई भी निर्धन न हो, कोई भी अज्ञानी न हो, किसी को भी दु:ख न हो, किसी को रोग न हो । आजादी के बाद गाँधीजी ने भी भारत में ऐसे ही रामराजय की कल्पना की थी ।

‘श्रीरामचरितमानस’ का स्थान हिंदी-साहित्य में ही नहीं, जगत् के साहित्य में निराला है । इसके जोड़ का ऐसा ही सर्वांसुंदर उत्तम काव्य के लक्षणों से युक्त भगवान की आदर्श मानव-लीला तथा उनके गुण, प्रभाव, रहस्य और प्रेम के गहन-तत्व को अत्यंत सरस, रोचक एवं ओजस्वी शब्दों में व्यक्त करने वाला कोई दूसरा ग्नन्थ हिंदी-भाषा में ही नहीं, कदाचित् संसार की किसी भी भाषा में आज तक नहीं लिखा गया।

उपर्युक्त गुणों के कारण ही ‘श्रीरामचरितमानस’ मेरा सर्वाधिक प्रिय ग्रंथ है।

मेरे प्रिय कवि : तुलसीदास
अथवा, लोकनायक तुलसीदास

रूपरेखा :

• प्रस्तावना
• तुलसीदास के जन्म की पृष्ठ-भूमि
• तुलसीदास : एक लोकनायक के रूप में
• तुलसीदास की निष्काम भक्ति-भावना
• तुलसी की समन्वय साधना
• तुलसी के दार्शनिक विचार
• तुलसीकृत रचनाएँ
• उपसंहार ।

राम छोड़कर और की जिसने करी न आस ।
रामचरितमानस-कमल, जय हो तुलसीदास ।।
– जयशंकर प्रसाद

प्रस्तावना :- मैंन हिंदी साहित्य के अंतर्गत कबीर, सूर, तुलसी, देव, घनानंद, बिहारी आदि अनेक कवियों का अध्ययन किया । आधुनिक कवि प्रसाद, पंत, निराला, महादेवी वर्मा तथा दिनकर का भी अध्ययन किया है कितु भक्तकवि तुलसीदास ने मुझे सबसे अधिक प्रभावित किया । तुलसी के काव्य की अलौकिकता के समक्ष मैं सदैव नत-मस्तक होता रहा हूँ । उनकी भक्ति-भावना, समन्वयात्मक दृष्टिकोण तथा काव्य-सौष्ठव ने मुझे स्वाभाविक रूप से आकृष्ट किया है ।

तुलसीदास का जन्म ऐसी विषम परिस्थितियों में हुआ जब हिंदू समाज अशक्त होकर विदेशी चंगुल में फँस चुका था। हिंदू समाज की संस्कृति और सभ्यता प्राय: विनष्ट हो चुकी थी तथा कहीं कोई आदर्श नहीं रह गया था। इस काल में मन्दिरों का विध्वंस हो रहा था, ग्रामों तथा नगरों का विनाश हुआ वहीं संस्कारों की भ्रष्टता भी चरम सीमा पर थी । तलवार के दबाव से हिंदुओं को मुसलमान बनाया जा रहा था ।

लोकनायक गोस्वामी तुलसीदास ने अंधकार के गर्त में डूबी हुई जनता के सामने भगवान राम का लोकमंगलकारी रूप प्रस्तुत किया । इससे जनता में आशा और शक्ति का संधार हुआ । युगद्रष्टा गोस्वामी तुलसीदास ने अपनेरामचरितमानस द्वारा भारतीय समाज में व्याप्त विभिन्न मतों, संप्रदायों तथा धाराओं का समन्वय किया । उन्होंने उस युग को नवीन दिशा, नई गति तथा नवीन प्रेरणा प्रदान की । उन्होंने सच्चे लोकनायक के समान वैमनस्य की चौड़ी खाई को भरने का सफल प्रयास किया ।

आचार्य हजारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी के अनुसार, “लोकनायक वही हो सकता है जो समन्वय कर सके क्योंकि भारतीय समाज में नाना प्रकार की विरोधिनी संस्कृतियाँ, साधनाएँ, जातियाँ, आचार-निष्ठा और विचार-पद्धतियाँ प्रचलित हैं। भगवान बुद्ध समन्वयकारी थे, ‘गीता’ ने समन्वय की चेष्टा की और तुलसीदास समन्वयकारी थे ।”

जब ईश्वर के सगुण एवं निर्मुण दोनों रूपों से संबंधित विवाद, दर्शन एवं भक्ति दोनों ही क्षेत्रों में प्रचलित था तो तुलसीदास ने कहा-

सगुनहिं अगुनहिं नहिं कछु भेदा । गावहिं मुनि पुरान बुध बेदा ।।

साहित्यिक क्षेत्र में भाषा, छंद, रस तथा अलंकार आदि की दृष्टि से भी तुलसी ने अनुपम समन्वय स्थापित किया। उस समय साहित्यिक क्षेत्र में विभिन्न भाषाएँ विद्यमान थीं । विभिन्न छन्दों में रचनाएँ की जाती थीं । तुलसी ने अपने काव्य मे संस्कृत, अवधी तथा ब्रजभाषा का अद्भुत समन्वय किया।

तुलसी के बारह ग्रंथ प्रामाणिक माने जाते हैं । ये ग्रंथ हैं-श्रीरामचरितमानस’, विनय-पत्रिका, गीताक्ली’, कवितावली, ‘दोहावली’, रामललानहछू’, पार्वतीमंगल’, जानकीमंगल’, बरवै रामायण, ‘वैराग्य संदीपनी’, ‘श्रीकृष्णगीतावली’ तथा रामाज्ञाप्रश्नावली’ । तुलसीदास की ये रचनाएँ विश्व-साहित्य की अनुपम एवम् अमूल्य निधि हैं।

उपसंहार :- तुलसी ने अपने युग और भविष्य, स्वदेश और विश्व तथा व्यक्ति और समाज आदि सभी के लिए महत्वपूर्ण सामग्री दी है । तुलसी को आधुनिक दृष्टि ही नहीं, प्रत्येक युग की दृष्टि मूल्यवान मानेगी, क्योंकि मणि की चमक अंदर से आती है बाहर से नहीं । वस्तुत: तुलसीदास हिंदी साहित्य के सर्वाधिक प्रतिभासंपन्न तथा युग को नवीन दिशा प्रदान करने वाले महान कवि हैं।

कबीर दास
अथवा
मेरे प्रिय भक्त कवि

रूपरेखा :

• जन्मकालीन परिस्थितियाँ
• जीवन वृत्त
• समाज सुधार ।
• धार्मिक सिद्धान्त
• हिन्दी साहित्य में कबीर का स्थान
• उपसंहार ।

महात्मा कबीर का जन्म संवत् 1456 में हुआ था । कबीर पंथियों ने इनके जन्म के सम्बन्ध में यह दोहा लिखा है

चौदह सौ छप्पन साल गए, चन्द्रवार एक ठाठ भए ।
जेठ सुदी बरसाइत की, पूरनमासी प्रकट भए ।।

किंवदती के अनुसार कबीर किसी विधवा बाहाणी के गर्भ से उत्पन्न हुए थे । लोक-लाज के कारण वह इन्हें लहरतारा नामक तालाब के किनारे छोड़ आई थी । वहाँ से नीमा और नीरू नामक जुलाहा दम्पत्ति इन्हें ले आये, जिनके द्वारा इनका पालन-पोषण हुआ । कबीर के बाल्यकाल का विवरण अभी तक अज्ञात ही है पर इतना अवश्य है कि उनकी शिक्षा-व्यवस्था यथावत् नहीं हुई थी । उन्होंने स्वयं लिखा है –

मसि कागद छूऔ नहि, कलम गही नहिं हाथ ।

संक्रांतिकाल में पथ-प्रदर्शन करने वाले किसी भी व्यक्ति को जहाँ जनता के अंधविश्वासों और मूर्खतापूर्ण कृत्यों का खण्डन करना पड़ता है, वहाँ उसे समन्वय का एक बीच का मार्ग भी निकालना पड़ता है। यही कार्य कबीर को भी करना पड़ा है । जहाँ इन्होंने पण्डितों, मौलवियों, पीरों, सिद्धों और फकीरों को उनके पाखण्ड और ढोंग के लिये फटकारा, वहाँ उन्होंने एक ऐसे सामान्य धर्म की स्थापना की जिसके द्वार सबके लिए खुल गये थे । एक ओर इन्होंने हिन्दुओं के तीर्थ, वृत्त, मठ, मन्दिर, पूजा आदि की आलोचना की तो दूसरी ओर मुसलमानों के रोजा, नमाज और मस्जिद की भी खूब निन्दा की । माला फेरने वाले पण्डित-पुजारियों के विषय में उन्होंने कहा-

माला फेरत जुग गया, गया न मन का फेर ।
कर का मनका डारि दे, मन का मनका फेर ।।
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
जप माला छापा तिलक, सरै न एको काम ।
मन काँचे नाचे वृथा, साँचे राँचे राम ।।

कबीर निर्गुणकारी थे, साकार भक्ति में उन्हें विश्वास नहीं था, इसलिए स्थान-स्थान पर उन्होंने मूर्ति-पूजा का विरोध किया –

पाहन पूजै हरि मिलें, तो, मैं पूजूँ पहार ।
चाकी कोई न पूजई, घीस खाय संसार ।।

कवि के लिए प्रतिभा, शिक्षा, अभ्यास ये तीनों बातें आवश्यक होती हैं । कबीर ने न तो कहीं शिक्षा प्राप्त की थी और न किसी गुरु के चरणों में बैठकर काव्य-शास्त्र का अभ्यास ही किया था, परन्तु इसका यह अर्थ नहीं कि वे ज्ञान से शून्य थे । भले ही उनमें परावलम्बी ज्ञान न रहा हो, परन्तु स्वावलम्बी ज्ञान की उनमें कमी नहीं थी। उन्होंने सत्संग से पर्याप्त ज्ञान संचय किया था। वे बहुश्रुत थे, उनके काव्य में विभिन्न प्रतीकों तथा अलंकारों की छटा दिखाई पड़ती है । उनके रूपक और उलटबांसियों के विरोधाभास तो अद्वितीय हैं। भाषा सधुक्कड़ी होने पर भी अभिव्यक्तिपूर्ण है।

कबीर को कोई-कोई विद्वान केवल समाज सुधारक और ज्ञानी मानते हैं, परन्तु कबीर में समाज-सुधारक, ज्ञानी और कवि, तीनों रूप मिलकर एकाकार हो गये हैं। वे सर्वप्रथम समाज-सुधारक थे, उसके पश्चात् ज्ञानी और उसके पश्चात् कवि । कबीर ने अपनी प्रखर भाषा और तीखी भावाभिव्यक्ति से साहित्यिक मर्यादाओं का अतिक्रमण भले ही कर दिया हो परन्तु उन्होंने जो काव्य-सृजन किया, उसके द्वारा साहित्य तथा धर्म में युगान्तर अवश्य उपस्थित हुआ ।

महाकवि सूरदास
अथवा
मेरे प्रिय कवि

रूपरेखा :

• भूमिका
• जीवन-परिचय
• साहित्य-सेवा
• उपसंहार ।

वात्सल्य भाव के अमर गायक महाकवि सूरदास मध्यकाल में चलने वाली सगुण भक्तिधारा के अन्तर्गत चलने वाली कृष्ण भक्ति शाखा के प्रमुख एवं प्रतिनिधि कवि थे। इन्हें हिन्दी-साहित्य-आकाश का सूर्य एवं एक अमर विर्भूति माना जाता है।

महाकवि सूरदास का जन्म सम्बत् 1535 में एक निर्धन सारस्वत ब्राह्माण-परिवार में हुआ मान जाता है । इस बात में मत- भेद पाया जाता है कि सूरदास जन्मान्ध थे या नहीं । एक मत के लोग मानते है कि सूरदास जन्म से ही अन्धे थे ।

कविवर सूरदास गोस्वामी वल्लभाचार्य के परम शिष्य, उनके पुत्र गोस्वामी विट्ठलनाथ द्वारा स्थापित ‘अष्टछाप’ के कवियों में सर्वप्रमुख कवि थे । उनके आदेश से श्रीनाथ जो के मन्दिर में स्वरचित पद गाकर भजन-कीर्तन किया करते थे। सूरदास की रचनाओं की संख्या तेईस-चौबीस तक कही जाती है ; पर उपलब्ध और मुख्य तीन रचनाओं के नाम हैं – सूरसागर, सूरसारावली, साहित्य लहरी । इन की कीर्ति का आधार स्तम्भ है – सूरसागर । सूरसागर में कवि ने श्रीमद्भगवत पुरान के दशम स्कन्ध के आधार पर कृष्ण-लीलाओं का गायन करते हुए भी अपनी अद्भुत मौलिक प्रतिभा का परिचय दिया है । इनमें राधा की परिकल्पना तो कवि की अपनी देन है ही, सूरसागर में संकलित ‘भ्रमरगीत’ को भी कवि ने अपनी मौलिक कल्पना से नया रूप-रंग प्रदान कर दिया है और भी अनेक मौलिक उद्भावनाओं से कृष्ण-जीवन को नया स्वरूप प्रदान किया है । सूरकाव्य में वात्सल्य रस प्रधान है।

वात्सल्य के बाद ‘सूरसागर’ का दूसरा प्रमुख रस है श्शृंगार । शृंगार के संयोग एवं वियोग दोनों पक्षों का वर्णन अत्यन्त सजीव एवं ताजगी लिए हुए है । ‘भ्रमरगीत’ प्रसंग की रचना इन्होंने निर्गुण-निराकारवाद, ज्ञान-योग के खण्डन के लिए तो की ही थी, वियोग श्रृंगार का उत्कर्ष दिखाना भी उसका उद्देश्य प्रतीत होत है । अपने लीला के पदों में कविवर सूरदास ने सख्यभाव का भी उत्कर्ष दिखाया है । सूरदास की दूसरी रचना ‘सूर सारावली के 1103 पदों में सूरसागर का सार संकलित किया गया है । हँ, कृष्ण लीला के जो प्रसंग सूरसागर में नहीं आ पाए, कुछ ऐसे प्रसंग भी इसमें वर्णित हैं।

सुरदास का समस्त काव्य मनोविज्ञान का सुंदर अध्ययन है, विशेषकर वात्सल्य वर्णन। सूर के वात्सल्य वर्णन के बारे में डाँ० हजारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी ने लिखा है – ”यशोदा के वात्सल्य में सब कुछ है, जो माता शब्द को इतना महिमामय बनाए हुए है । यशोदा के बहाने सूरदास ने मातृ-हृदय का ऐसा स्वाभाविक, सरल और हृदयग्राही चित्र खींचा है कि आश्चर्य होता है। माता संसार का ऐसा पवित्र रहस्य है, जिसे कवि के अतिरिक्त किसी को व्याख्या करने का अधिकार नहीं । सूरदास जहाँ पुत्रवती जननी के प्रेम-पोषक हृदय को छूने में समर्थ हुए हैं, वहाँ वियोगिनी माता के करुणा विगलित हृदय को छूने में भी समर्थ हुए हैं ।”

प्रेम-दीवानी मीरांबाई

रूपरेखा :

• भूमिका
• जीवन-परिचय
• भक्ति-साहित्य में योगदान
• उपसंहार ।

महान् कवयित्री, कृष्ण-प्रेम में दीवानी बन जाने वाली मीरांबाई का जन्म मारवाड़-प्रदेश के राज्य जोधपुर के अन्तर्गत बसे मेड़ता नामक स्थान पर सन् 1516 में, राव दूदा जी के चतुर्थ पुत्र राव रत्नसिंह के यहाँ हुआ था । उन दिनों वे कुड़की नामक गाँव में निवास कर रहे थे । मीरां अपने पिता की एकमात्र सन्तान थी । बचपन में ही माता का देहान्त हो जाने के कारण मीरां का पालन पूर्णतया वैष्णव-कर्म वाले दादा राव दूदाजी ने किया था।फलत: मीरां में भी पूर्ण वैष्णव संस्कार स्वत: ही आ गए। वह कृष्ण को आराध्य मान कर उन की भक्ति-भावना में लीन रहने लगी। उसका ध्यान सांसारिकता की ओर मोड़ने के लिए ही दादा ने मात्र बारह वर्ष की आयु में ही मीरां का विवाह चित्तौड़ के महाराणा संग्राम सिंह के बड़े बेटे भोजराज के साथ कर दिया । पति भी मीरां का ध्यान सांसारिक सुख-भोग की आर आकर्षित न कर सके और कुछ ही वर्षों बाद स्वर्गवासी हो गए । फलत: अब उस ओर से भी निश्चित होकर मीरा आठो याम श्रीकृष्ण की भक्ति- भावना में, साधुओं की संगति में लीन रहने लगी।

यहीं से मीरां के जीवन में कष्टों का नया दौर भी आरम्भ हुआ। उसके ससुराल वालों को उसका साधु-मण्डली में बैठना, नाचना-गाना आदि कतई स्वीकार न था । यह सब वंश-मर्यादा के विपरीत लगता था। अतः पहले तो मीरां को रोका-टोका जाने लगा; पर बाद में अनेक प्रकार के कष्ट दिए जाने लगे । यहाँ तक कि उपाय करके उसे मारने का प्रयास भी किया गया ; पर उन सभी से बच कर, केवल कृष्ण को ही अपना पति एवं सर्वस्व घोषित करते हुए मीरां ने स्पष्ट कहा –

“मेरो तो गिरिधर गोपाल दूसरो न कोई ।
जाके सिर मोर मुकुट मेरो पति सोई ।।”

मीरा की रचनाओं में जो प्रमुख रचनाएँ मानी जाती हैं, उनके नाम है क्रमशःनरसी जी का मायरा, गीत गोबिन्द की टीका, मीरां की गरबी, राग गोबिन्द, राग सोरठ, मीरां के पद । इनमें से ‘गीत गोबिन्द की टीका’ अभी तक अप्राप्त है । ‘नरसी जी का मायरा’ में नरसी भक्त के भात करने की कथा का वर्णन है। ‘राग सोरठ के पद’ में मीरां के रचे गेय पद तो संकलित हैं ही, नामदेव, कबीर आदि संतों के पद भी संकलित किए गए हैं। ‘मीरां की गरबी’ में रास-मण्डलियों में गाए जाने वाले गेय मुक्तक पर संकलित किए गए हैं।

मीरां चूँकि मूलत: मारवाड़ की निवासिनी थी, सो प्रमुखत: इसने मारावाड़ी भाषा का ही प्रयोग किया था। हमारे विचार में हिन्दी में जो मीरां पर उपलब्ध हैं और हिन्दी के माने जाते हैं, उनमें भाषायी स्तर पर कई तरह का सुधार किया गया है । जो हो, कृष्ण के प्रति आत्म-निवेदन, आत्मसमर्पण, प्रेम-निवेदन, प्रेम-विरह की पीड़ा ही मीरां-काव्य का प्रमुख वर्ण्यविषय एवं स्वर है । उसके स्वर में कभी तो निर्गुणवादी मिलन-सुख की अनुभूति होती दीख पड़ती है और कभी विरहवेदना का चरम रूप हत्कम्पित करने लगता है । इस प्रकार का विरोधाभास इनके जीवनकाल की परिस्थितियों एवं अन्तर्दून्द्ध का परिणाम ही कहा जा सकता है । लेकिन मीरां की भावाविल निश्छलता, दृढ़ता, तल्लीनता एवं सर्मर्षण की अन्य भावना किसी भी प्रकार के द्वद्धात्मक सन्देह से सर्वथा ऊपर की वस्तु है।

रससिद्ध कवि बिहारीलाल
अथवा
मेरे प्रिय कवि

रूपरेखा :

• भूमिका
• जीवन-परिचय
• रससिद्ध कवि
• उपसंहार ।

रीतिकालीन कवि बिहारी के बारं में गोस्वामी राधाकृष्ण ने लिखा है – “यदि सूर-सूर तुलसी शशी, उडगन केशवदास हैं, तो बिहारी पीयूषवर्षी मेघ हैं, जिनके उदय होते ही प्रकाश आच्छन्न हो जाता है। फिर उसकी वृष्टि से कवि कोकिल कुहुकने, मन मयूर नृत्य करने और चातक चहकने लगते हैं।’ बिहारी का हिन्दी साहित्य में क्या स्थान है, इन पंक्तियों से स्पष्ट हो जाता है।

जाति के माधुर चौबे कविवर बिहारी का जन्म ग्वालियंर के पास स्थित बिसुआ गोविंद पुर नामक गाँव में सम्वत् 1660 में हुआ माना जाता है । सो मथुरा-वृन्दावन में निवास करते समय इन की भेंट मुगल बादशाह शाहजहाँ से हुई। इस की काव्य-प्रतिभा से प्रभावित होकर वे कवि को अपने दरबार आगरा ले गए । यहाँ पर कवि को पण्डितराज जगन्नाथ जैसे संस्कृत के उद्भट विद्वान कवि से तो मिलने का अवसर प्राप्त हुआ ही, महाराज जयसिंह से भी कभी जयपुर आने का निमंत्रण मिला ।

अनेक राजाओं के यहाँ थाड़ा-थोड़ा समय बिताते हुए बिहारी अन्त में जयपुर के महाराजा जयसिंह के दरबार में पहुँचे। पता चला, वृद्धावस्था में विवाह कर महाराजा नई रानी के प्रेमजाल में कुछ इस प्रकार से फँस रहे है कि दरबार में भी नहीं आते। तब मंत्रियों आदि की सलाह से कविवर बिहारो ने एक दोहा लिखकर महाराजा के पास भिजवाया । उसका जादू का असर हुआ। महाराजा तत्काल राजदरबार में भागे आए। आकर बिहारी का सम्मान तो किया ही, राजकवि के पद पर भी प्रतिष्ठित किया। तब से बिहारी वहीं रहने लगे । ये प्रतिदिन राजदरबार में एक दोहा सुनाया करते, बदले में इन्हें एक अशर्फी प्राप्त हुआ करती।

कविवर बिहारी की एक ही रचना उपलव्ध है – ‘बिहारी सतसई’ !इसमें इनके रचे कुल सात सौ तेरह आस-पास संख्या में रचे हुए दोहे संकलित हैं। इसे कविवर बिहारी को हिन्दी-साहित्य को एक अनोखी और बेजोड़ देन स्वीकार किया गया है। इसमें प्रधानत: शृंगार रस के दोहे संकलित हैं। रस-परिपाक की दृष्टि से इस तरह का प्रत्येक दोहा रस में डूबा हुआ तो है ही, अपना गहरा प्रभाव भी छोड़ जाने वाले है। भाव-वर्णन या वर्ण्य-विषय की दृष्टि से ‘बिहारी सतसई’ में मुख्यतया तीन प्रकार के दोहे प्राप्त होते हैं – शृंगार, भक्ति और तीसरे व्यवहार-नीति सम्बन्धी। प्रधानता शृंगार रस प्रधान दोहों की ही है।

इसके अलावे बिहारी के काव्य में लांक-व्यवहार, ज्योतिष तथा भक्ति से परिपूर्ण दोहे भी हैं। जहाँ तक अलंकारिकता की बात है, बिहारी के काव्य में चमक, श्लेष, अनुप्रास, असंगति आदि अलकार के अनेक उदाहरण भरे पड़े हैं। अपनी समास-शक्ति और समाहार-योजना के अद्वितीय पांडित्य के कारण बिहारी ने निस्संदेह गागर में सागर भर दिया है । इस्सालए बिहारी के दोहों के बारे में कहा गया है –

”सतसैया के दोहरे ; ज्यों नावक के तीर ।
देखन में छोटे लगे, घाव करें गम्भीर ।।”

मेरा प्रिय साहित्यकार (माध्यमिक परीक्षा – 2011)
अथवा
युग-प्रवर्त्तक भारतेन्दु हरिश्चन्द्र

रूपरेखा :

• जन्मकालीन परिस्थितियाँ
• जीवन वृत्त
• रचनायं
• भाषा के क्षेत्र में नवयुग प्रवर्त्तक
• बहुमुखी साहित्य सेवा –
  • (क) काव्यकार
  • (ख) युग प्रवर्त्तक
  • (ग) नाटक कार ।
• उपसंहार ।

भारतेन्द्र हरिश्चन्द्र का जन्म झतिहास प्रसिद्ध सेठ अमीचन्द के वंश में हुआ था । इनके पिता बापू गोपालचन्द्र (उपनाम गिरधरदास) बजभाषा के प्रतिभा सम्पन्न कवि थे । भारतेन्दु जी पर घर के साहित्यिक वातावरण का प्रभाव था । उन्होंने पाँच वर्ष की अवस्था में निम्नलिखित दोहे की रचना की थी

लै ब्यौडा ठाड़े भये, श्री अनुरूद्ध सुजान ।
वाणासुर की सेन को, हनन लगे भगवान ।।

उन्होंने अंग्रेजी, हिन्दी और उर्दू की शिक्षा घर पर ही प्राप्त की थी। दस वर्ष की अवस्था में ही उनके माता-पिता का देहांत हो गया था । फलस्वरूप शिक्षा का कम बीच में ही दूट गया । तेरह वर्ष की अवस्था में इनका विवाह हो गया। जीवन के अन्तिम दिनों में भारतेन्दु आर्थिक कष्टों से दब गये थे, उन्हें क्षय रोग हो गया था। सम्वत् 1941 में हिन्दी साहित्य का यह प्रकाश-पुंज सदैव के लिए समाप्त हो गया ।

भारतेन्दु बहुमुखी प्रतिभा के धनी थे, उन्होंने साहित्य की प्रत्येक दिशा को नई गति और नई चेतना प्रदान की। नाटक, काव्य, इतिहास, निबन्ध, व्याख्यान आदि सभी विषयों पर अधिकारपूर्वक लिखा। अपने सत्रह-अठारह वर्ष के साहित्यिक जीवन में भारतेन्दु ने अनेक ग्रन्थों की रचना की। भारतवीणा, वैजयन्ती, सुमनांजलि, सतसई, भृंगार, प्रेमप्रताप, होली आदि भारतेन्दु जी के उत्कृष्ट काव्य-प्रन्थ हैं। भारतेन्दु जी की सबसे बड़ी देन नाटकों के क्षेत्र में है ।

‘चन्द्रावली’, ‘भारत दुर्दशा’, नील देवी, ‘अंधेर नगरी, प्रेम यांगिनी’, ‘विषम्य विषमौषधम’, और ‘वैदिकी हिंसा हिंसा न भवति’, आदि भारतेन्दु जी के मौलिक नाटक हैं। ‘विद्या सुन्दर, ‘पाखण्ड विडम्बन’, ‘धनंजय विजय, ‘कर्पूरमंजरी’, ‘मुद्रा राक्षस’, ‘सत्य हरिश्चद्र’, और ‘भारत जननी’ आपके अनुदित नाटक हैं । सुलोचना, शीलवती आदि आपके आख्यान है । परिहास पंचक’, हास्य-रस सम्बन्धी गद्ध है । ‘काश्मीर कुसुम, और बादशाह दर्पण आपके इतिहास सम्बन्धी ग्रन्थ हैं। भारतेन्दु जी ने अपने अल्पकाल में सौ से अधिक ग्रन्थों की रचना की ।

हिन्दी के उत्थान कें लिए भारतेन्दु ने अपना तन, मन, धन सब कुछ समर्पित कर दिया था। मातृ-भाषा के विषय में उन्होंने बहुत कुछ लिखा है –

अंग्रेजी पढ़ कै जदपि सब गुन होत प्रवीन ।
पै निज भाषा ज्ञान बिन, रहत हीन के हीन ।।
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
निज भाषा उन्नति अहै, सब उन्नति को मूल ।
बिन निज भाषा ज्ञान के, मिटत न हिय को सूल ।।

भारतेन्दु हरिश्चन्द्र गद्य की भाँति हिन्दी नाटकों के भी जन्मदाता हैं। वास्तव में उनसे पूर्व नाटकों का क्षेत्र बिल्कुल शून्य था। जो दो-चार नाटक थे भी, उनमें न तो मौलिकता थी और न शास्त्रीय नाटकीय तत्व। मुसलमानों के आधिपत्य के कारण भारतेन्दु से पूर्व नाटकों का समुचित विकास नहीं हो पाया था, क्योंकि मुसलमानों की दृष्टि में किसी भी आधिभौतिक शक्ति का मंच पर लाना कुफ समझा जाता था। भारतेन्दु के समय में कुछ नाटक कम्पनियाँ थीं, जो अश्लील अभिनयों से जनरुचि को विकृत करने में प्रयत्नशील थी । भारतेन्दु जी नाटक की रचना में बंगला से सबसे अधिक प्रभावित हुए । उन्होंने हिन्दी में भी नाटक लिखने का निश्चय किया । उनके अनुवादित और मौलिक नाटकों की संख्या चौदह है। प्रायः ये सभी नाटक अपने समय के लोकप्रिय नाटक थे तथा वे अपने नाटकों का निर्देशन और अभिनय का स्थान सर्वश्रेष्ठ है ।

भारतेन्दु जी बहुमुखी प्रतिभा सम्पन्न कलाकार थे । उन्होंन धार्मिक, सामाजिक, ऐतिहासिक, भावात्मक आदि सभी विष्यों पर लेखनी चलाई । उनकी प्रतिभा से हिन्दी साहित्य का कोना-कोना प्रकाशित हुआ । खेद है कि मात्र 35 वर्ष की अल्पायु में ही वे काल कवलित हो गये ।

राष्ट्रकव मैथिलीशरण गुप्त

रूपरेखा :

• जीवन वृत्त
• काव्य की पृष्ठभूमि
• रचनायें
• काव्य की विशेषतायें
• उपसंहार ।

वर्तमान काव्यधारा के सर्वाधिक लोकप्रिय कवि श्री मैथिलीशरण गुप्त का जन्म संवत् 1943 में झाँसी जिले के चिरगाँव नामक स्थान में हुआ था । उनके पिता का नाम सेठ रामचरण था। वैष्णव भक्त होने के साथ-साथ सेठ जी का कविता के प्रति भी असीम अनुराग था । वे कनकलता के नाम से कविता किया करते थे । गुप्त जी का पालन-पोषण भक्ति एवम् काव्यमय वातावरण में ही हुआ । वातावरण के प्रभाव से गुप्त जी बाल्यावस्था से ही काव्य रचना करने लगे थे ।

गुप्त जी की शिक्षा-व्यवस्था घर पर ही हुई । अंग्रजी की शिक्षा प्राप्त करने के लिए वे झाँसी आये किन्तु वहाँ उनका मन न लगा। काव्य-रचना की और प्रारम्भ से ही उनकी प्रवृति थी । एक बार अपने पिता जी की उस कॉपी में, जिसमें वे कविता किया करते थे, अवसर पाकर एक छप्पय लिख दिया । पिता जी ने जब कॉपी खोली और उस छण्पय को पढ़ा, तब वे बहुत प्रसन्न हुए । उन्होंन मैथिलीशरण को बुलाकर महाकवि होने का आशीर्वाद दिया।

गुप्त जी की प्राराम्भिक रचनायें कलकत्ता के ‘जातीय पत्र’ में प्रकाशित हुआ करती थी। पण्डित महावीर प्रसाद द्विवेदी के सम्पर्क में आने पर उनकी रचनायें ‘सरस्वती’ में प्रकाशित होने लगीं । द्विवेदी जी ने समय-समय पर उनकी रचनाओं में संशोधन किया और उन्हें ‘सरस्वती’ में प्रकाशित कर उन्हें प्रोत्साहन दिया। द्विवेदी जी से प्रोत्साहन पाकर गुप्त जी की काव्य-प्रतिभा जाग उठी और शने -शनै: उसका विकास होने लगा । आज के हिन्दी साहित्य को गुप्त जी की काव्यप्रतिभा पर गर्व है ।

गुप्त जी अपने जीवन के प्रथम चरण से ही काव्य रचना में प्रवृत्त रहे । राष्ट्र प्रेम, समाज प्रेम, राम, कृष्ण तथा बुद्ध सम्बन्धी पौराणिक आख्याओं एवं राजपूत, सिक्ख तथा मुस्लिम संस्कृति प्रधान ऐतिहासिक कथा ओों को लेकर गुप्त जो ने लगभग चालीस काव्य-ग्रन्थों की रचना की है । गुप्त जी ने मॉलिक ग्रन्थों के अतिरिक्त बंगला के काव्य-पन्थों का अनुपम अनुवाद भी किया है । अनुवादित रचनायें मधुप के नाम से हैं। उन्होंने फारसी के विश्व-विश्रुत कवि उमर खैयाम की रुबाइयों का अनुवाद भी अंग्रेजी के द्वारा हिन्दी में किया है । रंग में भंग, जयद्रथ बध, भारत भारती, शकुन्तला, वैतालिका, पद्भावती, किसान, पंचवटी, स्वदेशी संगीत, हिन्दू-शक्ति, सौरन्ध्री, वन वैभव, वक संहार, झंकार, अनघ, चन्द्रहास, तिलोत्तमा, विकट भट, मंगल घट, हिडिम्बा, अंजलि, अर्ध्य, प्रदक्षिणा और जय भारत उनके काव्य हैं । ‘साकेत’ पर हिन्दी साहित्य सम्मलन की आर से उन्हें मंगला प्रसाद पारितोषिक भी प्राप्त हुआ था। ‘जय भारत’ उनकी नवीनतम कृति थी।

गुप्त जी की ‘भारत-भारती’ में देश-प्रेम की भावना कूट-कूट कर भरी हुई है । अंग्रेजी शासन के विरोध में होंन के कारण यह पुस्तक कुछ समय तक जब्न भी रही थी । इसमें उन्होंने अतीत गौरव की भव्य झाँकी प्रस्तुत की है। भारतवर्ष की तत्कालीन दुर्दशा पर दु:ख प्रकट करतं हुए आपन लिखा है –

हम कौन थे क्या हो गए हैं, और क्या होंगे अभी ।
आओ विचारें आज मिलकर, ये समस्यायें सभी ।।

भारतवर्ष में खी जाति चिरकाल से उपेक्षित रही है । गुप्त जी उनकी इस दशा पर दु खी हो उठते हैं-

अबला जीवन हाय तुम्हारी यही कहानी,
आँचल में है दूध और आँखों में पानी ।

गुप्त जी की कविता की भाषा सरल और सुबांध है । उसे साधारण से साधारण व्यक्ति भी समझ सकता है । गुप्त जी की कविता में कोमलता और माधुर्य का अभाव है । कहीं कहीं तो रुखा गद्य-सा जान पड़ता है । इनकी कविता की सफलता का रहस्य भाषा तथा भावों की सुबोधता है न कि उनका काव्य-सौन्दर्य । एक आलोचक का विचार है, कि गाँधी जी जो कुछ भी अपने भाषणों में कह देते थे, प्रेमचन्द जी उसे अपने उपन्यासों में और मैथिलीशरण उसे अपनी कविता में ज्यों का त्यों कुछ उलट-फेर करके उतार दिया करते थे ।

उपन्यास-सम्राट प्रेमचन्द
अथवा
मेरे प्रिय लेखक (मॉडल प्रश्न – 2007)

रूपरेखा :

• प्रस्तावना
• जीवन परिचय
• साहित्य सेवा
• रचनागत विशेषताएँ
• उपसंहार ।

प्रेमचन्द का जन्म बनारस के निकट लमही नामकं गाँव में सन् 1880 में हुआ था । उनके पिता मुंशी अजायब राय डाकखाने के एक साधारण लिपिक थे, अतः परिवार की आर्थिक स्थिति सामान्य थी। धनपत राय था । इनकी साहित्यिक प्रतिभा से प्रभावित होकर दयाराम निगम नामक एक उर्दू लेखक ने इनका नाम प्रेमचन्द रखा ।

प्रेमचन्द जी महान कथा-शिल्पी थे । उपन्यास तथा कहानियों के अतिरिक्त उन्होंने नाटक, निबन्ध आदि भी लिखे । उनकी प्रारम्भिक रचनाएँ उर्दू में लिखी गयीं, किन्तु कुछ समय बा़ ही वे हिन्दी में लिखने लगे । यही कारण है कि प्रेमचन्द जी को हिन्दी तथा उर्दू भाषा-भाषियों में समान रूप से लोकप्रियता मिली । प्रेमचन्दजी के साहित्य को हम निम्न रूप में श्रेणीबद्ध कर सकते हैं :-

उपन्यास :- सेवासदन, कर्मभूमि, कायाकल्प, निर्मला, प्रतिज्ञा, प्रेमाश्रय, वरदान, रंगभूमि, गबन तथा गोदान आदि।
कथा-संग्रह :- सप्त सरोज, प्रेम पचीसी, प्रेम प्रसूना, प्रेम पूर्णिमा, प्रेमतीर्थ, प्रेम प्रमोद, प्रेम द्वादशी, प्रेम प्रतिज्ञा, कफन, नवनिधि, पाँच फूल, मानसरोवर के 8 खण्ड आदि ।
नाटक :- प्रेम की वेदी, कर्बला, संग्राम, रूठी रानी ।
निबन्ध संग्रह :- कुछ विचार तथा निबन्ध-संग्रह ।
जीवनी :- कलम, त्याग और तलवार, दुर्गादास और महात्मा शेखसादी ।
बाल-साहित्य :- दत्ते की कहानी, जंगल की कहानियाँ, रामचर्चा और मनमोदक ।
अनुवाद :- टाल्स्ट।य की कहानियाँ, सुखदास, चाँदी की डिबिया, हड़ताल आदि ।

रचनागत विशेषताएँ :- प्रेमचन्द जी ने अपनी कला को जीवन के प्रति समर्पित किया, अतः उनके प्रत्येक शब्द और वाक्य में जीवन की अनुगूँज सुनाई देती है । उनकी रचनाएँ भारत के दीन-दु:खी किसानों, शोषित मजदूरों, सामाजिक दुष्पवृत्तियों की शिकार अबलाओं की मर्मव्यथा का सजीव चित्र देकर पाठकों के हृदय में सच्ची सहानुभूति जगाती हैं तथा उनसे जटिल समस्याओं का निदान ढूँढ़ने की प्रेरणा देती हैं।

उपसंहार :- प्रेमचन्द जी हिन्दी साहित्य की अमर विभूति हैं। उपन्यास सम्राट प्रेमचन्द जी का स्थान विश्व साहित्यकला शिल्पियों की प्रथम श्रेणी में प्रतिष्ठित हो चुका है । शोषितों, दलितों तथा दीन-दुखियों को कथानायक बनाकर एवं उनकी मूक व्यथा को वाणी प्रदान कर प्रेमचन्द जी ने जैसी लोकप्रियता अर्जित की है वह बाद के किसी भी हिन्दी लेखक को प्राप्त नहीं हो सकी।

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