Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 7 Geography Book Solutions Chapter 2 Determination of the Location of a Place on the Earth’s Surface offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 2 Question Answer – Determination of the Location of a Place on the Earth’s Surface

Let’s have some fun (Page no. 20)

Funny Game (Page- 23)

(Page-25)

Brainware

Do we experience day and night at the same time on the same parallel? if not, why?
Answer:
Day and night do not happen in same time on same parallel because the Earth is sperical. So the sunrise and sun set do not occur at the same time through out the Earth.

How can you determine the location of a place between two parallels?
Answer:
To determine the location of a place between two parallel we should measure the angle that forms from the place to the centre of the Earth along the equatorial plane.

Where can you see eastern and western hemispheres simultaneously?
Answer:
We can observe eastern and western hemisphere from the Astronomical observatory in Greenwich.

Intution (Page- 27)

Compare and contrast between parallels of latitude and Meridians of longitude.
Answer:
The difference between parallels and Meridians of longitude are as follows.

1. The cercumference of different parallels are different.	1. The circumference of different Meridian are same.
2. Highèst latitude vảlues $90^{\circ}$	2. Higliest fogitude values 180°
3. Parailels stretch from east to west.	3. Meridian Stretch from West to east.
4. They are full circle.	4. They are half circle.

Why is the time same on the same meridian?
Answer:
As the meridians stretch from north to south of the earth the sunrise and sunset at the different place on same meridians occur at the same time. So the local time of those places are same. The rotation of the Earth from west to east. On its axis is responsible for that.

On which direction of the earth, does the time increase and why?
Answer:
When the Earth goes to east the time is increased on the sun rises at the east. first. It is because the Earth rotates from west to east.

Live telecast of the inauguration of London Olympic was seen at 11.30 p.m. in India. When did the programme start in London?
Answer:
The time of 82° 30′ meridian is considered as the standard time of India. The difference of time between India and.Greenivich is 5 hours 30 m : India is located to the east of London. To the Indian time is increased by 5 . h .30 m, If the in auguration of London olympic was 11.30 p.m. in India the programne started in London (11.30.p.m -5 h 30 m) = 6 p.m.

How do you determine the location of a place on the earth’s surface with suitable diagram.
Answer:
With the help of parallels and meridians inter-sect each other and make a grad system. The inter secting points help to determine the location of a place.

If the lalitude of a place is 40° N and latitude is 80° E. it is understood that the place fies to 40°. North from equator and 80° east from Prime meridian. So the place is situated the intersecting point of 40° N latitude and 80° e longitude.

Class 7 Geography Chapter 2 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Determination of the Location of a Place on the Earth’s Surface

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (1 mark for each question).

Question 1.
Equator’s value is-
i) 90°
ii) 30°
iii) 60°
iv) 0°
Answer:
iv) 0°

Question 2.
The fatitudinal location of Kolkata is-
i) 34° 22′ N
ii) 22° 34′ S
iii) 22° 34′ N
iv) 22° 34′ S
Answer:
iii) 22° 34′ N

Question 3.
The highess value of longitude is –
i) 180°
ii) 90°
iii) 60°
iv) 30°
Answer:
i) 180°

Question 4.
Estimated latitude of ‘Tokyo is-
i) 30° N
ii) 35° N
iii) 20° N
iv) 32°
Answer:
ii) 35° N

Question 5.
The longitude of New Delhi-
i) 70° 13′ E
ii) 77° 13: E
iii) 67° 18′ E
iv) 77° 13′ W
Ans:
ii) 77° 13′ E

Question 6.
The latítude of New Delhi-
i) 28° 38′ N
ii) 20′ 30′ x
iii) 28′ 38′ S
iv) 25° 30′ N
Answer:
i) 28 38′ N

Question 7.
The standard time of India is considered as –
i) 82° 32′
ii) 84° 30′
iii) 88° 30′
iii) 80° 20′
Answer:
i) 82° 30′

Question 8.
The libes of longitudes to each other are –
i) parallel
ii) not parallel
iii) full circle
Answer:
ii) nof parallel

Question 9.
The total number of meridians are-
i) 179
ii) 180
iii) 120
iv) 360
Answer:
iv) 360

Question 10.
If we go further east then the time will be-
i) the same
ii) increased
ii) decreased
Answer:
ii) Increased:

Question 11.
The latitude of the north pole is-
i) 90° N
ii) 90° S
iii) 61 \(\frac{1}{2}\) ° N
iii) 61 \(\frac{1}{2}\) ° S
Ans :
i) 90° N.

Question 12.
The greatest latitute of the Earth is-
i) the Tropic of Capricon
ii) the Tropic of cancer
iii) the Equator
Answer:
iii) the Equator.

Question 13.
The latitude of Nasik in Maharastra is –
i) 24° S
ii) 24° N
iii) 20° S
iv) 20° N
Answer:
iv) 20° N

Question 14.
The valie of the meridian just opposite to the Prime meridian is-
i) 90°
ii) 180°
iii) 360°
iv) 120°
Answer:
ii) 180°

Question 15.
The other name of the Equator is-
i) Tropic of cance
ii) Great circle
iii) Tropic of capricon
Answer:
ii) Great Circle

Question 16.
The value of the Tropic of cancer is –
i) 0°
ii) 23 \(\frac{1}{2}\) ° N
iii) 23 \(\frac{1}{2}\) ° S
Answer:
iii) 23 \(\frac{1}{2}\) ° S

State whether True or False : (1 mark for each question),

1. Meridians are not parallel to each other.
Answer:
True

2. Distance between two mertdians is maximum at the poles.
Answer:
False

3. Meridians are semi-circular.
Answer:
True

4. Among the parallels of latitude value of equator is 90°.
Answer:
False

5. 90° North latitude is North pole.
Answer:
True

6. Parallels of latitude are parallel to each other.
Answer:
True

7.
The difference between Indian Standard Time and greenwich Mean time is 2 hours 30 minutes.
Answer:
False

8. When it is afternoon in London, it is night in India.
Answer:
True

9. When the sun remains just overhead of a meridian, the time will be 1 pm.
Answer:
False

10. The eart takes 4 minutes to cover 1°.
Answer:
True

Fili in the blauks : (1 mark for each question)

1. 0° line of latifinde is known as _____.
Answer:
Equator.

2. The Ritme Menidiad passes through the _____.
Answer:
‘Rayal Greenwich.

3. The _____ devided the Earth into eastern and Western pemisphere.
Answer:
Prime Meridian.

4. The lines of Latitudes are _____.
Answer:
Full circle.

5. The north pole and south pole are connected by _____.
Answer:
The lives of longitude.

6. The Earth takes _____ minutes to rotate 1° meridian.
Answer:
4 .

7. To ditermine the latitude and longitude of a place on earth a modern measure is _____.
Answer:
GPS or Global positioning system.

8. _____ meridian is considered as the standard Meridian in India.
Answer:
82° 30’ E.

9. Meridians are the _____ in shape or nature.
Answer:
Half.

10. Lines of Latitudes are _____ to each otber.
Answer:
Parallel.

11. The value of parallels gradualyy _____ towards pole.
Answer:
Iincreases.

12. _____ is kinown as Great Circle.
Answer:
Equator.

13. Presently GPS System is attached to car and _____.
Answer:
mobile phone

14. Determination of time of a place according to meridian is called _____.
Answer:
Local Time

15. Meridians are not _____ to each other.
Ans :
parallel.

Match the column A with columin B

Column A	Column B
a) Latitudes are parallel	i) are called parallels of tatiturie
b) 90°North latitude	ii) is located at Greenwich
c) Globe is a miniature replica	iii) side of Greemwich
d) Horizontal lines parallel to the equitor	iv) seuni-circular
e) Kolkata is located	v) is North pole
f) Merdians are	vi) are 90°N and 90°S
g) Distance between two meridians	vii) to each other
h) The Royal Astronomical Observatory	viii) on the 22°34‘ N parallel
i) India is on the eastern	ix) is maximum at the Equator
j) The latitude of the two poles	x) of the earth

Answer:
a) Latitudes are parallel to each other.
b) 90° North latitude is North pole.
c) Globe is a miniature replica of the earth.
d) Horizontal lines parallel to the equitor are called parallèls of latitude:
e) Kolkata is located on the 22°-34′ N parallel.
f) Merdians are semi-circular.
g) Distance betweer two meridians is maximum at the Equatof.
h) The Royal Astronomical Observatory is located-at Greenwich.
i) India is on the eastern side of Greenwich.
j) The latitude of the two potes are 90 N N aird 90° S.

Very Short Questions & Answers : (1 márk for each question)

Question 1.
What is- the time equavalent for 1 degree of longitude?
Answer:
If you move from one longitude to the next the difference will be of 4 minutes.

Question 2.
What is GPS ?
Answer:
GPS is Global Positioning System which is a modern measure to determine the latitude or-longitude of a place.

Question 3.
What is the value of North pole and South pole?
Answer:
Tlie value of North pole is 90° North and South pole is 90° South.

Question 4.
Which line devides the Earth in Northern and Southern hemisphere?
Answer:
The Equator devides the Earth in Northern and Southern himisphere.

Question 5.
What is latitude?
Answer:
Latitude is a geographical coordinates that specifies north south position on earth surface.

Question 6.
What is longitudes?
Answer :
Longitude is a geographical; coordinates which specifies east west position on earth surface.

Question 7.
What is the line of Latitude?
Answer:
The imagirary lines that sarround the Earth from East to West is called line of latitude.

Question 8.
What is the line of longitude?
Answer:
The imaginary balf circles that connects the north pole and south pole is known as the lines of longitude.

Question 9.
What is the value of the lines of latitudes?
Answer:
There are 180 lines of latitude, from 0° to 90° to the north of the Equator and 0° to 90° to the Sorth of the Equator:

Question 10.
How many lines of longitude are there?
Answer:
There are 360 lines of longitudes.

Question 11.
What is the name of the line of longitude which lies just opposite of Prime mẹidian?
Answer:
The line of longitude that lies just opposite of prime Meridian is 180° lines of latitude.

Question 12.
The time of which place of India is considered as the standard time of India.
Answer:
The time of Alahabad is considered as the Standard time of India.

Question 13.
On which city the Prime Meridian passes through?
Answer:
The Prime Meridian passes through the city of Greenwich near London.

Question 14.
Why the equator is called the great circle.
Answer:
The diameter of Equator is the greatest so it is called the great circle.

Question 15.
What is the angular value of the circumference of the Earth.
Answer:
The angular value of the circumference of the Earth is 360°.

Question 16.
How much time the Earth takes to complete 15° angle?
Answer:
The Earth takes 1 hour to complete 15° angle.

Question 17.
What is G.M.T.
Answer:
G. M. T. is Greenwich Mean Time.

Question 18.
What is East Meridians.
Answer:
Meridians, that are situated in the east of Prime Meridian are called the East Meridians.

Question 19.
What is West Meredian?
Answer:
Meridions, that are situated in West of Prime Meridian are called the West Meridians

Question 20.
What is local time?
Answer:
Determination of time of a place according to meridian is called local time.

Short Questions & Answers : (2 marks for each question)

Question 1.
How are the hemispheres divided ?
Answer:
There are generally considered to be four hemispheres: Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western. The Equator or line of 0 degrees latitude, divides the earth into the Northern and Southern hemisphere. Prime meridian divides the earth into the Eastern and Western hemisphere.

Question 2.
How can you determine the exact location of a place?
Answer:
Absolute location describes the location of a place based on a fixed point on earth. The most common way is to identify the location using coordinates such as latitude and longitude. lines of latitude and longitude crisscross the earth.

Question 3.
Write two characteristics of the parallels of laitude.
Answer:
1. They are parallel to each other.
2. Their circumference gradually reduces towards th poles.

Question 4.
Write two characteristics of the meridians of longitude.
Answer:
1. Meridians are semi-circular.
2. Each meridian of longitude merges at the North and South pole.

Question 5.
Why is the Standard Time impentant?
Answer:
The different times of different places results problems in the work of Post office, railways and Broad casting. So the local time of any places of a country is considered as the standard time.

Question 6.
What do you understand by the words that the meridian of Kolkata is 88° 30′ \mathbf{E ?
Answer:
The meridian of Kolkata is 88° 30′ E means Kolkata lies at Eastern hemisphere. The straight line that connect Kolkata and the centre of the Earth forms an angle with the value of 88° 3′.

Question 7.
What is GPS?
Answer:
GPS or gloos Pationing system the a modern measure to determine the latitude and longitude of a place. It is applied from the artificial sattelite of the Earth. Now it is present in modern ship, arroplane, car even in mobile phone.

Long Questions & Answers : (3 marks for each question)

Question 1.
State the characteristics of lines of latitude.
Answer:
The characteristics of lines of latitude are as follows :
a) The lines are parallel to each other.
b) Towards the pole the circumference of latitude gradually decreases.
c) Towards the pole the value of parallels gradually increases.
d) Amongst all the parallels, Equator is an important one and it is known as Great Circle. The value of Equator is 0°.
e) 89 parallels can be drawn in each hemisphere considering 1° interval. So there are 178 parallels. The poles are nothing but two points only.

Question 2.
State the charecteristics of the lines of longitude.
Answer:
The charecteristics of lines of longitude are as follows :
a) The Meridians does not run paralles to each other.
b) The distance between two meridians decreases towards poles and increases towords equator.
c) Towards east or west of the prime Meridian, the value of meridians gradually increases. There are 179 merians in the east and are 180° meridian (International Date line). All total there are 360 meridians.
d) In shape or nature meridians are half circle in shape.

Question 3.
What do you mean by local Time and standard time?
Answer:
When sun remains just over the head of a place the time will be 12 noon of that place, According to this time the other time of the day is determined this is called Local Time. When the different meredian pass through a country then any one of the meridians is considered as the standard meridian and the time of this meridian is considered as the standard meredian and the time of this meridian is considered as standard Time of the country to eleminate the problems of time. This is called standard time.

Question 4.
What is the difference between the two places one of them lies to the earth of Greenwich and other lies to the West of Greenwich.
Answer:
The time of the place that lies to the east of Greenwich is more tham that of Greenwich. With the increasing of every meridian the time increases 4 minutes. The time of the place that lies to the west of Greenwich is less than that of Greenwich. With the increasing of every 1° meridian towards the west. the time decreases 4 minutes.

Question 5.
Why are the lines of latitudes and longitudes are important?
Answer:
The lines of latitude and longitudes are important to determine the location of a place on the Earth. The lines of latidudes and longitude determine the climate of a place. The temperture of lower latitude high moderate in middle and east at higher latitude. The climate is cold here. The meredian help to determine the time.

Question 6.
Distinguish between lines of latitudes and longitudes.
Answer:
The differences between the lines of tatidudesandl ongitudes are :

Lines of Latitudes	Lines of Longitudes
1. The line with same latitude is called the lines of latitude.	1. The line with same longitude is called the lines of longitude.
2. They are full circle.	2. They are half circle.
3. They are stretch from east to west.	3. They are stretch from North to South.
4. The length of the lines are not same.	4. The length of the lines are same.
5. The heighest value is $90^{\circ}$	5. The heighest value is 180°
6. There is no difference in temperature of two places lies in same latitude.	6. There is difference in climate of two places lies in same longitude.
7. They are parallel to each other.	7. They are not parallel to each other.
8. There is no changing in time with the change of latitude.	8. There is changing in time with the changed of longitude.

Question 7.
What is International date line? What is its importance?
Answer:
The 180° meridian which lies just opposite side of prime Meridian is known as international date line because from this line a new date starts or ends.
Importance : If two persons starts from Greenwich one of them towards east and other towards were when they reach at 180° meridian the time of the person. Who is from east will be irresed for 12 hours. But the time of the person who is from west will be decreased for 12 hours. To eleminate the problem 180° meredian is eonsidered as international date line. The person who crosses 180° and goes towards last the line will be decreases for one day and who goes to the east the time will be decreases for one day. so 180° menidian is called the lnternational dalite.

Question 8.
What is the importance of lines of latitude and longitude?
Answer:
Importance of lines of latitude-

• The lines of latitude have devided the Earth in diffeent climatie Zone.
• It can be understocd that how far a place is to the north or to the south of Equator.
• They devide the Earth into different temperate zones.

Importance of the line of longitude :

• The lines of longitude help to know the time.
• It can be known that how far a place is to the east of to the west of prime meridian.
• The pilot of the aircraft or the ship remain conscious about the lines of longitude.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 7 Geography Book Solutions Chapter 1 Earth’s Revolution offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 1 Question Answer – Earth’s Revolution

Can you say?

Question 1.
How many rotations are completed in the course of one revolution?
Answer:
The Earth rotates 365 times to revolve once around the Sun.

Question 2.
How many minutes are there in 24 hours or 1 day?
Answer:
There are 1440 minutes in 24 hours or 1 day.

That’s easy
Now write down correctly.

year – leap year
2004 – yes
2000 – yes
2012 – yes
1900 – no
2013 – no
2100 – no

Have you thought (page no.-9)

When do you think we get more heat during day time?

All the time of sunrise
At noon when the sun is overhead
During sunset
At night after sunset
Answer:
At noon when the sun is overhead

Let’s get down to work (page no.-11)

Month – Direction from which the sun rises
March – middle of Eastern sky
May-June – kloser to North
September – middle of Eastern sky
November – closer to South.

The shadow in a Sundial : (Page no. 13)

Question 1.
On which day the length of the shadow is smallest?
Answer:
The length of the shadow is smalest on 21 st June.

Question 2.
On which day the length of shadow is longest.
Answer:
The length of shadow is longest on 22nd December at 12 O’clock noon.

Brainware (Page no. 16)

Think and solve :

What will happen if the axis of the Earth is perpendicular to the Earth’s orbital plane?
Answer:
The days and nights would be equal and there would be no season change.

If the axis of the Earth is in the same plane with its orbit?
Answer:
The days and nights would be equal and there would be no season change.

Where days and nights are equal?
Answer:
Days and nights are equal in the equatorial region.

What is the local time of sunrise in Tokyo, Kolkata and Sidney on 21st March?
Answer:
On 21 st March the sun rises at 5 p.m. in Tokyo Kolkata and Sidney.

What is local time of sunrise on 4th July, 25th January and 20th September at any place on the equator?
Answer:
On 4th July, 25th January and 20th September the Sun rises at the same time at any place of equator.

At what local time does the sun set in New York, Delhi and Cairo on 23rd September?
Answer:
The sun set in New York, Delhi and Cairo at 5 pm. on 23rd December.

Reverse Seasons in North and Southern Hemisphere (Page no. 17)
Answer:
21 st June-(i) hibiscous, mango, black berry, jackfruit,
(ii) the shortest night.
(iii) Starting of Winter.
23rd September- (i) The day and the night are equal.
(ii) equal day-night.
22nd December-
(i) The smallest night.
(ii) Marrygold, Dahlia, Apple, Orange
(iii) Starting of Summer.

CrossWord :

Across
1. The eighth planet
5. The shape of the earth’s orbit
6. The dramatic play of light in the night sky near the poles.
7. 23 1/2° N = Tropic of ………..

Up-Down
2. The position when the earth is farthest away from the Sun on its orbit.
3. Equal days and equal nights.
4. Our galaxy.

Do it yourself

In which season do we have a clear sky on most of the days?
Answer:
We have a clear sky in winte.

Name the season in which the earth is parched?
Answer:
The earth is parched in Summer.

Name the season in which ponds are full of water.
Answer:
Ponds are full of water in Rainy season.

Name the season in which floods are likely.
Answer:
Floods are possible in Rainy season.

Name the season in which you can actually fish in shallows and canals.
Answer:
Fishes are collected from shallows and canals in winter and spring.

In which season does the location of sunrise shift the most southward in the sky.
Answer:
The sun rises from extreme southward of the sky in winter.

In which season is the shadaw at 12 noon found to be the longest compared to the rest of the year?
Answer:
The shadow becomes longest at 12 noon in winter.

What is name of the season when you hear the cuckoo calling?
Answer:
Cuckoo calls in spring.

In which season is the day longest in the Northern hemisphere?
Answer:
Day is longer in northern hemisphere in summer.

Does the southern hemisphere feel warm or cold on 25th December?
Answer:
On 25th December southern hemisphere experiences hot.

Why the scientists visit Antarctica in December.
Answer:
Antarctica lies in south hemisphere. The south hemisphere experiences summer in December. For Dakshinayan the sunrays fall perpendicularly on Southern hemisphare at that time and thus the days are longer and nights are shorter. Then the summer begins. The ice starts melting in Antarctica. The weather becomes little pleasant. So the scientists visit Antarctica in December.

When do we come closer to the Sun July or January?
Answer:
We come closer to the sun in January.

Class 7 Geography Chapter 1 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Earth’s Revolution

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
At the time of creation the earth was thrown away from –
i) a unknown star
ii) universe
iii) the sun
iv) the moon
Answer:
iii) the sun

Question 2.
The sun is revolving around the centre of our galaxy-
i) alone
ii) with all its planets
iii) with all its planets and their satellites
iv) with earth
Answer:
iii) with all its planets and their satellites

Question 3.
The speed of earth’s annual motion or revolution is 30km per –
i) second
ii) minute
iii) hour
iv) day
Answer:
i) second

Question 4.
On 4th July the distance between the Sun and the Earth is-
i) mimimum
ii) maximum
iii) medium
Answer:
ii) maximum.

Question 5.
The time taken by the earth to move round the sun-
i) 365 days
ii) 366 days
iii) 366 days 5 hours
iv) 365 days 5 hrs 48m 46 sec
Answer:
iv) 365 days 5 hrs 48 m 46 sec

Question 6.
Oblique rays of the Sun cover a –
i) larger area
ii) smaller area
iii) i true, ii false
iv) i false, ii true
Answer:
iii) i true, ii false

Question 7.
When the Northern hemisphere is inclined towards the sun-
i) the days are longer
ii) temperature increases
iii) nights are shorter
iv) All are true
Answer:
iv) All are true

Question 8.
When the Southern hemisphere is inclined towards the sun-
i) summer prevails
ii) winter prevails
iii) spring prevails
iv) autumn prevails
Answer:
i) summer prevails

Question 9.
Sunrays fall vertically on the equator-
i) six months
ii) throughout the year
iii) three months
iv) nine months
Answer:
ii) throughout the year

Question 10.
In the period between 21 st June and 22 n December the sun apparently shifts
i) northward
ii) southward
iii) i true ii false
iv) i false ii true
Answer:
iv) i false ii true

Question 11.
On 21 st June Sun’s rays fall directly on-
i) Tropic of Capricorn
ii) Antarctic circle
iii) Tropic of Cancer
iv) none of these
Answer:
iii) Tropic of Cancer

Question 12.
In Northern Norway the Sun is clearly seen in the sky even at midnight from-
i) May to July
ii) January to March
iii) March to May
iv) July to September
Answer:
i) May to July

Question 13.
The Northern and Southern polar regions experience continuous days and nights for-
i) three months
ii) six months
iii) nine months
iv) one month
Answer:
ii) six months

Question 14.
In North Polar region the sun never sets below the horizon from-
i) 21st March to 21st June
ii) 21st January to 21st April
iii) 21st April to 21st July
iv) 21st March to 21st June
Answer:
iv) 21 st March to 21 st June

State whether True or False : (1 mark for each question)

1. Any object on the Earth is attracted to its centre.
Answer:
True

2. The Sun is 10 lakh times bigger than the earth.
Answer:
False

3. The moon revolves around the Earth.
Answer:
True

4. The Earth revolces around its own axis.
Answer:
True

5. The speed of annual motion or revolution of Earth is 10 km per second.
Answer:
False

6. Kepler introduced four laws.
Answer:
False

7. Artisicial satellites are launched into their orbits at escape velocity.
Answer:
True

8. On 4th July the distance between the Sun and the Earth is least.
Answer:
False

9. A year is calculated on the basis of one complete”revolution of the earth.
Answer:
True

10. North and south two polar region experience day and night with a span of six months.
Answer:
True.

11. On two polar belts the sun rays fall perpendicularly through out the year.
Answer:
False.

12. 22nd June the Sun rays fall directly on equator.
Answer:
False.

13. The Earth revolves round the Sun in an elliptical orbit.
Answer:
True.

14. From January to July the Earth goes far away the Sun.
Answer:
True.

Fill in the blanks : (1 mark for each question)

1. The attraction force of the Earths is called ______.
Answer:
Gravitational force.

2. The Earth is ______ times smaller than the Sun.
Answer:
13 Lakhs.

3. The rate of revolution of the Earth is ______ per second.
Answer:
30 km.

4. Earth’s Aphelion occurs on _____.
Answer:
4th July.

5. Earth’s perihalion occurs on ______.
Answer:
3rd January.

6. The year consisting 366 days is called ______.
Answer:
Leap year.

7. On 21st June the Sun rays fall perpendiculary on ______ and 22 and December. The Sun rays fall perpendicularly on ______.
Answer:
Tropic of cancer, Tropic of capricon.

8. The Sun’s apparent migration is called ______.
Answer :
Rabi Marg.

9. The Earth is ______ inclined on its orbit.
Answer:
66 1/2°,

10. The upper end of the Earth is called ______ and lower end is called ______.
Answer:
North pole, South pole.

11. The Escape velocity is ______ per second.
Answer:
11.2 km per second.

12. The-mon revolves round the Earth in ______ days:
Answer:
28 .

13. The period between 22nd December to 21 st June the Sun apparent motion towerds the north is called ______.
Answer:
Northern Solstice.

14. The span of this day longest in Northern hemisphere on ______.
Answer:
21 st June.

15. ______ Land is known as the Jand of Midnight Sun.
Answer:
Hammerfest port.

Match the column A with columo B.

Column A	Column B
a) On 21st March Sun’s rays fall	i) is not seen in the Arctic region
b) On 21st June Sun’s rays fall	ii) gets egual day and night
c) Equinox means	iii) is 21 st June
d) From September to January the Sun	iv) in 365 days
e) In Northern Hemisphere 2 sst March	v) directly on the equator
f) Longest day in Southern Hemisphere	vi) as a leap year
g) Shortest day in Southern Hemisphere	vii) directly on the Tropic of Cancer
h) The Earth revolves round the sun	viii) on 4th July is maximum
i) $\mathbf{2 0 1 2}$ is considersd	ix) equal day and night
j) The distance between Sun and the Earth	x) 22 nd December

Answer:
a) On 2 kst March Sun’s rays fall directly on the equator.
b) On 2 lst June Sun’s rays fall directly on the Tropic of Cancer.
c) Equinox means equal day and night.
d) From September to January the Sun is not seen in the Arctic region.
e) In Northern Hemisphere 21 st March gets egual day and night.
f) Longest day in Southern Hemisphere 22nd December.
g) Shortest day in Southern Hemisphere is 21 st June.
h) The Earth revolves round the sun in 365 days.
i) 2012 is considersd as a leap year.
j) The distance between Sun and the Earth on 4th July is maximum.

Very Short Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
What is the name of the milky way the Earth belongs to?
Answer:
The Earth belongs to the milky way named Akash Ganga.

Question 2.
What is the axis of the Earth.
Answer:
The imaginery line around which the Earth rotates is called the axis of the Earth.

Question 3.
What is ‘Escape velocity’?
Answer:
At which speed moving object can avoid the gravitational force of the Earth is called Eacape velocity.

Question 4.
What is the shape of the Earth?
Answer:
The shape of the Earth is spherical.

Question 5.
What is Luner month?
Answer:
The moon the satellite of Earth takes 28 days to revolve the Earth. This is called ‘luner month’.

Question 6.
What is equinox?
Answer:
The equinox means the equal length of day and night.

Question 7.
On which day the day and night is equal through out the world?
Answer:
On 21 st March and 23rd September the day and night are equal throught out the world?

Question 8.
Which day is called vernal equinox?
Answer:
2 ist March is called vernal equinox.

Question 9.
Which day is known as Autumnal equinox?
Answer:
23rd September is known as Autumnal equinox?

Question 10.
What is called the land of Midnight Sun?
Answer:
Hammerfest port in Northern Norway is called the land of Midnight Sun.

Question 11.
Who stated first about the actual motion of the planet?
Answer:
Scientist Kepler stated first about the actual motion of the planet.

Question 12.
What is the shape of the orbit of the Earth?
Answer:
The orbit of the Earth is elliptical.

Question 13.
How many season are there in a year?
Answer:
There are six seasons in a year.

Question 14.
from where we can sea the Aurora Borialis and Aurora Austratis?
Answer:
We can see a Aurora Borialis from Narth pole and Aurora Australis from south pole.

Question 15.
Name two seasonal flowers of Autumn?
Answer:
Two seasonal flowers of Autumn are Seuli and cas.

Question 16.
Why is the distance between the Sun and the Eakth is not always same?
Answer:
The distances between the Sun and the Earth is not always same as the Sun stays at one focus of the eliptical orbit.

Question 17.
Or which days the distance between the sun and the Earth is lowest?
Answer:
The distance between the Sun and the Earth is lowest on 3rd January.

Question 18.
What is solar year?
Answer:
The Earth takes 365 days to revolve rotnd the Sum. This is called Solar year.

Question 19.
On which days the Sun rays falls perpendicuharly on the Equator?
Answer:
On 21st June and 22nd December the Sun rays fall perpendicularly on the Equator?

Question 20.
On which day Summer solstice occurs?
Answer:
Summer solstice occurs on 21 st June.

Question 21.
On which day Winter Solstice occurs?
Answer:
Winter Solstice occurs on 22nd December.

Question 22.
What is the value of Arctic Circle?
Answer:
The value of Arctic Circle is 66 1/2° North.

Question 23.
Which day is called vernal equinox?
Answer:
21 st March is called vernal equinox.

Question 24.
Which day is called Autumnal eqinox?
Answer:
23 td September is called Autumnal eqinox.

Question 25.
What is called the apparent soutly ward nigration of the Sun.
Answer:
The apparent south ward migration of the S(u) is called Dakshinayan.

Question 26.
What is the value of the Tropic of capricon.
Answer:
The value of the Tropic of capricon is 23 1/2° South.

Question 27.
Which is the longest day and shortest night in the northern hemisphere?
Answer:
21 st June is the longest day and shortest night in the northern hemisphere.

Question 28.
How much is the East inclined on its orbit?
Answer:
66 1/2°

Question 29.
In which hemisphere our country is situated?
Answer:
Our country is situated in Northern hemisphere.

Question 30.
What is the rate of revolution of Earth per second?
Answer:
the rate of revolution of Earth per second is 30 km.

Question 31.
Who thought first about leap year?
Answer:
Egyptians thought. first about leap year.

Question 32.
What is the source of life on Earth?
Answer:
The Sun is the source of life on Earth.

Question 33.
Which season does the Southern hemisphere enjoy where there is Autumn in Northern hemisphere?
Answer:
Spring.

Short Questions & Answers : (2 marks for each question)

Question 1.
What is rotation?
Answer:
The Earth rotates around its own axis like a top from west to east. It takes 24 hours for one rotation. This is called the rotation of the Earth. Day and night cause due to the rotation of the Earth.

Question 2.
How many motions does the Earth have? What are they?
Answer:
The Earth has two types, of motion. They are rotation and revolution.

Question 3.
What is revolution of Earth? Give the result of its :
Answer:
The Earth revolved around the Sun on its elliptical orbit spinning around its owm exis a like a top. This is called revolution.
Revolution causes the season change and increasing and decreasing of the length of the day.

Question 4.
What is Aphelion and Perihelion?
Answer:
Aphelion is the point of the Eart’s orbit that is farthest away from the Sun. The Perihelion is the point of the Earth’s orbit that is nearest to the Sun.

Question 5.
What is Autummal eqinox?
Answer:
On 23rd September the Sun rays fall directly on Equator. For this reason the d.ys and night equal through out the Earth. The northern hemisphere experences autumn. Thus it is called: Autumnalequinox.

Question 6.
What is summer solstice.
Answer:
On 21 st June the Sunrays fall directly of tropic of cancer: On thit day the is longest in Northern hemisphere and smallest.in Southern hènisphere. Arctic circle experience day light fir 24 hours. Antertic circle remain in darkness for 24 hours. It is called Summer solstice:

Question 7.
What is Rabi Marg of the apparent annual motion of Sun?
Answer:
The Earth is 66 1/2° inclined on its plane of orbits, So the Sun ray falls sometines perpendicularly, sometimes inclined or Equator. Tropic of cancer and Trcpic of capricon. So the – Sun seems to migrate from Equator to Tropic of cancer to the month and them to Tropic of Capricon to the Sotth: This is called the Rabi Marg and the apperent annual motion of Sun.

Question 8.
What is Uttarayan and Dakshinyam.
Answer:
On 22ud.Décember the Sunrays fall directly on Tropic of capricon and then it gradually becomes inclined towards the north pole. Thus it seems that Sun-migrates towards northand this is called Uttarayan. From 21st June to 22 nd Đecember the apparent migration of the Sun towards Soutli is called. Dakshinayan.

Question 9.
What is Aurora Borialis and Aurora Australis?
Answer:
In the north polar-region -and in the south polar region, when there are day and night -with a spati of six months a tight like a rainbow seen or the sky: It is the result of the colfision of sun – ray and the ionised gas present in atmosphere. In north pole it is called Aurora Borialis and in south pole it is called Aurora Australis.

Question 10.
What do you know about Aphelion and Perihelion.
Answer:
The Sun ties at the focus point of the ellipticat orbit of the Earth. So the distance between the Earth and the Sun is not the same at the time of revolution. On 4th July the distance between the Sun, and the Earth is maximum almost 15 crore 20 Lah km. This is called Aphelion On the other hand the distajce between the Sun and the Earth is towest on 3rd January almost 14 crorer 70 lakh km. This is called Perihelion. For this reason the Sun look bigger in winter and smaller in summer.

Long Questions & Answers : (3 marks for each question)

Question 1.
What is leap year?
or,
Why does the month of February not consist 29 days all time?
Answer:
The Earth takes 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 second to complete one revolution but we take 365 days for a year to make the calculation easy. So the extra 5 hours 48 minutes and 46 second is considered as a day after 4 years and is added with the days of February every fourth years. So every fourth years the month of February consists 28+1=29 days the year cortsists 366 days. Thiş year is called leap year. The year. which is totally devisible by four and there is no remainder, is called leap year. But the century years (such as 1900.2000 , should be divided by 400 to calculate correctly.

Question 2.
Write the important factors at the time of revolving of the earth around the Sun.
Answer:
The important factors are-
(i) Spinning like a top on its own axis the Earth completes one revolution around the Sun in 365 days.
(ii) The Earth’s axis is always tilted.
(iii) The shape of the Earth’s orbit is elliptical.
(iv) The Earth’s axis is 66 1/2 inctined or its orbit and the plane of orbit is 23 1/2° inclined on the equarorialplane.
(v) The Sun ties at the focus of the Earth elliptical orbit and for this reason the distance between the Sun and the Earth is not always the same. The rate of the revolution changes due to this fact. For the changes of the distance the sun fooks sometimes biggers and sometimes smaller.
(iv) The Earth revolves the Sun from East to West.

Question 3.
What do you Undurstand by the turn ‘season change’? How do the advent of the different seasons occur in the two hemisphere?
Answer:
The temperature of the different places and differnt times verious for the different inclination of the Sun rays and the increase and decrease of this length of the day. Based on these difference the whole year in divided into some parts. Each of the part is considered as a season. The changing of the season in a circleing way is called season change. Four season dominate in the Earth. They are summer autumn, winter and spring.

a) The spring in Northern hemispher: At time of rotation of its own axis they cones such a point from where the sunrays fall vertically on the equator. Then the two pole of the Earth lie at the same distance from the sun. Thy day and night are equal at all the places of the Earth. The day is with the span of 12 hours and night is also of 12 hours. This is known as autumnal equinox. The weather is pleasant as the day and night are equal. At that period the northern hemisphere enjoyes spring and autumn prevails in Southern hemisphere.

b) Summer in Northern hemisphere: After 21 st March the Northern hemisphere gradually comes towards the sun. The sun reaches the end point of Uttarayan. On that day the sun rays fall vertically on the equator. So the northern hemisphere experiences the day more than 12 hours and the night less than 12 hours. For the longer days and the vertical sunrays one and half months before and after 21 st June the weather is better in northern hemisphere and the opposition condition is found in southern hemisphere. 21 st June is called the Summer Solstice.

c) Autumn is Northern hemisphere : After 21 st June the southern hemispherc comes closer to the Sun the Dakshinayan of the Sun starts. On 23rd September the two poles remain at the same distance from the sun. On that day the sun rays fail on the equator. The days and nights are same through out the world. The weather remains pleasant. There is autuma in norther: hemispliere and spring in Southern hemisphere. Thus on 23rd september there is autumn in northern helmisphere and spring in southern hemisphere. 23 rd September is autumnal equinox in northern hemisphere.

d) Winter in Northern hemisphere : After 23 September the sunrays fall vertically on southern hemisphere. The sun rays fall vertically on Tropic of capricon on 22 nd December on that day the Southern hemisphere has the longest days and the smallest day. During one and half month before and after 23rd September the summer season prevails in soutiern hemisphere. This day is called salstice. In northern hemisphere has the shortest day and the longest night. So it is winter in Northern hemisphere.

Additional Questions and answers

Question 1.
Definc revolution of earth.
Answer:
Movement of the earth around the sun on a fixed path or orbit is called revolution.

Question 2.
Write the charaçteristics of revolution:
Answer:

1. Annual motion of the earth around the sun is called revolution.
2. The time of revolution is 365 days 6 -bours.
3. The change of season takes placedue to the revolutiom of the earth.

Question 3.
What is orbit?
Answer:
Orbit. is the eclliptical path on which heavenly bodies move around the sun or planet.

Question 4.
What is – axis?
Answer:
The axis of the earth is an inganinary line joining the north pole with the south pole.

Question 5.
Why do seasons change on the earth?
Answer:
Due to change in the position of the earth around the sun.

Question 6.
What is leap year?
Answer:
Six honrs saved eyery year in revolution are added in four years. They become 24 hours or one additional day. The day is added to the month of February every four years. So every fourth year February has one more day-29 days instead of 28 days. Such a year of 366 days – is called a leap year.

Question 7.
Mehtion the natural ways by which we can measure time.
Answer:
First method- Day and night occurs within 24 hours. When the Earth rotates, – sometimes it takes us away from the Sun. But again it makes us face the Sun. In fact, the Earth rotates slowly under the Sunrays. The portion of Earth.which receives the Sun’s rays experiences day while the other half of ths Eart has night.

Second method- The Earth’s satellite, Moon, revolves around the Earth in about 27 1/2 days. This is called a Lunar month”: Although 30 days is the standard duration of the month, some months have 31 or even 28 days.

Third methot-Revolution of the Earth. The Earth revolves around the Sun in 365 days. This time is called solar year. A year is calculated on the basis of one complete revolution of the earth. So revolution is also called the Annual Motion.

Question 8.
Why do seasons occur?
Answer:
When the Northern hemisphere is inclined towards the Sun, the days become gradually longer and nights gradually shorter there. The duration of daytime thus increases. The Earth gets lieated througliout the day.As nights are shorter, the Earth does not get enough time to cool down. So femperature keeps rising. During this period the Northern hemisphere gets direct Sunrays. So temperature increases. This is summer time in Northern Hemisphere but winter time in Southern Hemisphere.

When the Southern Hemisphere’ is inclined towards the Sun, the days shorteri and nights lengthen inthe Northern Hemispliere. The Sumlight does not.persist for a longtime, so the Earth does not get heated intensely. It cools down through out the long nights. During this period the Northern Hemir spinere receives oblique Sunrays, So it gets less heated. In this period winter prevails in Northern Hémisphere but summer prevails in Southern Hemisphere.

Question 9.
What is illuminated night and dark day?
Answer:
Beyond Arctic’ and. Antarctic circles the ‘Sunrays fall obliquely through the year. – From 2.1st March to 21 st June in North Polar region the Sun never sets below the horizon: In this period this-region receives Sunlight throughout 24 hours. That means the Sun shines even at night-as per their local time. From 23rd September to 22 ind December the same thing happens in the Southern Hemisphere.

From March to June or July, many parts of Canada, Alaska, Norway, Sweden and Icéland receive sunlight even at midnight. From Hammerfest port situated in Northern Norway the Sun is clearly seen (May to July) in the sky even at midnight. So this land is called Land of the Midnight Sun.

From September to January the Sun is never seen in the Arctic region. Darkness prevarls for 24 hours. This means that the Sun is not seen in the sky ever if it is day time as per local timings. From March to June the same thing happens in the Antarctic region.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 8 History Book Solutions Chapter 9 Constitution of India: Democratic Structure and Citizen’s Rights offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 8 History Chapter 9 Question Answer – Constitution of India: Democratic Structure and Citizen’s Rights

1. Find the odd one out

a. Secular, Sovereign, capitalistic, democratic.
Answer:
Capatalistic.

b. President, Vice president, Prime Minister, Governor.
Answer:
Governer.

c. Municipality, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, Bidhan Sabha.
Answer:
Municipality.

d. Dr Rajendra Prasad, Dr Sarvapalli Radha Krishan, Jahwarlal Nehru, B. R. Ambedkar.
Answer:
B. R. Ambedkar.

e. 15th August, 26th January, 26th November, 20th March (on the basis of Indipendent India)
Answer:
20th March

2. Identify which of the following statesment are right or wrong.

a. The constitution is a collection of laws of Judiciary.
Answer:
Wrong

b. The Chief architect of the Indian constitution is B. R. Ambedkar.
Answer:
Right

c. The President is the actual administrator of India.
Answer:
Wrong.

d. The Chief Minister presides over the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
Wrong.

e. West Bengal has a three tire Panchayat system.
Answer:
Right.

3. Answer berilly (30-40 words)

Question a.
Why was a need felt for drawing up the constitution of India at the time of achieving freedom?
Answer:
The constitution is a collection of laws. By this law the power of Government, the relation between the Government and the citizens are directed. When India was under the British rule the administration was run by the law of British Government. But after independence the necessity of the law felt for India and Indians for adminstrate the country.

Question b.
Explain the significance of the word ‘democratic’ in the constitution of India.
Answer:
India is a democrate country. The representatives of the Parliament who are the owner of sovereign power of India, are elected by the adult people of India irrespectively cast, creed, religion, sex. The President of India is elected by the elected representatives of the Parliament. He is the nominal head of the country.

Question c.
Why is India ealled a secular state?
Answer:
In our constitution it is mentioned that: India is a secular state. There is no state religion in India. Every one had the right to pratice or recieve any religion of his own choise. The state does not interfere in anyone’s religious belief or favour any religion. But in case of law and order of pubic interest the state can restrict on this right.

Question d.
What initiatives were taken up by Mahatma Gandi to establish the rights of the Dalits?
Answer:
In the non-cooperation propasal Gandhiji mentioned that it was necessary to abolish untouchibility to achieve ‘Swaraj’. He organised a movement for the right of ‘Harijan’ to enter the temples. According to Puna Pact, instead of seperate eletoral representation, 151 seats was sought to reserved for the scheduled caste within the format of common eletoral represention.

Question e.
What fundamental rights have been mentioned in the constitution of India?
Answer:
According to constitution several Fundamental rights have granted for Indian citizen. These are-Right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and’education right and right to constitutional remedies. These rights are enforced by law’ but are not unrestricted.

4. Write in your own words (120-160 words)

Question a.
Explain the Preamble to the constitution of India. How do you think the word ‘Republic’ mentioned in the Preamble has been actulally realised?
Answer:
It is said in the Preamble of the Indian constitution that : “WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secured all its citizens : ‘JUSTICE, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and opportunity and to promote among them all–FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation, IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do HERE BY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

In the constitution it is said that the people of India have adopted, enacted and given to themselves this constitution. So the people have the souvereign power. The constitution which is adopted by the people, should be abide by the people. In the Preamble it is mentioned Tthat India is a soverign democratic, republic. Soverign means India is the supreme in external policies.

The word democracy means the representative, elected by people on the basis of universal adult franehise run the government. The ward republic denotes the absence of heriditary monarch. The word ‘secular’ means India has no state religion. The state does not interfare in the religious belief of the citizen. Every citizen is free to practice their own religion.

In 45th amendment it is said that ‘socilist republic means a social condition where there is an opportitunily to be free from any sort of social, political and economical exploitation. In reality social and economical equality has not been established yet. It is not so easy.

Question b.
Discuss the activites of the Prime Minister of India and the Chief Minister of a State. What are their respective roles in the governance of the country and the state?
Answer:
In the parliamentary democratic system of India the most important position is hold by Prime Minister. He is the head of central government. He is the real head and the directer of the state. His function is vast as welt as very significant. According to his advice the President appoints the other ministers. In reality the council of ministers is of the Prime Minister. He distributes the departments among the ministers. If he finds their activities. If he finds that the activites of any minister effects badly the government policy he could make him resigned.

He presides over the meeting of the the council of Ministers. If there is conflist between two ministers, he solves the problem by giving solution. He is between President and the council of Minister. He plays an important role in efecting the president of Lok Sabha or the members of different Committee. He has an enormous power as the leader of majority party. His note is also very important to determine the foreign relation. His personality reflects on the nation as the leader of the people.

Chief Minister is the head of the state as Priminister in Centre. After the election of state the Governor appoints the leader of the majority party of Rajya Bidhan Sabhas as the Chief Minister. According to his choice ministers are appointed by the Governer. Chief Minister is the leader of council of ministers of state. He acts as a link between the Governor and the state council of Minister. The President acts according to this advice of the stuff minister in case of appointing the President and the members of different committees. Chief Minister is the leader of the people.

Question c.
How is the idea of democracy emphasized through local self-government in West Bengal? Discuss with reference to your local experience.
Answer:
The local self government of West Bengal has three tire-Gram Panchayet, Panchayet Samity, Zila Parishad. Through the three tired Panchayet system the democratic rights, social dignity and economic development have been ensured. Decentralisation of power can be possible through Panchayet system. The members of the Panchayets are local people. They understand and realise the local people. They take decision. They also take part for the welfare of the local people actively.

Through the Panchayet system the establishment of democracy in rural area can he possible. Local people can express their views. They assist the administrators of Panchayet to solve the different problems. To fulfill the different plans the local labour and the element of production are used. The source of employment is increasing. Panchayet also helps the Goverment, to solve the local problem. The rural people take part in self dependent protects. In this case 100 days work can be mentioned.

Question d.
How does Indian constitution secure the rights of women? How important do you think economic independence is necessary for social empowerment of women?
Answer:
The equal rights for men and women is secure in our constitution. But it does not occur in reality. Men and women are not equally treated in our society. In our family the women become victim of humiliation and ignorence. Besides girl trafficking, dowry system, torture after marriage for exces dowery, killing of bride are keeping on.

Many policies have been taken to step the inhuman practice against the women. Many acts have been passed to protect them and their rights. These acts are belonged to constitution. Equal rights are recognised in the field of education and the woman education is emphasized. Equal some rights and facilities are secured for the women in the constitution. Education makes them conscious about their own rights. In 2005 the equal rights of men and women on land and property has been constitutionally secured.

In 2005 a step to protect the women from torture and deprivation is taken by the prevention of Domestic violence act. If a women becomes a victim of persecution with in family, she can seek protection under this Act. Not only physical or mental dertune financial torture has been included in act. The opperased woman can file petition before the Chief Judicial Magistrate for remedial action.

Inspite of the existence of so many act the women are still deprived and humilated in any field of society. Making law and application of law are not same. Spreading of women education and financial independence is very much essential for the women of all classes.

Question e.
What rule had been played by the Indian constitution for development of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward classes?
Answer:
There is no definition of ‘Backwards class’ in Indian constitution. But the President can prepare a list of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe after consulting with states. The Government subsequently fixed some criteria for backward classes. According to the usage of Hindu Society those who placed in the lower level of the society, who are mostly beyond the periphery of education, who are poorly representable in government service, who are least significantly involved in commerce and business are called Backward classes.

In the Indian constitution the word minority is defined in terms of numerical strength within the society. It is not placed in the idea of community. The constitution has granted the right to religious freedom for the minority. The state never could impose the culture of the majority on that of the minority. The government could not pass any law about it. The constitution has recognised their rights of the minorities on the basis of languiage. For example the Olchiki script of the Sanlhas, is given duewecognition by the constitution.

The constitution has provided arrangement for education of the children of minorities in their own mother tongue. All the citizens, irrespective of religion caste conimunity are entitled to get facilities in government and government aided educational institutions.

5. Imagine and write (in 200 words)

Question a.
Suppose the local residents of your area have elected you as their representative to your Gram Panchayet or Municipality. What steps would you take for the development of your area?
Answer:
I am a representative of Municipality. The people have elected me with great expectation. They expect that the various problems of their locality will be solved by me. So my main duty is to develop my locality. Though my locality is a municipal area but it is not completely a town. Most of the people here are not conscious of their social duties and all types of civic rights. They often throw garbages here and there. I shall make an arrangement so that they place garbage in a particular place.

There will be also an arrangement to remove the garbage daily. The drain shall be cleaned regularly. The insecticide will be spreyed over the drains to barnish the mosquitoes and flies. In this way the diseases could be stopped spreading. I shall be careful so that the water can not be wasted. Everyone should be careful to close the tap properly for not wasting water.

The roads and streets will be repaired where those ore damaged. I shall develop the drainage system of the locality. Some new drains will be made where it is needed. I will regularly meet the people and try to know their problems and make them happy with my solution.

Question b.
Suppose you are a teacher. What programme would you take up along with the students of your school to carry out together the fundamsntal duties mentioned im the constitution? Prepare a draft of the programme.
Answer:

1. We all obey our constitution and respect its ideals and various constitutional instructions, the national flag and national anthem.
2. We shall try our best to uphold and protect the sovereingnty, unity and integrity of India.
3. We shall promate hormony and the spirit of common brotherhood by removing the discrimination of religion, linguistic and regional diversity. We will be careful about the dignity of woman.
4. We will safegurd the public property and abjure violence
5. We shall be always ready to defend the country and render national service when it is necessary.

Class 8 History Chapter 9 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Constitution of India: Democratic Structure and Citizen’s Rights

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers :

Question 1.
India got freedom after-
i) 100 years
ii) 150 years
iii) 190 years
iv) 200 years
Answer:
iii) 190 years

Question 2.
Constituent Assembly was set up in-
i) March 1946
ii) July 1946
iii) August 1945
iv) April 1946
Answer:
ii) July 1946

Question 3.
The constitution was adoptedin the constituent Assembly on-
i) 26th November, 1949,
ii) 26th November, 1950
iii) 20th November, 1949
iv) 26th December, 1949
Answer:
i) 26th November, 1949

Question 4.
The largest constitution of the world has-
i) America
ii) England
iii) Japan
iv) India
Answer:
iv) India

Question 5.
The system of electing rulers from among the people is called –
i) Monarchy
ii) Dictatorship
iii) Democracy
iv) Anarchy
Answer:
iii) Democracy

Question 6.
Many villages together form one –
i) block
ii) district
iii) municipality
iv) corporation
Answer:
i) block

Question 7.
The committee drafted the constitution consisted-
i) five members
ii) three members
iii) six members
iv) seven members
Answer:
iv) seven members

Question 8.
In our constition directive principles of state policy has been taken from the constition of-
i) U. S. A.
ii) Ireland
ii) U. K.
iv) Japan
Answer:
ii) Ireland

Question 9.
The members of Rajya Sabha are slscted fora term of –
i) three years
ii) four years
iii) five years
iv) six years
Answer:
iv) six years

Question 10.
The Governor is appointed by-
i) prime minister
ii) president
iii) judges of Supreme Court
iv) speaker of Lakesabha
Answer:
ii) president

Question 11.
The Panchyat System in West Bengal has
i) three tiers
ii) four tiers
iii) two tiers
iv) five tiers
Answer:
i) three tiers

Question 12.
A member of the municipality is called-
i) Chairman
ii) president
iii) Sabhapati
iv) Councillors
Answer:
iv) Councillors

State whether True or False:

1. The Parliament of India is a bi-cameral legislature.
Answer:
True

2. To be a member of the Lok Sabha one should be at least 20 years old.
Answer:
False.

3. The President of India is elected for a period of five years.
Answer:
True.

4. India has no state religion.
Answer:
True.

5. The first Chief Minister of West Bengal was Atulya Ghosh.
Answer:
False.

6. Governor is the head of the state government.
Answer:
True.

7. In West bengal Legislative Council has been abolished in 1960 .
Answer:
False.

8. The Lok Sabha is presided over by the deputy speaker.
Answer:
False.

9. The second tier of the Panchayat system in West bengal is Panchayat Samiti.
Answer:
True.

10. The tenure of the Municipality is five years.
Answer:
True.

Fili in the blanks :

1. The lowest but most important level of administration in West bengal is ____.
Answer:
Gram Panchayat.

2. The second tier of the Panchayat system in West Bengal is ____.
Answer:
Panchayat Samiti.

3. In 1932 the dalits were granted separate electoral representation as ______.
Answer:
Sheduled Castes.

4. In 2005 the constitution validated equal rights of ______ to land and property as enjoyed by men.
Answer:
women.

5. The Telengana movement yielded a number of _______.
Answer:
positives.

6. In North India the _____ movement was organised to protect the dense woodlands from the ruin.
Answer:
Chipko.

7. The Tebhaga movement spread in many parts of the undivided _____.
Answer:
Bemgal.

8. The citizens of India are given the right to safeguard their ______ alphabet and culture.
Answer:
language.

9. The tenure of Zila Parishad is for _____ years.
Answer:
five.

10. The Chief Minister is the head of the council of _______.
Answer:
Ministers.

Match the column A with column B.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
Sarkar	Greece
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar	Local Self-Government
Federal State	Indian constitution
Athens	Farsi
Zilla Parishad	India

Answer:

Column A	Column B
Sarkar	Farsi
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar	Indian Constitution
Federal State	India
Athens	Greece
Zilla Parishad	Local Self-Government

Answer in short (within 30-50 words)

Question a.
What chracteristics do you notice in the administrative system of India?
Answer:
India is a large country having a single central government. Again every state has its won government. Those are called state governments. Both the governments are elected by people. Central government is elected by the whole people of the country. State government is elected by the people of the concerned state.

Question b.
What are Federal system and constitution?
Answer:
The system of administration which recognises powers of both the central and state governments, is called Federal system.

Question c.
What are the functions of the government?
Answer:
Work of the government is the administration of the country like initiatives for welfare of the people, collection of taxes, revenues, to preserve sovereignty of the country. Maintaining peace and developments are also the responsibility of the government.

Question d.
What do you understand by Local self Government?
Answer:
Indian people not only elect rulers, they also participate in the rule of the country. Direct participation mearı “Local Self Government”. ‘Self’ means ‘own’ Where people are under themselves, that patern of administration is called ‘Local Self Government’.

Question e.
In common term how election is described? At what interyals election is held in India? What are the relation between election of government and democracy?
Answer:

• Election is a procedure in which people elected governments by casting votes.
• According to right of the franchise, election is held after every five years.
• The government of India is democrat, because the people of India themselves elect the government.

4. Answer in details

Question a.
Why India is called democratic and federal? What do you think about the role of the constitution in the administration of the country?
Answer:
India, the country we live in, has a government. All sovereign countries have their own governments. India is also a sovereign country. Now people of a country decide who or which ones

will rule the country. ‘Democracy’ denotes selecting rulers by the people from among themselves. India is a democratic country, because the people of India decide who or which ones will rule the country through election.

The system of administration which recognises powers of both the central and state governments, is called Federal Administartion. So the Indian government is Federal because, both the central and state governments are in the system of federal administration.

India has a written constitution and that is the largest one in the world. Chief-architect of this constitution is Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. In the constitution at India the right of the people to select their own governmen: is recognised. The constitution describes what powers the central and state governments will citjcy.

Question b.
What are the durations of the government? Which part performs what functions? Why judiciary is kept separate?
Answer:
The durations of the Indian government is five years.
There are three functionaries of a government. ‘Legislature Department’ which enacts laws for administration of the country.
‘Executive’ which administers the country according to laws framed.
‘Judiciary’, whose functions are to overall wheather the country is being ruled according to law framed, and wheather the rights of the people are preserved ‘judiciary’ is authorised to take actions against those who violate laws of the land.

In all the countries judiciary is kept separated from the legislature and executive. This arrangement is just open to justice. In short, it is called the ‘Theory of separation of powers’. ‘separation’ means ‘disjoinning’. This policy was adopted just to keep Democracy imtact. Montesquieu, a French philosopher, speaks of the theory for the first time.

Question c.
What are the functions of Municipalities and Gram Panchayats?
Answer:
In a small towns and cities there are municipalities. The word ‘Poura’ came from ‘pura’ which in sanskrit means city. Residents of those towns and cities of eighteen years and above elect members of municipalities by votes. They are representatives of towns and cites. One of them is elected the chief of the administration. Peoples welfare, public health, developments and administration are the jobs of the municipalities. Supply of drinking water, building of roads, pollution control and such other things are done by the municipalities which also take initiatives of establising school, hospitals, spreading education, development of public health.

Like towns and cities Panchayat system exist in rural areas. Village people elected members of Panchayats by votes. One of them is elected ‘Panchayat pradhan’. All out developments of rural areas are the job of the panchayats. Supply of drinking water, building roads, schools, health centers, afforestation are all the jobs of panchayats.

Question d.
What are the fundamental rights mentioned in the constitution?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution enumerates six fundamental rights of the citizens. The rights are: Right to equality, Right to freedom, Right against exploitation, Right to freedom of religion. Cultural and Educational Right, and Right to constitutional remedies. These rights are beyond the scope and authority of executive and legislative departments. Hence, these rights which are guaranteed by the constitution are called Fundamental Rights. Any citizen can approach a court of law for violation of the fundamental right.

Question e.
What are the fundamental duties mentioned in the constitution?
Answer:
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to-
Abide by the constitution, respect its ideals and various constitutional institutions, the national flag and national anthem
Cherish and follow the noble ideals of our national struggle for freedom
Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India
Defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so
Promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or class diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women
value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture
protect and improve the natural environment and to have compassion for living creatures
develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform > safeguard public property and abjure violence
strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity for holistic development of the nation
provide opportunities for education, by parents or their guardians, to child or ward between the age of 5-14 years as the case mav be.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 8 History Book Solutions Chapter 8 From Communalism to the Partition offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 8 History Chapter 8 Question Answer – From Communalism to the Partition

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct alternatives:

a. English became the official language in ealonial India, replacing persian in __________ (1847/1837/1850)
Answer:
1837.

b. The modernisation altempt of Indian Muslim Society was started by __________ (Muhammad Ali Jinnah/Moulana Abul Kalam Azad/Sir Syed Ahmed khan)
Answer:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.

c. The leader of peasant people’s party was __________ (A. K. Fazlul Haque/Muhammad Ali Jinnah/Jawharlal Nehru)
Answer:
A. K. Fazlul Haque.

d. The Sovereign state of Pakistan was born on __________ (15th August,1947/14th August, 1947/26th January, 1947)
Answer:
14th August 1947.

2. Identify the wrong statements:

a. In nineteenth century the Muslims were back with regard in education, employment ect in comparison to the Hindus.
Answer:
Right.

b. Hindu revivalist movement influenced Ilind-Muslim relation in India.
Answer:
Right.

c. Mahatma gandhi did not support the Khilafat Movement.
Answer:
Wrong.

d. The Pakistan proposal came up in the Lahore session (1940)
Answer:
Right.

3. Answer briefly (30-40 words)

Question a.
What was the objective of Aligarh movement?
Answer:
Sir sayed Ahmed Khan realised that religious superstition and hate to the Western Education were the main causes of the backwordness of Muslims. He put effort to spread education among the Muslims. He founded Anglo Oriental Collage in Aligarh. He translated many English books in Urdu. He also founded Scientific Society.

Question b.
Te what extant was the Hindu-Muslim relationship in Bengal influenced by the Swadeshi Movement?
Answer:
The leaders of the swadeshi movement had made prominent the social discrimination between Hindus and Muslims by using the religious symbol in politics. The Muslim leaders complained that the Hindus were given priority. So the identification of Hindu or Muslim tucame prominent than the identification of Bengalees. During the Swadesi movement poor people were given pressure to boycatt foreign clothes. As the result the movement against partition of Bengal turned into the division between Hindu and Muslim.

Question c.
Why did the Indian Muslims start Khilafat movement?
Answer:
Indian Muslims respected the Sultan of Turk as their Khalifat. They had religious layalty to the Khalifa. In first World War the Khalifa of Turk took the side of germany. After the world War Turk was divided for the offence of taking side against Britain. A movemen was stated all over the world including India against the humiliation of Khalifa and to restore his position.

Question d.
Why is the year 1930 important with respect to Hindu Muslim relations?
Answer:
In 1930 Muhammad Ikbal, the President of Muslim legue, and Rahaman Ali, the student of cambridge Univercity demanded for seperate land for Muslims. There world be Punjab, North west Fronteer, Beluchistan and Kashmir in this land. Rahamat Ali mentioned the word ‘Pakistan’. This year of 1930 is important for communalism.

4. Write in your own words. (120-160)

Question a.
Discuss on Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan’s achievements in taking Muslim society to the path of modernisation.
Answer:
Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan realised that the main causes of the backwardness of Muslim society are the religious superstition and hatred against western education. He understood that without western eductation Muslims could not occupy the equal position in the society and the job facilities and the other facities would remain centralised in Hindu’s grip. So he put effort to spread western education and culture among Muslims. He established an English school at Gajipur and published a magazine. He also founded Scientific Society.

His most significant work for the development of Muslim Society was establishing Anglo oriental college. It was one of his best deed. In this college arts, and science were tought by the medium of English language with the help of British professors. The Aligarh movement was grown on the basis of Aligarh college. This movement increased the political consciousness among Muslims, Sir Sayed Ahmed tried to remove the superstition and ignorance of the Muslims by reasoning. He opposed polygamy, parda syatem and tallak system.

Question b.
How was the Hindu revivalist movement born in the nineteenth century? What was the effect of such movements in creating communal mentality,
Answer:
At the first phase the congress leaders decided not to adopt any proposal that was contrary to Muslim interest. But the Hindu cultural revival movement captured the nation of Hindu race by using the stories of Hindu scripture and Hindu symbols. The Hindu revivalists considered that Hindu and India are equal. In one hand, they put blame to the Muslim emperors for the declining of the civilisation, on the other hand they did not support the werstern reasoning and free thinking. The revivalists did not agree with the western nationalist position of the Hindu reformists.

According to them the liberal reformers and British rule was an obstacle to the revivalists in forming of Hindu nationalist state. Most of the revolutionery nationalist claimed Hindu religion and Hindus to be national culture and same as the Indian race. Taking of a revolutionary by putting a hand on the gita, Shivaji and Ganapati festival, Arabinda’s hymn to Mother India and view of nationalism as a religion can be mentioned.

For the trend to the Hinduism in national movement many edusated Muslims kept themselves away from the national movement. To keep ther communal existence they became orthodox with the help of ambitious political leader and the ulema new political organisation for Muslim was grown.

Question c.
How were the Muslim leaders alienated from the Congress after the non-violent, non co-operation movement?
Answer:
The leaders of Swadeshi movement created social contradictory between Hindi and Muslim by using religious symbol of Hindu in politics. Besides for their various behaviour anti partition movement of Bengal turned into Hindu-Muslim conflict. After that, British Government created some opportunities before educated Muslims. To get opportunity in case of education job and politics the Muslims of Bengal and North India becameunited together. In the Mahamedan Education conference of 1906 at Dhaka there was a demand of establishing a seperate organisation for Muslims.

In this conference All India Muslim League was formed. This organisation started working to keep a watch over Muslims interest and political rights. Their objective was to show loyalty to the British Government. The Muslims who are the supporter of Congress, opposed this foundation of Muslim league. But it did not affect much. Slowly the influence of Muslim League started spreading in different provinces of India.

Question d.
How did the partition of India became imminent between 1940-1947? Do you think partition of India was unavoidable? Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
Mahammad Ali Jinnah presided over the Lahore session of Mulslim league in 1940. In this session a seperate state for a seperate race was demanded. But the name ‘Pakistan’ for seperate state was not mentioned. The resolution was drafted by Sikkandar Hayat Khan and the resolution was arisen by Fazlul Haque. The resolution for seperate state is known as Pakistan resolution.

In 1940 Lord Linlithgow promised the Muslim that if there would occur an understanding between India and British, Muslims would be given full protection. Congress and Muslim League both refused the proposal of Cripps Mission in 1942. In the same year Muslim League opposed the Quit India Movement when the maximum Congress leaders were in Jail the Muslim leaders largely propagated the idea of Pakistan the seperate state for Muslims. It was said that to support the league was to support the Islam. Many newspaper controlled by Muslims supported the demand of Pakistan.

In 1944 Congressed leader C. Rajagopalachari presented a proposal of a pact to Jinnah but it was refused as it did not contain direct-recoginition of Pakistan. Next year in the Simla session League demanded it as the representation of all Muslims of India. Congress protested against the claim. The meeting was dismissed. The supports for the demand of ‘Pakistan’ rapidly increasing. Mainly the professioinals and the merchants became active. To them Pakistan means to end of compitition with Hindus. The support of pirs and Ulema also added with it.

Incidentally India was going to be devided. Muslim was firm in their demand of Pakistan. They were not agree to admit the dominance of Congress. They started movement for ‘Pakistan’. Riot between Hindu-Muslim prevailed and it was continuing. To get rid of it the eminent leaders of Congress and Muslim League found no way except the partition of India. The planned draft of the proposal of Lord Mountbatten was admitted by both Congress and Muslim League.

5. Imagine and write (written 200 words)

Question a.
Suppose you learnt of the partition of India on 14th August 1947. Now you have to leave your home and go else where. Write in your won words what would be your reaction in such situation.
Answer:
On 14th August 1947 I have come to know that India has devided into two partsIndia and Pakistan. It is a bolt from a blue that we have to go another place leaving our own home or homeland. The land the house which were once only owns have to be left by the dicission of the leaders. The neighbours who were our own now they have to be left also. We do not think of it even in dream.

Where shall we go, where shall we like. What shall we eat what will be the means of earning? Who will give the answer of such question? That means we have enlisted our name as refuges. Not only us, many people are in same state like us. Some one suddenly has taken off our roof, our shelter. The persons who are responsible to devide our country could not understand our condition, our pain. But when we must have to go, we have to pack now. Everyone has started preperation. We have to short our journey towards uncertainty.

Class 8 History Chapter 8 Question Answer West Bengal Board – From Communalism to the Partition

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers :

Question 1.
Towards the end of nineteenth century in Bengal and Punjab Muslim population among total population was-
i) one fourth
ii) half
iii) seventy five
Answer:
ii) half

Question 2.
After 1870 there was a change in British policy-
i) to make the national movement weak
ii) to make the congress weak
iii) to make Muslim league weak
Answer:
i) to make the national movement weak

Question 3.
English replaced Persianas the official language in-
i) 1830
ii) 1833
iii) 1823
iv) 1837
Answer:
iv) 1837

Question 4.
After the death of Sir Sayyid Ahmed teh importance of Aligarh-
i) increases
ii) remain same
iii) decreases
Answer:
iii) decreases

Question 5.
Congress and muslim League members meet In December 1918 at –
i) Aligarh
ii) Lahore
iii) Bombay
iv) Delhi
Answer:
iv) Delhi

Question 6.
After the withdrwal of non-cooperation movement, Khilafat movement –
i) started
ii) lost its importance
iii) became active
Answer:
ii) lost its importance

Question 7.
The Khalifa’s post wes abolished in-
i) 1924
ii) 1929
iii) 1919
iv) 1900
Answer:
i) 1924

Question 8.
British Prime Minister Ramsey Macdonald announced the communal divide
i) 1930
ii) 1932
iii) 1935
iv) 1922
Answer:
ii) 1932

Question 9.
League and Congress met in Simla under Lord Wavell’s leadership in –
i) 1946
ii) 1944
iii) 1945
iv) 1941
Answer:
iii) 1945

Question 10.
A. K. Fazlul Huq’s Krishak Prala Party spoke for-
i) Muslim low caste peasants
ii) Hindu low caste peasants
iii) Hindu and Muslim low caste peasants
Answer:
iii) Hindu and Muslim low caste peasants

State whether True or False:

1. The Extremist politics did not appeal to the Muslims.
Answer:
True

2. In 1830 English replaced Persian as the official language.
Answer:
False.

3. Sir Sayyid Ahmed died in 1898.
Answer:
True.

4. The Mohammedan Education Conference was held in 1906.
Answer:
True.

5. The Ulema likede Sir Sayyid’s idea of westernisation.
Answer:
False.

6. Shaukat Ali was deeply influenced by the Ulema.
Answer:
True.

7. All India Muslim League was founded solely for Muslims and Hindus.
Answer:
False.

8. Sir Sayyid was in favour of creating communal disharmony between the two communities.
Answer:
False.

9. Sir Sayyid wanted the aristocratic and educated Muslims to be self-reliant.
Answer:
True.

10. Britain occupied a lafge part of the Ottonan empire.
Answer:
True.

Fill in the blanks :

1. The Hindu cultural revival movement gave birth to political ______.
Answer:
Extremism.

2. The Khilafatist leaders were not wholly in favour of Gandhi’s ______ policy.
Answer:
non-violent.

3. In bengal, the Hindu bhadralok held a ______ and slighting attitude towards the Muslims.
Answer:
negative.

4. Sayyid Ahmed ______ the Muslims not to join the Congress.
Answer:
nstructed.

5. Badruddin Tyabji joined the ______.
Answer:
Congress.

6. In the Lahore session of the Muslim League, Muslims were formally announced to be a seperate ______.
Answer:
race.

7. The activities of conservative leaders like Madanmohan Malaviya, further distanced the Muslim ______ from the Congress.
Answer:
community.

8. Muhammed Ali Jinnah was ______ of the muslim League’s Lahore Session.
Answer:
president.

9. In the Simla session(1945), the League declared itself to be the ______ of all Indtain Muslim.
Answer:
representative.

10. After a lot of considerations, The League and Congress finally accepted Lord Mountbatten’s ______ plan in June 1947.
Answer:
partition.

Match the column A with column B.

A	B
1) Sir Sayyid Ahmed died	a) met at Delhi
2) Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan	b) Muslim Lesgue
3) All India Muslim League	c) British prime minister
4) In 1918 Congress and Muslim League	d) in 1924
5) Lahore session (1940)	e) Aligarh movement
6) Ramsay Macdonald	f) Krishak Praja Party
7) Caliph’s post abolished	g) in 1898
8) A. K. Fazlul Haq	h) founded for Muslims

Answer:

A	B
1) Sir Sayyid Ahmed died	a) in 1898
2) Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan	b) Aligarh movement
3) All India Muslim League	c) founded for Muslims
4) In 1918 Congress and Muslim League	d) met at Delhi
5) Lahore session (1940)	e) Muslim Lesgue
6) Ramsay Macdonald	f) British prime minister
7) Caliph’s post abolished	g) in 1924
8) A. K. Fazlul Haq	h) Krishak Praja Party

Answer in a sentence :

Question 1.
Who propagated that Muslims are alike and they form a religious community?
Answer:
Colonial government propagated that Muslims are alike and they form a religious community.

Question 2.
Who was the creator of Aligarh movement?
Answer:
Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan was the creator of Aligarh movement.

Question 3.
Who tried to promote enthusiasm among Muslim students?
Answer:
Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan tried to promote enthusiasm among Muslim students.

Question 4.
For whom All India Muslim League was formed?
Answer:
All India Muslim League was formed solely for Muslims.

Question 5.
Who instructed the Muslims not to join the Congress?
Answer:
Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan instructed the Muslims not to join the Congress.

Question 6.
What happened after the death of Sir Sayyid Ahmed?
Answer:
Aligarh lost its importance as a center of Muslim politics.

Question 7.
Who did not asupport Sayyid Ahmed’s idea of westernisation?
Answer:
The Ulema did not asupport Sayyid Ahmed’s idea of westernisation.

Question 8.
In Devember 1918 who met at Delhi?
Answer:
In Devember 1918 Congress and Muslim League leaders met at Delhi.

Question 9.
Who and when occupied a large part of Ottoman empire?
Answer:
After first world war Britain occupied a large part of Ottoman empire.

Question 10.
When was the election to the provincial assembly held?
Answer:
In 1937 the election to the provincial assembly was held.

Question 11.
Who is Muhammad Iqbal?
Answer:
Muhammad Iqbal is a famous poet.

Question 12.
‘Sare jahanse achcha, Hindusthan hamara,’-Who wrote this?
Answer:
Muhammad lqbal wrote this.

Question 13.
When was Lahore session of Muslim League held?
Answer:
Lahore session of Muslim League was held in 1940.

Question 14.
Who formed ‘Krishak Praja Party’?
Answer:
Fazlul Huq formed ‘Krishak Praja Party’.

Question 15.
What darkened the Indian dreedom?
Answer:
Vicious riot and homeless life darkened the Indian dreedom.

Answer in brief :

Question 1.
Write a short note on Communal idea behind population census.
Answer:
The strength and status of different communities within India’s total population becane clear through population count. It was understood that haif the population of Bengal and Punjab were Muslims. The colonial government while conducting census had assumed that the individual’s racial and religious identity was most important. Through the census, assessment was made of each community on the basis of religion. Thus in colonial India, communal and racial identities gained predominance. The conflict thus started, evolved into a social and political problem through the rise of communal politics.

Question 2.
Write a short note on Pakisthan Proposal.
Answer:
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was president of the Muslim League’s Lahore session (1940). In this session a demand came up for Muslims to be declared a separate race and given a self-ruled state. Cambridge University student Rahmat Ali spoke of a state called ‘Pakistan’ in 1933-34. This name was not contained in the proposal for a separate state presented at the Lahore session, Sikadar Hayat Khan took an active part in preparing the draft. Fazlul Haque presented it. This proposal accepted by the Muslim League at the Lahore session. It is known as Pakistan proposal.

Question 2.
What was the main purpose of Aligarh Movement?
Answer:
Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan wanted to promote liberalism in muslim society by mingling Isłamic theology with western scientific knowledge. He was against creating communal disharmony betwssn the two communities. He wanted the aristocratic and educated Muslims to be self-reliant.At Aligarh Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, western philophy happily coexisted with Islamic theology in the curriculam. He was not anti-national. After the death of Sir Sayyid Aligarh Movement began to lose its importance.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Muslim Lesgue?
Answer:
The educated Muslims of united Bengal and north India united ivith a view to participating in education, job and politics. The Mohammedan Education Conference was held in 1906. The need for a separate organisation for Muslims was emphasised. In the same session All India Muslim League was founded solely for Muslims. The aim of the League was to keep a watch over Muslim interest and political rights. The Muslim League aimed to show loyalty to the British.

Question 4.
Write a short note on Muhammad Iqbal.
Answer:
Muhammad Iqbal is a famous poet of modern India. Through his poems he deeply stirred the religious and philosophical ideas of the young generation. Iqbal was a humanist who believed that good work gives peace and eternal life to human beings. He believed it was a sin to accept the domination of rituals. Iqbal wrote many patriotic poems such as ‘Sare jahan se achcha, Hindusthan hamara’. Towards the end he too advocated a separate state for the Muslims.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 8 History Book Solutions Chapter 7 Nationalist Ideals and Their Evolution offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 8 History Chapter 7 Question Answer – Nationalist Ideals and Their Evolution

Think and Find –

1. Match the staiements below with their appropriate explanation :

Question a.
Statement : Gandhi was opposed to Western ideals.
Explantion 1: Gandhi was a conservative person.
Explanation 2: Gandhi thought Western ideals were a hindrance to attaining Swaraj.
Expanation 3: Gandhi wanted the people of India to lead a simple life.
Answer:
Gandhi wanted the people of India to lead a simple life.

Question b.
Statement : Rowlatt Act came up in 1919.
Explanation-1: To decrease Gandhi’s influence in Indian politics.
Explanation-2 : To supress anti-Brisith discontent and revolutionary activities.
Explanation-3 : To give constitutional benefits to the Indians.
Answer:
To suppress anti-British discontent and revolutionary activites.

Question c.
Statement : Gandhi supported Khilafat movement.
Explanation-1 : To ensure Muslim cooperation and participation in nationalist movement.
Explanation-2 : To show symphally to the Sultan of Turkey.
Explanation-3 : To make strong demands for the improvement of Muslim Society.
Answer:
To ensure Muslim Co-operation and participation in nationalist movement.

Question d.
Statement: Indians opposed Simon commission.
Explanation-1 : Indians did not like Sir John Simon.
Explanation-2 : Sir John Simon was opposed to Indians.
Explanation-3: Simon commission had no Indian representatives.
Answer:
Simon commission had no Indian representatives.

Question e.
Statements : Subhas Chandra Bose took charge of Azad Hind Fauz.
Explanation-1 : To fulfill Rashbehari Bose’s request.
Explanation-2 : To attack British occupied Indian region with the help of Azad Hind Fouz.
Explanation-3 : To help Japanese Government.
Answer:
To fulfill Rashbihari Bose’s request.

2. Match Column A with B :

A	B
Champaran in Bihar	Chittoranjan Das
Swarajya Party	Corridor war
Binay-Badal-Dinesh	Lahore conspiracy case
Bhagat Sing	Peasant movement
Pattavi Sitaramaiya	Tripura Congress

Answer:

A	B
Champaran in Bihar	Peasant movement
Swarajya Party	Chittaranjan Das
Binay-Badal-Dinesh	Corridor war
Bhagat Sing	Lahore conspiracy case
Pattavi Sitaramaiya	Tripura Congress

3. Answer in brief (30-40 wards)

Question a.
What effect did the movement in South Africa had on Gandhi’s political life?
Answer:
Gandhiji started his political carier at South Africa. Gandhiji organised a no-violent Satyagraha movement against South African Government for ruthless torturs over the Indian businessmen and labour who were the residents of South Africa. His movement at last became successful. His experience in South Africa became benificial in case of starting the Indian freedom movement.

Question b.
What was the idea behind Gandhiji’s ideal of Satyagraha?
Answer:
Interest towards truth or be stick in truth is called Satyagraha. Gandhiji’s searching for trouth is the chief aim human life. This Satyagraha was the principal aim and ideal of Gandhi. A Satyagrahi never does any unjust or support it. He became successful to organise the national movement applying this principle in India.

Question c.
What were the main demands of the Swarajists?
Answer:
1. To oppose the government activites and to prevent law making after joining the elcction and capturing the parliament. 2. To refuse the Governmental budget. 3. To criticize the Government law. 4. To present the exploitation of British by adopting certain principle. 5. To convince the people about the baseless governmental law. To spread nationalism by arising different resolution.

Question d.
Who was called Frontier Gandhi and why?
Answer:
In the North-Western provinces of India Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan participatate in civil disobedience movement. The name of his organisation was Kuda-e-Khidmadgar. The members of the organisation were also called ‘red coat army’. Khan Abdul Gafar Khan was the fallower of Gandhiji and kept faith in non-violance moveent. Thus he was called the Frontier Gandhi.

Question e.
What role did Matangini Hazra play in the Quit India movement?
Answer:
In the second stage quit India movement was spread over the rural areas. A number of people made a procession to the police station for demonestration. An old woman and a rebel named Matangini Hazra was in leading part of the procession with national flag in hand and the slogan of ‘Bande Mataram’. She died in police fire after sometime. She was called the “Joan of Arc” of Tamluk.

4. Write in your own words. (120-160)

Question a.
Explain Gandhi’s ideal of non-violent Satyagraha. Compare the ideal of the Moderate leaders with Gandhi’s position.
Answer:
Interest in truth and remain firm in truth is called Satyagraha. Satyagrah never command or bear unjust and give up violence. Gandhiji followed this policy in South Africa and succeeded. After returning on our country Gandhiji applied this policy in India and also succeeds.

Gandhiji showed a new path to the nation by his Satyagraha movement. So giving up the old appeal and pitition policy Congress joined in the active movement. People of all classes participated in the movement and thus the movement turned into mass movement. The main objective of the movement was to achieve Swaraj. Later the civil disobedience movement or August movement was led by Gandhiji. All these movements were non-violent or Satyagraha movement. There were two factors of the non-violence, Satyagraha movement. 1) Continue non-violence movement against British to achieve freedom. 2) To develop the condition of poor distressed people. This ideal was totally different from that of the congress leader of first phase.

Question b.
What were the features of non-violent, non Co-operation movement? Do you agree Gandhi’s decision to halt the movement. Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
The constructive and boycott policy was adopted in non-cooperation policy. By constructive activities tying to build self-power was elated. The result of these activities were spreading of education, social reformation etc. National school was established at that time. Vocational training was started. Besides the development of various industries or cattage industries heavy indigenous industries had been set up. The trend of using native goods was increased. The use of Khadi clothes also increased. Tant bastra, sugar, soap, salt, leather goods were manufactured in the indigenous factory.

Boycatt of foreign goods was auother side of the movement. Picketing was slanted before the shop where foreign made goods were sold. Besides the boycot of foreign goods the celebration of national festival was slopped. National schools and colleges were set up. The members of Destrict broads Municipalities and Panchayet started resigning. The students left school and college. Foreign made lawyers resinged from court, middle class resigned from job. For social boycott the men of the occupation of washerman, barber, cobbler stanted to non-cooperate the British.

The non-co-operation movement prevailed at over India but finally it was withdrawn. This movement no doubt turned in a mass movement. Through this movement the fighting spirit of the Congress was revealed. On the other hand this movement proved that the British rule was imperialistic by nature. The political consciousness among the public was spread. People could realise the usefulness of united movement. The urging for independence arose in the mind of people. In this situation according to different leaders the movement should not be withdrawn.

Question c.
What was the nature of mass participation in civil disobediance movement? Did Bhagat Singh and Surya Sen share Gandhian ideals?
Answer:
Civil Disobediance movement could not be successful. But this movement increased the political consciousness and desire for indipendence of Indians. People of all ages, ciasses and occupations participated in this movement. A remarkable features of this movement was that the women of India had joined in it. In ‘Young India’ Gandhi called for the women to join in the movement. Among them Sarojini Naidu. Basanti Devi led the movement os women. Unnumbered women were put to jail. Only is Delhi more than sixteen hundred were arrested. The revolution of Surya Sen and Bhagat Sing was armed revolution. Their path was totally different from Gandhiji. They were determined to drive out the British by active arm revolution. They did not keep trust on non-violent movement.

Question d.
Discuss Subhas Chandra Bose’s rise in national politics, which ideas influenced Subhas Chandra’s political thought?
Answer:
Instead of joining Indian civil service Subhas Chandra Bose joined in Bengal politics under the leadership of Chittaranjan Das. He became the editor of Bengal congress propaganda. He was appointed principal of National college. He was put to jail for active participation in non cooperation movement. Beeing in the same jail Subhas Chandra meet Chittaranjan and came across his ideas. He became the secretary of Swaraj Party. He took up the post of editor of forward newspaper.

In the mean time he was sentenced to jail for several times. After the death of Chittaranjan Das he expressed his viws in favour of complete Swaraj. In 1928 at the calcutta season of the Congress a confict arose in between Subhas Chandra and Gandhiji. He was arrested after standing of Civil dis obdience movement. After this he went to Europe for treatment. He was introducedMussoleni’s anti corruption and social welfare programmes in Italy. He criticised sharply for withdrawan of Non cooperation movement. Subhas Chandra and Jawarharlal Nehru demanded revolutionary programme of Congress. He took a effort to creat pressure British Government when 2nd World War was started. After that he took charge of Azad Hind Fauz at Japan.

Different maters left marks on his political thought. On the other hand he was attarcted towards the economic equality of Russia. He was influenced by the constructive thoughts of Swami Vibekananda. Though he had no faith in non violence method but he admired his leadership. This was greatly influenced by Chittoranjan Das.

Question e.
Was the Gandhian ideal of Satyagraha followed in Quit India movement? How will you explain the Naval Revolt as a part of national freedom struggle?
Answer:
The Gandhian policy of non-violence was not followed in quit India movement. He himself called up “Do or die”. He wanted that the British should leave India. In the first phase hartal took place in schools, collages, offices, courts, factories of Calcutta, Bombay, Lakhonow, Ahmedabad, Kanpur etc. The encounter by police started and the communication system was disrupted. After that the revolt spread over the rural areas. Mass movement arose in different parts of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh. The mob captured post offices, government offices, police station. The road ways were damaged. Governmental offices were burnt to ash. National Government was founded at Tamluk, Satara. Talcher etc. British rule was abolished from those places. The Tamluk National Government survived till September 1944.

In the last phase of freedom struggle the naval revolt gave a below to the colonial rule. After the second world war it was the greatest mass movement. It had a great significant at the last stage of freedom movement. At first it was the revolt of Navy but in due course of time it spread all over India and turned into mass movement. It renewed the patriotic feelings among Indians. Most remarkable factor of Naval Revolt was that the British realised that they should to not keep trust on Indian army. They realised that the British rule would come to an end soon. So they took the decision to leave India. Soon the power was transferred.

5. Imageine and write (within 200 words)

Question a.
Suppose you are a common man participating in non co-operation movement. Write a leter to your friend lescribing your expenrience and the enthusiastic participation of various people in the movement.
Answer:
Tamluk
August 1942
DearNikhil,
Hope you are well. Today is the day of rejoicing moment. Know that Non-Cooperation movement has started all over India. All provinces of India have joined in this movement but it affected extremely the provinces like Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Bombay, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. For Gandhiji’s call the labourer, the peasant, the students, the people of middle class, the intelectuals, the Hindus, the Muslims have joined in this movement. Hartal has taken place peacefully and succsefully in Midnapur. Under the leadership of Birendranath Sashmal the middle class and the pleasant have continued Satyagraha movement against Union Board and stopped paying ‘Chowkidari’ tax for long. The Santals of Jhargram has participated in Satyagraha.

Satyagraha has been led successfully in Birbhum. Striks of steamer in East Bengal, Assam-Bengal Rail strike also occured In Pabna, Bagura settlement system has been made inactive by non-cooperation. The movement in Bihar remains constructive. Many national school and Khadi Bhandars have been set up there. The police also has taken different suspressive measures. Only in Kolkatannear about three thousand volunteer have been arrested. In response of Gandhiji’s call the women have came out on road

from their houses. It is the first mass movement in India. Chittaranjan Das, Motilal, Patel and many other eminent lawyers have joined in the movement backing their law practice. Many people of other occupations also have joined leaving their job, study and hope of futures. The peasants and labourers could not remain unmoved by the call of Gandhiji.

Do you keep away from this movement? Or. you have responed at the call of Gandhiji. let me know in your letter. No more today. Give answer.

Yours
Chanchal

Question b.
Suppose you are a journalist. Subhas Chandra Bose had left his home deep in the middle of the night. A map of the paths he took is given below. Write a newspaper article form the map, regarding the route he had taken.
Answer:
Calcutta January 1941. On last 16th January Subhash Chandra has escaped from his house of 38/2 Elgin Road be fooling the police when he was in interim. In perfect disguise he drove out a car with his nephew Shishir Kumar Bose. The car crossed the Elgin Road and reached lower Circular Road. Thus it went ahead along the Harison Road towards Howrah. The car crossed the Howrah Bridge leaving the Howrah Station and went ahead towards Gomo station. Then he got down from the car and caught Kalka Mail.

Class 8 History Chapter 7 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Nationalist Ideals and Their Evolution

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers :

Question 1.
Gandhiji returned India-
i) before first world war
ii) at the time of first world war
iii) after first world war
iv) at the time of second world war
Answer:
ii) at the time of first world war

Question 2.
Gandhiji’s Satyagraha and non-violence are-
i) against each other
ii) substitute
iii) related
Answer:
iii) related

Question 3.
Jalianwalla Bagh incident happened in 1919 on-
i) 13 march
ii) 23 March
iii) 23 April
iii) 13 April
Answer:
iii) 13 April

Question 4.
Satyagraha in Khera district was-
i) not very successful
ii) very successful
iii) not at all successful
Answer:
i) not very successful

Question 5.
The Incidence of Chauri Chaura happened in-
i) Bihar
ii) Utterpradesh
iii) Gujrat
iv) Maharastra
Answer:
ii) Utterpradesh

Question 6.
Simon Commission was formed in-
i) 1927
ii) 1917
iii) 1907
i) 1937
Answer:
i) 1927

Question 7.
Khilafat Committee came into being in March-
i) 1909
ii) 1929
iii) 1919
iv) 1900
Answer:
iii) 1919

Question 8.
Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Congress-Khilafat-Swarajya Party in-
i) 1920
iii) 1930
iii) 1912
iv) 1922
Answer:
iv) 1922

Question 9.
Gandhi broke the salt law by his Dandi expedition in1930 on –
i) 1st April
ii) 6th April
iii) 3rd April
iv) 6th March
Answer:
ii) 6 th April

Question 10.
Bhagat Sigh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in-
i) 1929
ii) 1928
iii) 1920
iv) 1922
Answer:
i) 1929

Question 11.
Police Super sanders was killed by-
i) Sukdev
ii) Rajguru
iii) Bhagat Singh
iv) Masterda
Answer:
iii) Bhagat Singh

Question 12.
The Tamralipta National Government survived till September-
i) 1944
ii) 1942
iii) 1943
iv) 1945
Answer:
i) 1944

State whether True or False:

1. The Swarajya party won the Calcutta Corporation election in 1824.
Answer:
True

2. Subhas chandra ranked first in the 1920 I. C. S. examination.
Answer:
False.

3. In 1942 captain Mohan Sigh and Rashbehari Basu formed the Azad Hind Fauj. is
Answer:
True.

4. Congress and Muslim League did not support the Naval revolt.
Answer:
True.

5. Non-cooperation movement was non-violent everywhere.
Answer:
False.

6. Gandhi did not use newspaper to propagate his opinion.
Answer:
False.

7. Many Indian soldiers lost their lives during the First world war.
Answer:
True.

8. Lord Chelmsford passed the Government of India act in 1919.
Answer:
True.

9. Surya Sen was arrested by the police in 1930 .
Answer:
False.

10. Quit India movement was mainly rural movement.
Answer:
False.

11. Tamralipta National Government was formed under the leadership of satish Chandra Samanta.
Answer:
True.

12. Cripps promised that after the war India would be granted self-government.
Answer:
True.

Fill in the blanks :

1. From 1919 Gandhi became the main leader of anti-British __________.
Answer:
movements.

2. Gandhiji had organised a movement against __________ in South Africa.
Answer:
racism.

3. Indian claim of __________ was disregarded.
Answer:
autonomy.

4. Gandhi had a ___________ rolein the champaran agitation,.
Answer:
limited.

5. Non-Cooperation movement was not ______ everywhere.
Answer:
non-violent.

6. Binay-Badal-Dinesh attacked ________ on 8th December, 1930.
Answer:
Writer’s Buildings.

7. In 1930 the Chitagong uprising was led by _______.
Answer:
Surya Sen.

8. In May 1934 Civil Disobedience was unconditionally _______.
Answer:
withdrawn.

9. All political organisations in India ______ the Simon Commission.
Answer:
opposed.

10. The quit India movement was mainly an ___________ movement.
Answer:
urban.

11. The spread of national education was __________ due to lack of funds.
Answer:
halted.

12. A few days latter after the death of Matangini Hazra agriculture was badly affected in Midriapore in a ____________.
Answer:
cyclone.

13. Gandhi changed the mood of political movement with his cry ________.
Answer:
Do or die.

14. Subhas Chandra Bose was in favour of total _________ from the begining of his political career.
Answer:
swaraj.

15. Subhas went to Japan to take ________ of Azad hind Fauj.
Answer:
charge.

Match the column A with column B.

A	B
1) Subhas did not receive	a) died in 1925
2) Holwell monument became a	b) much help from Hitlar in Berlin
3) Gandhi was opposed	c) died after a few days
4) Subhas had kept the Mindu	d) Chittagong armoury was looted
5) Chittaranjan Das.	e) symbol of British imperialism
6) An injured Binay	f) the follower of Bhagat Singh
7) Binay-Badal-Dinesh attaced	g) to Naval Revolt
8) Ramprasad Bismil was	h) Muslim, Sikh unified in his army
9) Under the leadership of Surya Sen	i) was passed in 1919
10) Government of India Act	j) Writer’s Buildings on 8th December

Answer:

1. Subhas did not receive much help from Hitlar in Berlin.
2. Holwell monument became a symbol of British imperialism.
3. Gandhi was opposed to Naval Revolt.
4. Subhas had kept the Mindu Muslim, Sikh unified in his army.
5. Chittaranjan Das died in 1925.
6. An injured Binay died after a few days.
7. Binay-Badal-Dinesh attaced Writer’s Buildings on 8th December.
8. Ramprasad Bismil was the follower of Bhagat Singh.
9. Under the leadership of Surya Sen Chittagong armoury was looted.
10. Government of India Act was passed in 1919.

Answer in a sentence :

Question 1.
From 1919 who was the main leader of anti-British movements?
Answer:
From 1919 Gandhi was the main leader of anti-British movements.

Question 2.
From which movement the gandhian idea of Satyagraha was created?
Answer:
From the movement against racism in South Africa the gandhian idea of Satyagraha was created.

Question 3.
Who were involved in the First World War?
Answer:
Many countries of Asia and Europe were directly or indirectly involved in the First World war..

Question 4.
When and by whom was Government of India Act passed?
Answer:
In 1919 Government of India Act was passed by Montague and Lord Chelmsford.

Question 5.
Why was the Government of India Act failed to satisfy Indians?
Answer:
The Indian claimed autonomy but it was disregarded.

Question 6.
What, according to Gandhi, is the chief aim of human life?
Answer:
According to Gandhi, searching for truth is the chief aim of human life.

Question 7.
Why mass acceptance of Gandhi was reduced?
Answer:
Gandhi’s use of Hindu religious synbols reduced his mass acceptance.

Question 8.
When Gandhi ruturned India from South Africa?
Answer:
Gandhi returnsr India from South Africa in 1915.

Question 9.
What was related with Gandhi’s Satyagraha?
Answer:
Gandhi’s Satyagraha and non-violence are related to one another.

Question 10.
What did Gandhi believe about the success of non-violent Satyagraha?
Answer:
Gandhi believed that mass participation would ensure the success of non-violent Satyagraha.

Question 11.
When did the incident of Jalianwala Bagh happened?
Answer:
The incident of Jalianwala Bagh happened on 13th April, 1919.

Question 12.
How did Rabindranath protest against Jalianwala Bag incident?
Answer:
Rabindranath gave up his knighthood in protest of Jalianwala Bag incident.

Question 13.
When did Gandhi start nonviolent Mon-Cooperation movement?
Answer:
Gandhi start nonviolent Mon-Cooperation movement in 1921.

Question 14.
When did Gandhi withdraw nonviolent Mon-Cooperation movement?
Answer:
After the Chauri Chaura incident Gandhi withdrew nonviolent Mon-Cooperation movement.

Question 15.
When sultan of Turkey was removed from power?
Answer:
Sultan of Turkey was removed from power in 1918.

Question 16.
When Khilafat cmmittee came into being?
Answer:
March, 1919 Khilafat cmmittee came into being .

Question 17.
Who formed Congress-Khilafat-Swarajya Party?
Answer:
Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru formed Congress-Khilafat-Swarajya Party.

Question 18.
What is Khuda-e-khidmatgar?
Answer:
The organisation of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan was Khuda-e-khidmatgar.

Question 19.
What is Delhi Pact?
Answer:
The agreement signed between Gandhi And Lord Irwin is called Delhi Pact.

Question 20.
Who was the leader of Chittagong armoury loot?
Answer:
Under the leadership of Surya sen Chittagong armoury was looted.

Question 21.
When sultan of Turkey was removed from power?
Answer:
Sultan of Turkey was removed from power in 1918.

Question 22.
Mention the date and year when Surya sen was hanged?
Answer:
On 12th January, 1934 Surya Sen was hanged.

Question 23.
Who founded Naujawan Bharat sabha?
Answer:
Bhagat singh founded Naujawan Bharat sabha.

Question 24.
Who were hanged in 1929 ?
Answer:
Bhagat Singh, Sukdev and Rajguru were hanged in 1929.

Question 25.
Who was the leader of Tamralipta National Government?
Answer:
Satish Chandra samanta was the leader of Tamralipta National Government.

Question 26.
Who became the president of Congress party in Haripura session?
Answer:
Subhas Chandra became the president of Congress party in Haripura session, in 1938.

Question 27.
Who was Muhammed ziauddin?
Answer:
Subhas Chandra was in disguise of Muhammed ziauddin.

Question 28.
Who supported Naval Revolt of 1946 ?
Answer:
Students and common people supported Naval Revolt of 1946.

Answer in brief :

Question 1.
Write a short note on Gandhi’s idea of Swaraj.
Answer:
Gandhi thought a political demand for swaraj is a demand for half of freedom. Because the Britishmay depart, but their thoughts and ideas would remain. Hence, not only was it nessary to end colonial rule, but also to uproot all its influences on society. To this he added the programme of khadi and spinning charka.

Question 2.
What was Jalianwala Bagh incident?
Answer:
On 13th April, 1919, a large number of people gathered in a peaceful protest against Rowlatt bill at Jalianwala Bag in Amritsar. General Dyer the military commander unleashed vicious terror upon these unarmed people.There was only one exist at Jalianwala Bagh. The exist was blocked and the people were mercilessly fired upon. Numerous people died and were injured. Indians rose in vehement protest against the incident.

Question 3.
What happened in Chauri Chaura?
Answer:
Non-cooperation movement was not non-violent everywhere. Extreme violence broke out in Chaurichaura village at Gorakshapur district in Uttar Pradesh. The people of the village had gathered to protest on 4th february, 1922. Chased by the crowd, the policemen ran into the police station. The door to the station was locked from outside and the place set on fire. Gandhi withdrew non-violent, non-cooperation movement after this incident.

Question 4.
What is Khilafat Movement?
Answer:
During First World War, Britain had declared war on Turkey. This provoked a reaction among Indian Muslims. The Sultan of Turkey was the Caliph of the Islamic world. In 1918 the sultan was removed from power. Certain leaders of the Muslim League who were sympathetic to the Sultan, started the Khilafat movement to restore the power and prestige of the Sultan.

Question 5.
Write a note on the Battle of Jalalabad.
Answer:
On 18th April 1930 under the leadership of Surya Sen the Chittagong armoury was looted. After the raid, on 22nd April the revolutionaries took refuge at the Jalalabad lills. There they fought against the British soldiers; 11 of the revolutionaries died. The rest spread out in guerilla manner from Jalalabad to continue the Conflict. Ganesh Ghosh, Ananta Singh, Loknath Bal, Nirmal Sen, Himangshu Sen, Binod Datta etc accompanied Surya Sen.

Question 6.
Write a note on Corridor War of Binay-Badal-Dinesh.
Answer:
Binay Bose, Badal Gupta and Dinesh Gupta attacked Writer’s Building on 8th December, 1930. The three entered a corridor of Writer’s Building and shot dead Inspector General Simpson of the Jail department and couple of others. The revolutionaries exchanged gunfire with the police for a long time. Badol took poison a moment before he was apprehended. Injured Binay died after a few days. After he had recovered from his injuries Dinesh was hanged.

Question 7.
Write a short note on Bhagat Sigh.
Answer:
Bhagat himself founded Naujawan Bharat Sabha. The British government made out the Kakori conspiracy case (1925) related to Kakori railway station dacoity, against Bhagat Singh and his associates. Bhagat Singh murdered the police super of Lahore, Sanders. On 8th April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutta exploded a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly and courted arrest. Rajguru and Sukhdev and many other revolutionaries were apprehended. The British government started the Lahore Conspiracy Case. In 1929 Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged.

Answer in detail

Question 1.
Write about Netaji Subhas Chandra bose and Azad hind Fauj.
Answer:
Instead of joining the Civil Service Subhas got involved in Bengal politics under the leadership of Chittaranjan. Subhas became the editor of the publicity department of Bengal Congress. He was sentenced to jail for his activities in the Non-co-operation Movement. In jail, Subhas Chandra came across with Chittaranjan’s political ideas. The Swarajya party won the Calcutta Corporation election in 1924. Chittaranjan became the Mayor. Subhas Chandra was appointed as the chief executive. Subhas was jailed repeatedly during this time: Chittaranjan died in 1925. Subhas took upon himself the onus of propagating complete swaraj.

In 1930 Subhas Chandra traveled to Europe for treatment. In 1933 Subhas met Benito Mussolini, the Italian leader. Subhas was enthusiastic about Mussolini’s anti-corruption and social welfare programmes. When the Civil Disobedience movement was withdrawn in 1933, Subhas Chandra Bose severely criticised the Congress policy. A split occured in the Congress in 1930. There was much difference of opinion between the new leadership and the old conservative leaders regarding means of agitation and socio economic ideas.

In 1942 captain Mohan Singhand Rashbehari Bose formed the Azad Hind Fauj in Singapur. At Rashbehari’s request, Subhas went to Japan to take charge of Azad Hind Fauj. In 1943 Subhas Chandra bose founded the Azad Hind Government of Independent India. He was the Prime Minister and Commander-in-chief of the army. Japan’s prime minister Tojo handed Japanoccupied Andaman and Nicobar islands to Azad Hind Fauj. On 19th March, 1944 they hoisted the national flag in India. They occupied Kohima in April. However two regiments of the Azad hind Fauj along with the Japanese Army suffered defeat in the Imphal campaign.

Question 2.
Write a note on Quit India movement.
Answer:
In the Quit India movement of 1942, Mahatma Gandhi’s idaeal of non-violent satyagraha underwent deviations. Gandhi changed the mood of political movement with his cry of ‘Do or die’. To the British rulers Gandhi declared that he himself would take up the responsibility of India, but first the British must go. Various classes of people actively participated in the Quit India movement. On 9th August, 1942, the British government arrested the main leaders of Quit India movement. Even without leadership the movement continued unabated and with spontaneity in various parts of India. Even the Congress leadership had not expected the movement to progress in this way.

The Quit India movement was mainly an urban movement. The police and the public engaged in conflict at various places. Hartals and processions of agitators took place regularly. The students of the cities were in the forefront of this movement. The centre of the movement gradually shifted to the rural areas by the middle of August. A large number of peasants joined the movement. Communication system was made inactive between various regions. In some places the protesters even organised National Governments in Tamralipta, Satara, Talcher.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 8 History Book Solutions Chapter 6 The Beginning of Nationalism offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 8 History Chapter 6 Question Answer – The Beginning of Nationalism

Think and Find –

1. Choose the correct alternatives :

a. The first session of National congress was held at _______ (Bombay/Goa/Madras)
Answer:
Bombay.

b. The Moderates demanded that the eligible age for civil Service examination should be ________ (20 / 23 / 21) years.
Answer:
23 years.

c. Partition of Bengal was planned by _________ (Dufferin/Curzon/Minto)
Answer:
Curzon.

d. The newspaper associated with revolutionlary activities in Bengal was __________ (Jugantar/ Hindu Patriat/Somprokash).
Answer:
Jugantar.

2. Choose which statement is right and which wrong

Question a.
Umesh Chandra Banerjee was the first President of Congress.
Answer:
Right.

Question b.
Moderates called the activities of the Extremists; ‘three day tamasha’.
Answer:
Wrong.

Question c.
Economic nationalism was proposed by Arabindo Ghosh.
Answer:
Wrong.

Question d.
Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki attempted to murder Kingsford.
Answer:
Right.

3. Answer briefly (30-words)

Question a.
What is meant by the age of ‘Sabha samities’?
Answer:
The period from 1857 to 1885 before the foundation of National Congress is called the age of Sabh-samities. In this period different organizations were found in different parts of India. Though they were established for the interest of particular group played an important role in spreading of nationalism on regional basis.

Question b.
Discuss the main differences between Moderates and the Extremists.
Answer:
There were two differences between Moderates and Extremists-i) Moderates kept faith on the policy of appeal, pitition etc, on the other hand extremists belived in active movement. ii) Moderates did think of ‘Swaraj’ or indipendence but the Extremists demanded ‘Swaraj’ or Comple indipendence.

Question c.
What is the importance of the Surat session (1907) of the Congress?
Answer:
in the Surat session the conflict between Extremists and the Moderates became very prominent. In this session congress was divided into two. Lesdership of congress went to the Moderates. Extremists left the congress and continued active national movement under the leadership of Tilak.

Question d.
Why did secret societies grow up in Bengal in the beginning of twentieth century?
Answer:
To promote anti Britisih activities many hidden societies were founded, Those societies were apparently the body building institution but they were involvded in revolutionary activites. Among those the famous was ‘Anushilan Samity’ founded by Sotish Chandra Bose. Pulinbihari Das founded Dhaka Anushilan Samiti in 1906. Besides swadeshi to collect wealth making bomb was also continuing.

4. Write in your own words (120-160 words)

Question a.
Make a critical analysis of humes rolein the foundation of the Congress. Do you think Congress could have been formed without Hume? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
According to Hume a violent anti-british movement could be arisen from the rapid increasing of discontent among Indians. Hume was the assistant secretary of Indian government. Before his retirement he came to know from the police and other sources that a violent anti British revolt might be arisen from the discontent of Indians in which the educated Indians were ready to join. So he planned to establish an all Indian association with the leaders and educated Indians to remove the grudge of the Indian people.

Through this association there would be a chance to remove the various social and administrative discontent of India by discussion. After that by his effort of Jume the first session of congress was arranged at Bombay in 1885. Umesh Chandra Banerjee was its president. In case of establishing Congress Hume was wrongly genen much importance.

In 1877 the representatives of different parts of India gathered at Delhi from there Surendranath planned or an all India association. In 1883 as all India exhibition was arranged at Kolkata. The representatives from various parts of India were present there. To utilise the chance Surendranath called for a national conference. This conference paved the path of foundation of National Congress. Therefore without Hume Congress would be founded surely.

Question b.
What was the main position of economic nationalism? De you find any similarity in its stand with that of boycott and Swadeshi movement. Give reasons.
Answer:
The main factor of economic nationalism was to find out the relation between Indian poveriy and the British rule. From Indian agricultural raw materials like indigo, cotton were sent to Britain at very low cost. Industrial goods were made at Britain from these raw materials. Then these goods were sent to Indian market for sale. In case of textile industry, clothes were manufactured in the mills of Britain at low cost.

In competition with those clothes Indian made clothes could not achieve success. For that reason Indian cotton textile industry was totally destroyed. Low tax was imposed on impotirng goods from Britain and high tax was imposed on exporting goods from India to destroy the Indian industry in pre-planned way. India became an open market of British goods. The British invested their capital in India and took away the profit to Britan.

Economic nationalism was surely related with swadeshi and boycott movement. The main object of swadeshi movement was to stop importing goods from Britain and to minimize the use of foreign goods. Pecketing hartal were continuing. The people started to boycott foreign goods. On the other hand swadeshi organisations were set up to fulfil the demand of the country. These were not enough in compare to the demand. Still the effort was continuing.

Question c.
What was the main proposal of Extremist movement? Do you support the use of religious symbols in their movement? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
The extremists policy within Congress was originated from the inactiveness of the moderate leaders. The Extremists realised that without active movement the economical exploitation and the misuse of resoures by the British could not be stopped. To achieve legal rights active movement was necessary. The extremists did not want any movement without common people like moderates. According to Tilak swaraj was our birth right, we should attain it by own power not by begging. As the Extremists were against the British rule they started criticise the concept of nationalism originated from western education.

They random praised the glorious cultural heritage of India’s past. This praising turned into praising of Hindus. The concept of hinduism was spread as the concept of nationalism. There lived different religious people in India. Any religious symbol should not be used so that people of all religion could join the national movement use of particular religious symbol can put a bar to join different regions of people under a same banner. So I do not support using religious symbol.

Question d.
What was the background of revolutionary terrorism? Why did it largeky fail?
Answer:
Revolutionary terrorism was a part of extreme nationalism. The supporter of revolutionary terrorism used arms and revolver. They were inspired by the idea of Matsine, Garriboldy, Vivekananda, Bankimchandra and Arabindo. They originated movement against the partition of Bengal turned into the movement for ending British rule in India. The Boycott movement was gradually losing its strength under the pressure of torture of police. Terrorism had grown against this torture.

Revolutionary works continued by establishing revolutionary samity at different parts of Bengal. Sree Arabindo inspired those much. Not only in Bengal, revolutionary activities were rapidly increasing in Punjab, Maharashtra. This activities erassed the boundary of the country and spread our the foreign lands.

In most of the cases the revolutionary activities were failed to achieve their goal. There were different factors behind it. Many secret plans were revealed. Many leaders were arrested. for the treachery of others. As their agenda was secret the rebellions could not adopt the plan of social movement. They could not reasised that without the cooperation of mass any movement could not be successul.

5. Imagine and write (within 200 words) :

Question a.
Suppose you are an Extremist leader. You have to organise movement in different parts of Bengal. Make a rough draff of the lecture you want to present to the public.
Answer:
Friends,
You know the policy of appeal and petition of congress has not given any favourable result to the people of India. We have no faith on it. We are influenced by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lata Lajpat Roy, Bipin Chandra Pal, Arabindo Ghosh etc. you know Indian economic structure has been broken down for economical exploitation of British Government. We will not tolerate the pressure of taxes and reveneus, discrimination between the policy of importing and exporting and other discrimination in different fields.

The defeating of great power Russia against Japan and the anti British movement in Ireland have encouraged us. The government has curtailed of our freedom of speech. The freedom of press has been also restricted. They have controled even local self government or educational institution. Besides Illbert bill, Calcutta Municipal Act Indian University Act have a great influence on the people and society. The speech of Vivekananda and Bankimchandra carry the seed of nationalism. We can not ignore the call of Arabindo or Bankimchandra for organising active movement. Friends let us be part of the extreme movement and make free the India from the curse of bondage. This is the right time now.

Question b.
Suppose you have joined Swadeshi movement at the leadership of Rabindranath Tagore. Narrate your experience on the Raksha-bandhan in a letter to your friend.
Answer:
Calcutta
October, 1905
Dear Bimal,
Hope you are well. Today is a day of rejoice, You know a movement has started today to protest against the partition of Bengal. In the mean time Rabindranath has diclared to hold rakhi binding festival as the symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity. You know we all are involved with Swadeshi movement. I was present there ear’y morning. We all start for Jagannath ghat with Rabindranath. All are walking towards Jagannath ghat. He has said we will tie rakhis on every ones hands after a bath in Ganges. People gather on the roof tops and the footpaths. Women are showering parched rice, blowing conch, as of this is a parade. We all are singing-Bengal’s soil, Bengal water/Bengal’s air Bengal’s fruit…/ let them be blessed let them be blessed Oh God.

The craziness can not be explained bt me. People have gathered in the ghat to see Rabindranath. After we have completed bathing. All have tied rakhi on each other’s hand. Rakhi is also tied on to those who are near to us. It is a great incident at Ganges ghat. Sudenly Rabindranath though of binding rakhi to the Muslims of Chitpur Masjid. We all start towards Chitpur Masjid. In this way Rakhi binding festival has observed in a splendour manner.
No more today. Reply soon. I shall wait for your letter.

Yours
Harish

Class 8 History Chapter 6 Question Answer West Bengal Board – The Beginning of Nationalism

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers :

Question 1.
The first session of the National Congress took place in-
i) Calcutta
ii) Bombay
iii) Surat
iv) Nagpur
Answer:
ii) Bombay

Question 2.
The meeting was presided by-
i) Subhas Chandra
ii) Gandhiji
iii) Surendranath
iv) Woomesh Chandra
Answer:
iv) Woomesh Chandra

Question 3.
Landlord’s Society was established in-
i) 1838
ii) 1858
iii) 1828
iii) 1848
Answer:
i) 1838

Question 4.
Indian Leage was established in-
i) 1835
ii) 1845
iii) 1825
iv) 1875
Answer:
iv) 1875

Question 5.
The Cernacular Press Act was passed by-
i) Lord Ripon
ii) Duffrin
iii) Lord Lytton
iv) Lord Curzon
Answer:
iii) Lord Lytton

Question 6.
The moderates in Congress had no programme for the-
i) peasants
ii) zaminders
iii) merchants
i) moneylenders
Answer:
i) peasants

Question 7.
The supporters of extremist politics within the congress came to be known as-
i) revilutionary
ii) extremist
iii) moderate
Answer:
ii) extremist

Question 8.
Shivaji Festival was started by-
i) Lala lajpat Rai
iii) Bipin Chandra pal
iii) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
iv) Sarala Devi
Answer:
iii) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Question 9.
Sarala Deci started-
i) Ganapati Festival
ii) Durga Festival
iii) Pratapaditya Festival
iv) Rakhi Festival
Answer:
iii) Pratapaditya Festival

Question 10.
In 1906 session of Congress Extrimists won and accept the proposal-
i) Swaraj
ii) Swadeshi
iii) boycott
iv) all these
Answer:
iv) all these

Question 11.
The plan of partition of Bengal was put into execution in 1905 on-
i) 16 October
ii) 19 July
iii) 1 July
iv) 1 October
Answer:
i) 16 October

Question 12.
In Bengal famine and plague broke out in-
i) 1880
ii) 1890
iii) 1800
iv) 1810
Answer:
ii) 1890

Question 13.
The Banga Lakshmi cotton mill was started in-
i) 1806
ii) 1890
iii) 1906
iv) 1960
Answer:
iii) 1906

Question 14.
The National Council of Education was established in-
i) 1806
ii) 1810
iii) 1950
iv) 1906
Answer:
iv) 1906

State whether True or False :

1. Anti-partition movement was withdrawn in 1908.
Answer:
False

2. A bomb factory was set up at Hathibagan
Answer:
False.

3. Pulinbehari Das founded the Dhaka Anushilan Samity in 1906.
Answer:
True.

4. The nawspaper Jugantar became the mouthpiece of the revolutionaries.
Answer:
True.

5. Jatindranath Mukhopadhyay was known as Bagha Jatin.
Answer:
True.

6. The production rate of swadeshi goods were very high.
Answer:
False.

7. Swadeshi Movement took place to prevent Lord Curzon’s attept to divide Bengal.
Answer:
True.

8. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an Extremist leader of Congress.
Answer:
True.

9. Rabindranath was ready to accept Pratapaditya as a national hero.
Answer:
False.

10. Tiak started Shivaji festival in Bengal.
Answer:
False.

11. Congress had to keep in mind the interest of the zaminders.
Answer:
True.

12. Dadabhai Naoroji was a businessman.
Answer:
True.

13. The moderates suported the use of British indian army in war in various places.
Answer:
False.

14. The colonia! rulers did not bother much about the opinion of the Moderates.
Answer:
True.

Fill in the blanks :

1. Hume was familiar with the political leaders of various ______.
Answer:
provinces.

2. Many have called the period from 1857-85 the age of ______.
Answer:
sabha samitis.

3. Not all types of people from the Indian society came under the ______.
Answer:
Congress.

4. Judged by the activities of the first two decades, the early Congress leadership may be called ______ and North West India.
Answer:
Moderates.

5. The moderates wanted partial ______ for india within the fold British empire.
Answer:
autonomy.

6. The agro-based economy of India was used mainly for Britain’s colonial ______.
Answer:
interests.

7. British government did not take the National Congress ______.
Answer:
seriously.

8. In various places in bengal Sxtremist leaders had opened ______.
Answer:
gymnasiums.

9. Around 1906-07 the conflict between Extremist and Moderate groups in various parts of India became ______.
Answer:
serious.

10. ______ decided to partition Bengal.
Answer:
Lord Curzon.

11. The spread of national education was ______ due to lack of funds.
Answer:
halted.

12. Anti-partition movement was withdrawn in ______.
Answer:
1911.

13. The line of terrorism was not ______ by all.
Answer:
accepted.

14. Kshudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki made an attempt to ______ Magistrate kingaford of Bengal Presidency.
Answer:
assassinate.

15. Baghajatin tried to procure ______ from germany.
Answer:
arms.

a. Match the column A with column B.

A	B
1. Allan octavian Hume was	a. was a Civil Servant
2. In 1876	b. led to the rise of Extremists
3. Colonial rulers granted none	c. a retired English Civil Servant
4. Ramesh Chandra Dutta	d. Willim Wedderburn
5. Internal classes within the congress	e. the indian Association was formed
6. Hume’s biography was written by	f. was a judge
7. Lord Litton Passed	g. of the demands made by the Moderates
8. Mahadev Gobinda Ranade	h. the Arms Act

Answer:

1. Allan octavian Hume was a retired English Civil Servant.
2. In 1876 the indian Association was formed.
3. Colonial rulers granted none of the demands made by the Moderates.
4. Ramesh Chandra Dutta was a Civil Servant.
5. Internal classes within the congress led to the rise of Extremists.
6. Hume’s biography was written by Willim Wedderburn.
7. Lord Litton Passed the Arms Act.
8. Mahadev Gobinda Ranade was a judge.

Answer in a sentence :

Question 1.
When and where was the first session of National Congress held?
Answer:
The first session of National Congress was helf in Bombay in 1885.

Question 2.
Who presided overthe first session of National Congress?
Answer:
The meeting was presided over by Woomesh Chander banerjee.

Question 3.
Which was the first nationalist organisation?
Answer:
Bangabhasa Publishing Society was the first nationalist organisation.

Question 4.
When was Landholder’s society organised?
Answer:
Landholder’s society was organised in 1838.

Question 5.
Which period is called the ‘age of sabha samities’?
Answer:
From 1857-85 is called the ‘age of sabha samities’.

Question 6.
Who was the founder of Hindumela?
Answer:
Nabagopal mitra was the founder of Hindumela.

Question 7.
When and Who established Indian League?
Answer:
Sisir kumar Ghose established Indian League in 1975.

Question 8.
Who established Bharat Sabha?
Answer:
Surendranath Bandopadhyay and Anandanohan bose established Bharat Sabha.

Question 9.
Who wrote the biography of hume?
Answer:
William wedderburn wrote the biography of hume.

Question 10.
Who called the Congress ‘Representatives of the minority’?
Answer:
Dufferin called the Congress ‘Representatives of the minority’

Question 11.
Who were Moderates?
Answer:
Congress leadership of first two decades was called Moderates.

Question 12.
‘Congress was no anti-Briyish conspirational platform’-Who told this and when?
Answer:
Womesh Chunder Bonerjee told this in the first session of Congress.

Question 13.
Why the British government did not take the National Congress seriously?
Answer:
Because the nasses had no role to play in the National Congress.

Question 14.
Who are known as extremists?
Answer:
The supporters of extremistpolitics within the Congress came to be known as extremists.

Question 15.
Who started Shivaji festival?
Answer:
Bal gangadhar Tilak started Shivaji festival.

Question 16.
Who started Pratapaditya Festival?
Answer:
Sarala Devi Chaudhurani started Pratapaditya Festival.

Question 17.
Who did not accept Pratapaditya as a national hero?
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore did not accept Pratapaditya as a national hero.

Question 18.
What was the Extremist’s concept of Swaraj?
Answer:
Bipin Chandra pal regarded Swaraj as complete independence.

Question 19.
Who were Lal-Bal-Pal?
Answer:
Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chendra Pal.

Question 20.
What was the Extremist’s concept of Swaraj?
Answer:
Bipin Chandra pal regarded Swaraj as complete independence.

Question 21.
When was partition of Bengal executed?
Answer:
Partition of Bengal was executed on 16th October, 1905.

Question 22.
When was Bangalakshmi Cotton Mill estabished?
Answer:
Bangalakshmi Cotton Mill was established in 1906.

Question 23.
Who was the founder of Anusilan Samiti?
Answer:
Satish chandra basu was the founder of Anusilan Samiti.

Question 24.
When and by whom Dhaka Anusilan Samiti was founded?
Answer:
Pulinbehari das founded Dhaka Anusilan Samiti in 1906.

Question 25.
When was anti-partition movement withdrawn?
Answer:
Anti-partition movement was ivithdrawn in 1911.

Question 25.
Name the newspaper which was the mouthpiece of the revolutionaries.
Answer:
‘Jugantar’ was the mouthpiece of the revolutionaries.

Question 26.
Where was the bomb factory set up?
Answer:
A bomb factory was set up at Maniktala.

Question 27.
Who made an attempt to kill kingsford?
Answer:
Kshudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki made an attempt to kill Kingsford.

Answer in brief :

Question 1.
Write a short note on Indian association.
Answer:
The Indian Association of Kolkata was an important nationalist organisation. In 1876 Surendranath and Anandamohan formed the Indian Association. Its aim was to organise Indians into a unified political agitation. A national conference was held in kolkata in 1883 on the initiative of Indian Association. The conference was chaired by Ramtanu Lahiri.

Question 2.
What is Ilbert Bill Controversy?
Answer:
No Indian judge could try a Europesn accused. C. P. Ilbert, a member of viceroy’s law organisation, sought todo away with this discrimination. he proposed a bill which allowed Indian judges to try to try Europeans. The Europeans protested against this bill. The bill was withdrawn. Then Indians started agitation in support of the bill. Tis is known as Ilbert Bill Controversy.

Question 3.
Write a note on Vernacular Press Act.
Answer:
Lord Lytton took a number of steps for the expansion of British empire. The Indian newspapers criticised him for this. As a result Lytton passed The Vernacular Press Act (1878). This law dictated that native newspapers could not print any anti-government statements. Otherwise the government would confiscate the newspaper. This law caused discontent all over the country.As a result. Viceroy Lord Ripon repealed the law in 1881.

Question 4.
Mention the activities of the first two decades of Indian National Congress.
Answer:
The activitiec of the first two decades Congress leadership may be called ‘Moderates’. Congress programme was then confined to annual sessions. It was satirically called ‘a three day tamasha.’ Various representatives in these sessons put forward opinions and proposals. But round the year there was effort to organise movements on the basis of the accepted proposals. Most of the leaders were busy with their own profession.

Question 5.
What is Economic Nationalism?
Answer:
The chief aim of sconomic nationalism was to assess the relation between Indian poverty and British rule. The moderates argued that the character of colonial rule in India had changed. India had become a place for Britain’s acquisation of agricultural raw material. The agro-based economy of India was used mainly for Britain’s colonial interest.

Question 6.
Why was a national protest under the leadership of the Extremists flourished?
Answer:
Some administrative reforms of Lord Curzon made evident the failure of the moderate Congress leadership. Curzon decreased the number of elected members to the Salcutta municipality in 1899. The freedom of the press was curbed by laws. Surveillance was increased over the universities. Curzon also made an attempt to divide Bengal. In opposition to these steps there flourished a national protest under the leadership of the Extremists.

Question 7.
What was Extremist’s concept of Swaraj?
Answer:
Bipin Chandra pal regarded Swaraj as complete independer ce. Aurobinda Ghosh had a similar opinion. Most of the leaders understood Swaraj to be self-rule within British imperialism. Thus Extremist movement took the policy of organising passive resistance instead of the policy of prayer and petition. There was a call to protest against British rule by disobeying the unjust laws imposed by the British government.

Question 8.
What was the main cause of partition of bengal?
Answer:
The colonial government had firmly put the administrative logic forward. The nationalist leaders blamed the divide and rule policy of the government for the division based on religious communities. It was clear that partition of Bengal had been initiated to weaken united Bengal and Bengalis’ political opposition.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 8 History Book Solutions Chapter 5 Reaction of Colonial Rule: Co-operation and Revolt offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 8 History Chapter 5 Question Answer – Reaction of Colonial Rule: Co-operation and Revolt

Thinak and Find –

1. Match column A with B

Column A	Column B
Hindu Pattriot	Last Mughal Emperor
Bahadur Shah Zafar	Movement against Sati
Raja Rammohan Ray	Brahmo Samaj
Bijay Krishna Goswami	Sidhu and Kanhu
Santhal Rebellion	Indigo Rebellion

Answer:

Column A	Column B
Hindu Pattriot	Indigo Rebellion
Bahadur Shah Zafar	Last Mughal Emperor
Raja Rammohan Ray	Movement against Sali
Bijay Krishna Goswami	Brahmo Samaj
Santhal Rebellion	Sidhu and Kanhu

2. Find the odd one out

a. Pandita Ramabai, Begum Rokeya, Sakhawat Hossain, Sister Subhalaxmi, Rani Laxmibai.
Answer:
Rani Laxmibai.

b. Atmaram Pandurang, Mahadev Govinda Ranade, Jotirao Fhule, Birshalíngam Pantulu.
Answer:
Birshalingam Panthlu.

c. Rammohon Ray, Devendranath Tagore, Keshab Chandra Sen, Dayananda Sarawati. is
Answer:
Dayananda Sarawati.

d. Bahadur Shah Zafar, Nana Saheb, Titumir, Mangal Pandey
Answer:
Titumir.

3. Answer briefly (30-40 words)

Question a.
Who are called ‘middle class’ in colonial India?
Answer:
Those people who are placed at the inter mediate stage of fenancial solvency became to be known as ‘middle class’. In Bretish India the middle class people coming from the upper class segment of the Hindu Community were called Bhadralok. Exposure to western education produced this new educated middle class to initiate social reforms.

Question b.
Against which social customs did the young Bengal group protest?
Answer:
The young Bengal Gruup considered the old social customs and superstitions were not sustainable by judicious reasoning. They opposed such superstitions and customs. The yound students who raised thier voice against the old customs and determined to change the society were called ‘Young Bengal.’ Henry Louis Vivian Derozio, the teacher of Hindu College, inspired them for free thinking. He set up the Academic Accosiation and opposed the existing caste system, child marriage, polygamy etc.

Question c.
What was the aim of the reforms of Sir Syed Ahmed?
Answer:
Sir Syed Ahmed realised that the causes of the back’sardness of Muslim society were be religious regidity and the hatred towards Western edrcation. Without Western education the muslims never could occupy the equal position with Hindus nd n…., indus would enjo the facilities of British rule. Therefore he gave effort to reform the Muslim Society and spread Weste…. Antion among them.

Question d.
Against whom did Titumir revolt?
Answer:
At Narkelberia village of Barasat Mir Nishar Ali or Titumir constructed a bamboo fort and started a movement against local landlords, Indigo plants and also the British require. The bamboo fort is the symbol of his revolt.

4. Write in your own words (120-160 words)

Question a.
Analyse the main similarities between the movements against the practice of Sati and movement for Widow Remarriage. What steps did Vidyasagar initiate for education of women?
Answer:
The abolishing of Sati custom and the widow remarriage both were social reforms. The tremendors system of Sati custom which encouraged the widow women to die with her dead husband and to burn her in pyre, prevailed our Bengal in nineteenth Century. Raja Rammohan started his reform movements against ‘Sati’ custom. Taking examples from diferent Hindu siripture he proved that the ‘Sati’ custom was not mentioned in any Hindu regious book or scripture. He oppoosed the ruthless custom in his book ‘Prabartak-ONibortak-er Sambad. Due to the influnce of his movement ‘Sati’ custom was prohibited by introducing an Act in 1829. But the inhuman practice did not stop altogether.

Similarly in the middle of the nineteenth century Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar organised a movement for remarriage of widows. He published a booklet with reasoning in favour of the remarriage and wrote essay in different magazines. He collected the signatures of the mass and appealed to the government. He had to face a great difficult situation for the orthodox head of the society. But for his strict persofility and determination all obstruction was removed. Hindu widosv remarriage Act was introduced in 1856 by Lord Canning. Widow re-marriages were arranged through his personal eccorts but it did not gain any popularity at all among various section of the society.

Vidyasagar played an important role in the spreading of women education. He established a large number of school for girls in different parts of Bengal and encouraged women for education.

Question b.
What was the main aim oi the Brahmo Movement? Analyse the limitations of the Brahmo movement.
Answer:
Rammohan Roy established Atmiya Sabha in 1815 for social reformation, in 1828 Bramho Samaj organised from Atmiya Sabha. When Rammohan went to abroad Debendranath Tagore took the charge of Brahmo Samaj. He founded Tatwabodhini Sabha and published ‘Tatwabodhini Patrika.’ These became the arms of reformation movement. In 1853 Keshab Chandra Sen took the responsiliting of Brahmo Samaj. But Brahmo Samaj was divided into two because of the different views of these two leadens.

In case of social, religious and educational reformation Brahmo Samaj started a new era. It played an important role in national movement and social service. Brahmo Samaj faught against polygamy, dowry system, child marriage and in favour of remarriage of widow, spreading of women education etc. The Brahmo movement spered over the districts from the educated society in Calcutta.

The movement was confined in the elite classes of the society. The liberal outlook of Brahmo could not move the common people. Brahmo movement did not spread in rural areas due to its limitaion of power. But orthodex, superstitious people were not mentally prepared to welcome their idea.

Question c.
Make a comperative analysis of the ‘Santhal Rebllion’ and Indigo Reblellion. What was the role of Hindu Patiot in both cases?
Answer:
‘Santhal Rebellion’ was one of the most important revolt against the exploitation of colonial rule, money leader, Zamindar, Izaradar etc. The Santhals started farming after clearing the forest and stones of forest of hilly area. They thought that as they turned the land which was unfit for farming into agricultural land, they were the real owner of the land. But the Government introduced permanent settlement system in their land and imposed revenue. They were compelled to pay tax. The zamindar forced them to work without any wages. The staffs of the zamindar deprived them in many ways. For these reasons the Santhals revolted.

The Indigo rebellion was also occured for protesting against the colonial government, money lenders, indigo planters. They forced the farmers to take loan and to cultivate indigo and for this purpose they tortured them, harassed them. If they became disagree even they were killed. The grudge of the peasant increased in proportion with to return. The paddy or tobacco fields were used for indigo plantation. As the result the production of rice decreased. The income of the peasant became less. They appealed to the court for just but all in vien. They were more tortured for that.

The educated Bengalee expressed their views against the Santhal rebellion but Harish Chandra Mukhapadhya, the editor of the ‘Hindui Patriot, published the causes behind the Santhal rebellion in his paper. He demanded punishment for those who led the santthal into rebellion. He wrote essys against the indigo planter and in favour of the peasants in his paper. He mentioned that the indigo farmers became loser than to be gained.

Question d.
Do you think the Rovolt of 1857 was merely a ‘Sepoy Mutiny’? Give reasons for your answer:
Answer:
The revolt of 1857 was merely a Sepoy ‘Mutiny’. It is because they played leading role in this revolt. There was the lack of complete plan. This revolt did not spread all over India and the people of all classes did not join in this revolt. On the other hand the Sepoys dischared Bahadur Sah as the emperor of India but he was not loyal to the object of the revolt. All kings and rulers did not get involved in the revolution. The rulers who joined in this revolt were busy to fulfill their selfinterest.

Inspite of above all it is noted that at first the revolt was limited to the sepoy only but later it gradually transferred itself into a ‘national revolution’. A great part of Indian mass participated in the revolt. The people of different religions, casts, creed, clases joined in this movement. In some part of India like Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Ayodhya, the revolt assumed the shape of national movement. Some places became free from British rule for some days. So it can not be said the Revolt of 1857 was merely a Sepoy Mutiny.

5. Imagine and write ( 200 words)

Question a.
Imagine you have met Rammmohan Roy and Iswarchandra Vidyasagar. Write an imaginary dialogue between them and yourself on abolition of Sati and introduction of widow remarriage.
Answer:
Conversation with Rommohan-
I : What a good luck, here is you. I have just read your essay on ‘Sati’- “Prabartak-ONibartak-er Sambad.” I like it very much. You with the help of defferent Hindu Sastra you have proved that the custom of ‘Sati’ is not mentioned anywhere.
Rammohan : To turn to death the helpless women for the shake of religion is nothing but a banbarism. I want to stop the custom for ever.
I : Some orthodex, superstitious people now opposing you. But Some people want to eradicate this custom.
Rammohan : I shall make the people to express their views against it. I will not take rest untill the custom will be aboslished.
I: Is it true that you are trying to pass a law about this matter?
Rammohan : Right, I have already discussed with Lord Bentink about the abolition of Sati.
I: Are you hopeful about this matter?
Rammohan : The Govorment is thinking about this matter. An act will be introduced very soon.
I : It will be very good then.

Conversation with Vidyasagar :

I : How lucky I am to meet you! You are so great scholar and social reformer. The way by which you are trying to enact a law conferring of remarriage of the widows. The reasonings which you show in your essay tilled ‘Bidhoba Bibaho’ in favour of widow re-marriage, can not the denyed.
Vidyasagar : But this is not the last word, the people have to receive it by heart. Most of the people admit the reasoning but they have lack of courage.
I : It is a very old custom. But you will the successful surely.
Vidyasagar : This is the greatest work of my life. I will not stop without achieving sucess.
I : Is it true that you are trying to pass a law about it?
Vidyasagar-Right : I have demanded to the Government to enact a law over the widow remarriage. They have advised my reasoning and thinking about the law.
I : I know you will be successful. The way through which you are struggling can never be failed.
Vidyasagar : I hope Lord canning will introduced an act very soon.
I : It will be very good them.

Question b.
Imagine you are a journalist. You have gained experience and knowledge about the revolt of 1857 by visiting different places of India during the Revolt. Write a newspaper report based on your experience.
Answer:
Calcutta, February 1859. The revolt that was started by Mangal Pandey in the Barrackpore Cantonment towords the end of March in 1857 have spread out all over India. The revolt has influenced greatly on some places and in other places its influence is less. In Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Oudh this movement has turned into national revolution. In some places the British has lost their control for few days. But South India remains free from the influence of the revolt. Some parts of North India like Bengal, Punjab, Rajasthan are also free from the impact of the revolt.

At first it was merely a revolt of Sepays, but it Gradually transform into national movement. A large part of Indian people has taken part in this movement. Different people irespective of cast, creed, religion have joined in this rebellion. The British has adopted extremely repressive means to suppress the revolt. The British army recaptuned Delhi by the end of September. They have insprisoned Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah and banished him to Rangoon. Insprite of all these efforts the revolt could not be stopped. The rebels have no enough resources of man power. There are lack of arms and the means of communication are weak. it is an uneqal war.

Class 8 History Chapter 5 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Reaction of Colonial Rule: Co-operation and Revolt

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers :

Question 1.
In British India, the middle class people covering from the upper cast segment of the Hindu community were called-
i) Sabhyalok
ii) Bhadralok
iii) Mahajan
Answer:
ii) Bhadralok.

Question 2.
The newspaper Samachar Darpan was-
i) monthly
ii) daily
iii) weekly
iv) yearly
Answer:
iv) Weekly.

Question 3.
Under the editership of Marshman the Bengali monthly news paper-
i) Bengal garet
ii) Digdarshan
iii) Hindu Pattriot
Answer:
ii) Digdarshan

Question 4.
To abolish the Sati custom a strong defence was put by-
i) Iswarchandra Vidyasagar
ii) Kesob sen
iii) Rammohan Roy
iv) Debendranath Tagore
Answer:
iii) Rammohan Roy.

Question 5.
Pandita Rama Bai, came off a Brahmin family, overcoming all social obstacles she marricd a-
i) Brahmin
ii) Kshatriya
iii) Sudra
Answer:
iii) Sudra.

Question 6.
Atmiya Sabha was established by-
i) Kesab Chandra Sen
ii) Rammohan Roy
iii) Dayanand Saraswati
iv) Iswarchandra Vidyasagar
Answer:
ii) Rammohan Roy.

Question 7.
In Santhal rebellion an important role was played by-
i) Sidhu
ii) Mangal Pandey
iii) Mir Nisar Ali
Answer:
i) Sidhu.

Question 8.
Dinabandhu Mitra published the opperasive acts of Indigo planters in his drama-
i) Neel Kahin
iii) Neel Bedroho
iii) Neel Darpan
iv) Neel Planter
Answer:
iii) Neel Darpan.

Question 9.
The proclamation of queen Victoria was decleared on-
i) 5th November
ii) 10th November
iii) 30th November
iv) 1st November
Answer:
iv) 1st November.

State whether True or False :

1. Drowning girl child in the Ganga could be abolished by law.
Answer:
False

2. Lord Wellesley founded ‘Sati’ custom by law.
Answer:
False.

3. Vidyasagar established several girls’ school with his own money.
Answer:
True.

4. Vivekananda belived in the independence of women.
Answer:
True.

5. All of the Muslim society could not accept the reforms of Sayed Ahamed.
Answer:
True.

6. After Indigo rebellion Indigo commission was set up by Government.
Answer:
True.

7. Only the Muslim stedents studied in Aligarh Anglo-Oriental College.
Answer:
False.

8. Sepoy mutiny was known as great revolution.
Answer:
True.

9. Bishnu Charan biswas was a leader of Santhal rebellion.
Answer:
False.

10. Wahabi movement was originated in India.
Answer:
False.

11. Christian Missionary James long was sympathetic to the Indigo uprising.
Answer:
True.

12. Tho:tsands of Santhals inclufing Sidhu and Kanhu were killed.
Answer:
True.

13. The European civilians forcefully engaged the Santhals for lying railway tracks.
Answer:
True.

14. Mohameddan Literery Society was established in Nombay in 1860.
Answer:
False.

Fill in the blanks :

1. James Angustus Hickey first published a weekly magazine named _____.
Answer:
Bengal Gazette.

2. The founder of Academic Association is _____.
Answer:
Derozio.

3. The name of the wife of Jyotiva Phule is _____.
Answer:
Sabitri Debi.

4. Arya Samaj was popular in _____ and North West India.
Answer:
Pujab.

5. In the second half of nineteenth Century various _______ also started in Muslim Society.
Answer:
Reformed process.

6. Among the differnt tribal movement _______ rebellion was the most significant.
Answer:
Santhal.

7. Wahabi movement sstarted under the guidence of ______ in the Narkelberia area of Barasat.
Answer:
Titumir.

8. Bishnu Charan Biswas and ____ were the two leaders of Indigo Rebellion.
Answer:
Digamber Biswas.

9. Most of the sepoys of the Bengal army hailed from _____.
Answer:
Awadh.

10. No single reason can be cited for the _______ of 1857.
Answer:
revolt.

11. Due to the impact of the revolt of 1857, the rule of English East India Company in India came to an _____.
Answer:
end.

12. With effect from 1st November 1859, the government of India Act came into _____.
Answer:
force.

13. When the revolution was in full swing, unity between the Hindus and Muslims remained _____.
Answer:
Unaffected.

Match column A with B

A	B
Drowning the girl child into the Ganga	1856
Lord Bentick	Parthana Samaj of Bombey
Remarriage of the widow Act	Satyasadhak Samaj
Henry Louis Vivian Derozio	Jaliya fair
Assistant inspector of school	Forbidding the satisfaction
Atmaram Pandurang	Lord Wellesley
Jyotiva Phule	Swami Vivekananda
Naba Gopal Mitra	Chand, Bhairab
Religious conference in Chicago	The teacher of Hindu college
Aligarh movement	Iswarchandra Vidyasagar
Santhal Rebellion	Mopals revolt
South India	National Revolution
Karl Marx	Sayed Ahmed

Answer:

A	B
Drowning the girl child into the Ganga	Lord Wellesley
Lord Bentick	Forbidding the satisfaction
Remarriage of the widow Act	1856
Henry Louis Vivian Derozio	The teacher of Hindu college
Assistant inspector of school	Iswarchandra Vidyasagar
Atmaram Pandurang	Parthana Samaj of Bombey
Jyotiva Phule	Satyasadhak Samaj
Naba Gopal Mitra	Jaliya fair
Religious conference in Chicago	Swami Vivekananda
Aligarh movement	Sayed Ahmed
Santhal Rebellion	Chand, Bhairab
South India	Mopals revolt
Karl Marx	National Revolution

Answer in a sentence :

Question 1.
Who were known as ‘middle class’?
Answer:
Those placed at the immediate stage of financial solvency was known as middle class.

Question 2.
Who forbade Sati custom and when?
Answer:
In 1829 Lord Bentinck forbade Sati custom.

Question 3.
Who wrote “Prabartak-O-Nebartak-er Dwitya Sambad”?
Answer:
Rammohan Roy wrote ‘Prabartak-O-Nebartaker Dwitya Sambad.’

Question 4.
Who enacted a law conferring legality to remarriage of Widow and when?
Answer:
In 1856 Lord Canning creacted a law conferring legality to remariage of widow.

Question 5.
In which college Vidyasagar was a teacher?
Answer:
Vidyasagar was a teacher of Sanskrit College.

Question 6.
In which school Derozio was a tencher?
Answer:
Derozio was a teacher of Hindu college.

Question 7.
What was the full name of Derozio?
Answer:
The full name of Derozio was Henry Luis Vivian Derozio.

Question 8.
What was the name of the institution founded by Derozio?
Answer:
The name of the instiution founded by Derozio is Academic Association.

Question 9.
Name some students of Derozio.
Answer:
The name of some students of Derozio were Ramtanu Lahiri, Parrychand Mitra, Radhanath Sikdar etc.

Question 10.
When was the Prathana Samaj founded at Maharastra?
Answer:
Prarthana Samaj was founded at Maharastra in 1857.

Question 11.
Why were Jyotiva Phule and Sabitri Devi famous in Maharasthra?
Answer:
Jyotirao Phule and Sabitri Devi were famous in Maharashtra for their social reform movements.

Question 12.
Who founded ‘Arya Samaj’ and when?
Answer:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1857.

Question 13.
Who founded the Jatiya Fair?
Answer:
Nabagopal Mitra founded Jatiya Fair.

Question 14.
What was the name of the disciple of Ramkrishna Paramhansa Dev?
Answer:
The name of the disciple of Ramakrishna Paramhansa Dev was Swami Vivekananda.

Question 15.
When was the Mahamedan Literary Society founded?
Answer:
The Mahamedan Literary Society was founded in 1863.

Question 16.
Under whose leadership Wahabi movement originated?
Answer:
Wahabi movement originated under the leadership of Abdul Wahab.

Question 17.
By whom the Wahabi movement in India was directed?
Answer:
The Wahabi movement in India was directed by Sayed Ahmed.

Question 18.
What was the real name of Titumir?
Answer:
The real name of Titumir was Mir Mesar Ali.

Question 19.
Who built a bamboo fort.
Answer:
Titumir built a bamboo fort.

Question 20.
Name a leader of Santhal Rebellion.
Answer:
A leader of Santhal Rebellion was Sidhu.

Question 21.
When did the Indigo Rubellion took place in Bengal?
Answer:
Indigo Rebellion took place in Bengal in 1859.

Question 22.
Where did Indigo Rebellion start?
Answer:
Indigo Rebullion Started at Chougacha village in Nadia district.

Question 23.
Where did Sepoy Mutiny start?
Answer:
Sepoy Mutiny stantit at Barrakpur.

Question 24.
Who was Rani Lakshmi Bai?
Answer:
Rani Lakshmi Bai was one of a leaders of Sepoy mutiny.

Question 25.
Who was Bahadur Shah?
Answer:
Bahadur Shah was last Mughal Emperor.

Question 26.
Where and when did Bahadur Shah exile?
Answer:
Bahadur Shah was exiled to Rangoon in 29th march, 1858.

Question 27.
Who was the first Viceroy of India?
Answer:
Lord Canning was the first Viceroy of India.

Question 28.
When did the Government of India Act come into force?
Answer:
From 1st November 1859 the Government of India Act came into force.

Answer in brief :

Question 1.
Write a short note on Ramkrishna Parmahansa.
Answer:
The role of Ramkrishna Parmhansa Dev in religious and social reformation is very significant. He was the priest of Dakshineswar temple of goddess Kali. He achieved solvation by adapting different ways of different religion. He opposed all superstition and regidity of religion. His famour teaching was ‘Jata mat tata path.” He gave life in Hindu religion. He created a special favour in the minds of the educated urban class of nineteenth century. The mixture of different religious views were in him.

Question 2.
Write a short note on ‘Young Bengal’.
Answer:
In nineteenth century as the result of spreading Western education a group of youth in Bengal gained a new conciousness by the influence of Western history and philosophy. They revolted against the superstitions and old customs of Hindu religion and society. They were called young Bengal. They express their views aganist various social customs and practices. They all belonged to the rich and elite class. They were inspired by Derozio the teacher of Hindu College in free thinking and reasoning.

In Academic Assotiation founded by Derozio, several discussion and debate took place against the customs of caste system, child marriage, polygamy etc. After the death of Derozio the movement of young Bengal was carried on by his students Parychand Mitra, Radhanath Sikdar, Ramtanu Lahiri etc. They devoted themselves in spreading of modern thinking, scientific knowledge and social reformation. But this movement had no impact on the common people.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Arya Samaj.
Answer:
In 1875 Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj. The Arya Samaj played an important role to revive the society and culture. Arya Samaj conducted a mass movement in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra against caste system and idol worship. They were deeply interested in women education. They supported widow remarriage. The main object of Dayananda was to establish Hinduism based on vedas. He adapted ‘Sudhi’ system to turn the non Hindus to Hindu. But after the death of Dayanand the Arya Samaj movement was continued by Lala Hansaraj. Swami Sradhananda, Guru Dutta.

Question 4.
What is Aligarh movement?
Answer:
One of the steps taken by Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan for the development of Muslim Society was the establishment of Anglo Oriental College in 1975. This was the greatest credit of him. Later this college changed into a University. In this College arts, science were taught through the medium of English language. Aligarh movement was organished based on this college. Aligarh movement grew practical couscious among the Muslims. Sayed Ahmed trieded to remove the superstition and ignorance from the Muslims by reasoning. He opposed the polygamy, Talak system and Purda system.

Question 5.
Why is the great revolution called the National Revolution?
Answer:
Several historians called the great revolution as the first Indian Natioanl Revolution. According to Surendranath this revolution first started by the Sepoy but gradually it was transforming itself into a national revolution. A large part of Indian population took part in this revolt. The people of different caste, and religion joined in this revolt. The impact of the rebellion in some places was comparatively more than other places. In Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Oudh the revolt assumed the shape of national revolution. In some places of India the British rule becase invalid for some days.

Question 6.
What was the direct cause of great revolution.
Answer:
A discontent was accumulated in the Indian Sepoys for various causes. The British sepoy used ill language toward Indian Sepoy. Besides there was discrimination in salary, promotion and other facilities. Mere over the Indian Sepoys were compelled to go any place for war bylaw.

Crossing the sea was against the Hindu custom. In this situation romour went round that the Cartidge of new Enfieid refles had cow and pig fat are mixed in side them. Before inserting in the refle those cartidge had to be nippled open by teech which was not acceptable to the Sepoys. The sepoys considered it was a conspiracy of the company to violate the purity of their caste and religion. They burst into rage and started to revolt.

Answer in details :

Question 1.
Mention the role of Rammohân and Vidyasagar in reformation movement in Bengal.
Answer:
Raj.. Rammoha: Roy was known as the ‘first modern man of India’. He played an active role into abcisit various relogious and social susperstitions. He tried to organise a firm movement against caste system and untouchabelity by estabalishing Atmiya Sabha and Brahmo Samaj. He organised a great movement against Sati custom-burning a newly widow with his dead husband. From the Hindu scriptures he proud that Sati custom was not compulsory. He gave reason in support of abolition of Sati in his book ‘Prabartak-O-Nibortak-er Dwitya Sambad’. For the influence of his m. vement the Sati custom was forbidden in 1829 by law. He fought against Caste system, child marriage, polygamy etc. He was active in case of spreading women education, increasing the prestige of women and the establishing the women right on property.

Vidyasagar fought against social superstitions and religious regidity throughout his life. introducing widow remarriage was a fame of his works. He also fought against child marriage, polygamy. He tried his best to spresd woman education. He established many girls’ school in Kolkata and districts. He wrote many text books.

Question 2.
What is the significance of Indigo Rebellion :
Answer:
Indigo Rebellion was an important point of peasant movement in India. It was a unified movement of different types of peasant. The British company supressed the revolt using extremely respressive means but the confidence of the cultivators could not be broken. Apart from the cultivators the educated middle class people also jained in this movement. This rebellion revealed the picture of economic exploitation of colonial rule. This movement was the pioneer of many other movements and helped to arise nationalism among IndiAnswer: For this rebellion the government was compelled to set up Indigo couissim in 1860. According to the report of the commission the cultivators would not be compelled to cultivate indigo. This rebellioin increased the discontenent and hatred of Indians against British.

Question 3.
Mention four main causes of failure of the great rebellion. Evaluate the great Rebellion.
Answer:
Lack of planning This revolt was organised regionally. The objective of different leaders were different. There was no specific organisation, no motive. The revolt look place without planning. It was on regional base. There was the gap of communication.

Lack of public support : The people of India did not take part in this revolt. The people who joined had no same objective or interest. Most of the king or federal lord did not join in the revolt. Some king helped the British to supress the revolt. Nana Sahib, Queen of Jhansi, Kunwar Singh joined in this rovolt.

Not one in whole : The revolt did not spread all over India. South India kept away from thiss revolt. Even one part of north India i.g Punjab. Rajasthan did not joint in the revolt.

Lack of arms or warfare : In compare to Indian rebells British were far ahead in arms and warfare.

Evaluation of this great revolt : After the great Revolt of 1857 the nationalism arose in IndiAnswer: The Indians realised the significant of mass movement. The principal of British administration also changed. The queen of England took rule of India in her own hand. By a proclamation, British queen Victoria was declared Queen Emperor of British India. After the revolt the British started to pay attention in economic exploitation of Indıa instead of invation. The number of European soldiers were increased. The control of comanders over the Indian army was densered. In 1861 Indian Council Act was passed. By this Act in State and central legislative assembly number of Indian members were increased.

Question 4.
Write about Wahabi Movement and its impact in Bengal.
Answer:
One of the leaders of Wahabi Movement in Bengal was Mir Nisar Ali or Titumir. He was influenced by syed Ahmed of Rai Barelli. Titumir started spreading his idealism and formed organisation. He said a Muslim Should obey only Koran not any ‘Peer’ or Moulana. As the result orthodex Muslims were offended with him but poor peasant and weavers of Hindu and Muslim supported him. Titumir organised movement against landlord and Indigo cultivatior with the help of them, on the otherhand zamindar and Indigo cultivator together tried to suppress the revolt. They imposed different types of classes and began to tortune on him. Titumar with his rebells attack the indigo factories and also won.

The main object of the movement was to protect the social and economical interest of dipressed peasants. The aim of Titumir was to save the peasants from the tortune and exploitation of mahajan and Indigo cultivators. So he organised the revolt against them. He influnced the local peasant and weavens greatly. He declared the end of British rule and demanded himself as ‘Badshah’. He was about to collect revenue from Zamindars. The British took the side of Indigo cultivators and the battle between Titumir and the British became inevitable. Finally Titumir was defeated and killed. At very beginning Titumir was a religious reformer but later he became a freedom fighter.

Question 5.
Mention the four main causes of Indigo rebellion. What was the significancet of Indigo rebellion?
Answer:
The demerits of ‘dadan’ system : The Indigo planter compelled the cultivator to take ‘dadan’ and cultivate indigo. Though the farmers repay the loan the planter’s slyness the loan was never paid.

The misery of the cultivators : As the cultivators were compelled to cultivate indigo in their paddy or tobaco field the production of rice decereased. Therefore the lack of fooder of cattle arose. The money for the cultivate got from cultivation indigo was lesser than that of cultivating rice or tobace.

The greed and fortune of the indigo planters : The indigo planters gave loan to the cultivators and forced to cultivate indigo, otherwise the planters sized their cattle, lashed them or to turned their family members, even killed them. For more profit they started more turture. The hatred and the discontent of the cultivaiors increased proportionally.

Lack of just : The cultivators appealed to the court against the planters but all in vain. They have to bear more and more torture for that appeal. There was close relation between the indigo planters and police or judges. Therefore the depression among farmers began to grow.

Question 6.
Write a note on Santhal Rebellion.
Answer:
Among the uprising against the extortion of colonial rulers, the most important was the Santhal Rebellion of 1855-56. In the Santhal areas, money lenders and landlords coming from outside, called Dikhu, gradually established their influence. The poor Santhals were subjected to torture and extortion by the Dikus. The Santhals resorted to rebellion to free themselves from the unbearable situation and extortion. Initially they attacked the work places and houses of the money lenders, land-lords and traders.

Latter they organised a rebellion (Hull), in which the most prominent roles were played by Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand and Bhairab. The rebellion spresd over a wide area from Bhagalpur to Rajmahal. To control the situation, the british administration unleashed ruthless attack on the Santhals. Thousand of Santhals including Sidhu and Kanu, were killed. But this rebellion did not go in vain.The British administration became alert to the necessity of safeguarding the interest of the tribals.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 8 History Book Solutions Chapter 4 The Nature of Colonial Economy offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 8 History Chapter 4 Question Answer – The Nature of Colonial Economy

Thinak and Find –

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct alternatives :

a. Permanent settlement was stated by __________ (Hastings / Cornwallis / Dalhousie)
Answer:
Cornwallis

b. Mahalwari system started in ___________ (Bengal / North India / South India)
Answer:
North India

c. Dadan means __________ (advance payment / abwab / unpaid labour)
Answer:
Advance payment.

d. The first jute factory in colonial India came up at ____________ (Rishra / Calcutta / Bombay)
Answer:
Rishra.

e. The flow out of wealth from the country is known as ___________ (Drain of wealth /deindustrialisation / bargadari system)
Answer:
Drainage of wealth.

2. Pick the wrong statement.

Question a.
Parmanent settlement standard in 1974.
Answer:
Wrong.

Question b.
Indigo revolt occured in Madras.
Answer:
Wrong.

Question c.
The cotton cultivation in Decan was linked to American civil war..
Answer:
Right.

Question d.
The Indian market saw an influx of native commodities with the expansion of railways.
Answer:
Wrong.

Question d.
The telegraph system was set up in the company’s interest.
Answer:
True.

3. Answer briefly (30-40 words)

Question a.
What was the sunset law?
Answer:
One of this features of Parmanent settlement system was the Sunset law. Though the owner of the land was the zamindars but the power of revenue collection was centered in the company’s hand. According to ‘Sunset Law’ if due revenue failed to reach the company by sunset of the fixed date, zamindars lost their right to land. This is known a Sunset law.’

Question b.
What de you understand by commercialisation of agriculture?
Answer:
Under British rule a feature of indian economy was commercialisation of agriculture. Cultivatiion of some crops was emphasised for commercial purpose. The government put pressure to on the peasants to cultivate indigo, cotton, jute etc. The peasants were not benefited by the commercialisation of agriculture. Those invested more in agreculter gained more.

Question c.
why did the ‘Decan riots’ occur?
Answer:
Taking the advantage of the sufferings of the cultivator of cotton of Decan, the Sahukar money leaders controlled over the crops against the loan paid by them. The cotton cultivator of Decan revolted agaist it. They attacked the Sahukars and fired all the legal papers. The colonial rulers called this revolt as ‘Decan riot’. This revolt lasted from May to september in 1875.

Question d.
What is drainage of wealth?
Answer:
The British East India company used the Indian economy for their own benefit. The Indian wealths was beirg plunderedand sent to Britain. In 1840 one of a British officer informed that yearly the wealth, worth of 3 crore Starling was sent from India to Britain. In return some cheap warfair was imponted from Britain to India. This is called drainage of wealth.

Question e.
What is deindustrialisation?
Answer:
British product mainly clothes weaving in mills were being imported to India. Indian industries started declining to face an unequal competition. Besides the Government policy paved them to ruin, Many people involved with indusiry became jobless. Many of this became agricultural tabour. This is called deindustriallisation.

4. Write in your own words (120-160 words)

Question a.
What was the effect of parmanent settlement on peasant society?
Answer:
Governor Lord Cornwallis introduced permanent settlement in 1793. By this system the land was given to the zamindar permanently. Specific revenue paid to the company by zamindar became fixed but the revenue that was paid by this peasants to zamindar remained unfixed. The Zamindar enjoyed the absolute right over the land and the right was heriditary. The zamindar took the revenue from the peasant, at high rate but the company was deprived.

It was hoped that after getting the ownership of land the zamindars would try to develop the agricultural system but in reality it did not come to the truth. This system led a middle class in between zamindars and the peasants. For this system of permanent settlement the peasants of Bengal suffered much. Cormwallis hoped that the zamindar would give the ‘Palta’ to the peasants. Instead of the zamindars forced the peasants to pay revenue at high rate. If the peasants failed to pay the zaminders tortured them or took away their lands, besides various illegal taxes were also extracted from the peasants.

Question b.
Compare and contrust Permanent settlement system with Ryot and Mahalwari system. Which was of lesser har to the peasants? Give reasons.
Answer:
By the system of permanent settlenent the land was giver pennanently. The ownership of the land became ancestral. The part of revenue, collected by the zamindar was to be paid to company and the zamindar would be owner of part on a certain day before sunset the revenue was to be submitted by the zamindar to the company otherwise company would forfeit the land of zamindar.

In this system the land was surveyed. Company gave the land directly to the peasants and the revenue was collecte by company directly. There was no middle man between the peasants and the company. In this system the revenue had been fixed depending on the production. In Mahaliwari system a Mahal considered of several villages. According to the law of the system the power of the collection of revenue was vested on the zamindars or the Pradhan of the Mahals.

Sometimes the revenue would be increased. All the systems above were harmful to the peasant. The welfare of the peasants was ignored in al! systems. According to my opinion the Rawatwari system was łess harmful to the peasant. In this system the middle class was absent in between company and the peasant. Thus the profit of the land was distributed between company and the peasants. There was no scople for the peasants of being tortured by zamindar.

Question c.
Did commercialisation of agriculture had direct relation with peasant discontent and revolt? How will you view decean riot in this confent?
Answer:
The peasants were not benefited by the commercialisation of agriculture. Some of the crops were given importance for commercial cause. The peasants were forced to cultivate tea, indigo, jute, cotton etc. These crops were used as raw materials in the factories of British. The manufactured goods of Britain were imported in the lndian market at low cost.

The poor peasants were unable to use fertilizer, seeds or machinery of high quality. Besides the income of the peasants were very low for the revenue of high rate. In fact the profit from agriculture was enjoyed by government, landlord and the money lender. The government did not take any step for the developinent of peasants. In many cases the peasants, became hired labour after loosing their lands. The peasants in many parts of India revoled for the commercialisation of agriculture.

The inidirect reason of ‘Decan riot’ was the commercialisation of agriculture. For the civil war of America the demand of cotton was increased. Therefore the cotton production in Decan was also increased. But when the civil war stopped in America, the cost of this cotton decreased. Apart from this reason high rate of revenue, draught, famine and this control of money lander over the crops led to the Deccan revolts.

Question d.
What relation did the company’s business policy have with Bengal cloth industry? Why did the Indians from indigenous banks and insurance companies?
Answer:
In the early eighteenth Century the weaver of Bengal produced cloth independently by investing their own capital and sold of fair price. But started to take loan from company and could not pay it. So company controllea over them and they were forced to sell their goods to company. More over they were torrtured when they failed to produce according their contract. After the industrialisation the British factories in England started producing fine clothes in cheap rate. So the British government become active to control the importing Indian clothes in England and experting British clothes in India.

To lessen the imperting of Indian clothes in Britain and to the exporing British clothes in India the variation rate of revenue was created 67 % that was impased on Indian clothes. On the other hand the rates on British clothes for importing in India was lessened. later it was abolished. In case of Indian investor the condition of the bank was different at the time of granting loan or the rate of interest. So the Indian bank and insurance company were set up with the help of Indian enterprise.

Question e.
Discuss the expansion of colonial rule in India with regard to railways and telegraph.
Answer:
In 1853 Great Indian Peninsular Rail Company first set up railways in India from Bombay to Thane. Next year East India Company set up railway from Howrah to Hooghly.Gradually railways were constructed in every part of India. But the railways had been established to protect colonial interest of the British empire not for the welfare of Indians. There were two objects for establishment of railways in India-a) for melitary purpose. That is for sending away from one place to another at the time of emergency. b) for commercial purpose. The raw materials and manufactured goods could be transported in short time through railways. The importance of railway for the British administration was immense.

In 1851 telegraph system established only for few miles. In 1856,46 telegraph centres had been set up and more than 4 thousand miles of area came under the telegraph system. Gradually it spread whole over the subcontinent. The reason behind it was colonial interest. Telegraph was the most reliable medium to send important information from one end to other end quickly. The result of the battle, the news of revolt can be communicated quickly through it. Moreover urgent instruction was also sent by telegraph.

5. Imagine and write. (written 200 words)

Question a.
Suppose you are travelling in the railways for the first time. Describe your foreboarding and post-boarding experience in a letter addressed to your to your friend.
Answer:
West Midnapur
Dear Tuhin,
10-01-2020
Hope you are well. Today I am informing you about my experience of travelling in the railways first. You know one of my uncle lives at Kolkata. After the examination it was decided to go to the uncle’s house with father. We would have to travel from Mecheda to Howrah by train. 1 felt an

unknown fear and excitement in me. On 2nd January, it was sunday I reached at Mecheda station with my father by bus. The train was late to arrive. Two train had passed at opposite direction. After some times the sound of coming a train was heard from distances. The passengers became busy. At last giant like huge train arrived. We boarded the train without much effort. Father let me sit by the window.

The train started whistling with buzing sound. The trees and houses started running towards opposite direction. The train when stopped at one station, some people got down and some got in. In this way this train,readed to the destination. I was enjoying at the outer scene from the window. The cow was grazing at the field. House of different sizes, tea stall, different types of trees and plants had passed before the sight. I tried to memorize the name of the station but could not more than two or three. I felt that this journey by train is more comfortable than that of bus. At last the train reached at Howrah.

Everyone became busy to get down from the train. All passengers wanted to get down first. We did not make any hurry, got down quietely.
No more today. I shall wait for your letter.
Yours friend
Sunil

Question b.
Suppose you are a resident of the Decan in the 1870s. Record in your personal diary the discontent of the peasants of the region regarding cotton cultivation.
Answer:
In our locality most of the peasants cultivate cotten. But now they are in trouble for sudden decreasing of the price of cotton. They could not collect their expenditure of farming cotton. More over revenue at light rate in imposed on them. If they are failed to pay they are tortured. Besides the role of the Sahukars and money lenders are active. They lend money to the peasants and controll over them. For this reason the peasants are upset. They are planning to revilt.

They have no other way. They cannot be put blame for this. The colonial Government does not bother for them. They only bother for their own interest. In such a miserable condtion of peasant instead of helping them they collect exessive tax from the peasants. In some places the peasants already have started revolt. It is heard that they have attacked the Shaukars. They have set fire the documents of Sahukars. The revolt may break out in our locality at any time.

It is heard that the revolt at Ahamedabad and Pune district became terible. Common people have came forward in faviur of the peasant. The government has marked it as ‘Deccan riots’. In this way they are trying to supress the revolt.

Class 8 History Chapter 4 Question Answer West Bengal Board – The Nature of Colonial Economy

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers :

Question 1.
The new ruler of Bengal Company, Warren Hastings started the Izaradari system in-
i) 1772
ii) 1770
iii) 1776
iv) 1777
Answer:
i) 1772.

Question 2.
In 1793 was started-
i) Izaradari system
ii) Parmanent settlement
ii) Mahalwari system
iv) Rawatwari system
Answer:
ii) Parmanent settlement.

Question 3.
In north and north West India was started-
i) Izaradari system
ii) Parmanent settlement
iii) Mahalwari system
iv) Rawatwari system
Answer:
iii) Mahalwari system.

Question 4.
The Decean riot was created for-
i) indigo farming
ii) cotton farming
iii) tea forming
iv) wheat farming
Answer:
ii) cotton farming

Question 5.
The first cotton mill was set up at-
i) Hooghly
ii) Callcutta
iii) Madrasiv
iv) Bombay
Answer:
iv) Bombay.

Question 6.
The project of Railway construetion was started undet the rule of Lord Dalhousie in the year –
i) 1853
ii) 1800
iii) 1763
iv) 1843
Answer:
i) 1853.

Question 7.
Behind the development of Telegraph system in Indim there was the interest of colonial rule-
i) social
ii) political
iii) economical
Answer:
ii) Political.

Question 8.
From 1854 to 19012 crore 29 lakh Indian people died in-
i) famine
ii) drought
iii) earth quace
Answer:
i) famine.

Question 9.
By the end of nineteenth century the telegraph line covered-
i) 30,900 miles
ii) 10,900 miles
iii) 60,900 miles
iv) 52,900 miles
Answer:
iv) 52,900 miles

State whether True or False:

Question 1.
During Nawab reigion the revenue was callected by company.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The condition of the peasant was not developed for the parmanent settlement.
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
The peasants took loan from zamindars at high rate.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
In 1889 an act was passed for the defferent of the peasants.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
For the destruction of cottage industry some towers became weak.
Answer:
True.

Question 6.
The policy for constructing railways was adopting for the development of India.
Answer:
False.

Question 7.
Railway helped connect the markets in India.
Answer:
True.

Question 8.
The first jute factory was set up at Rishra in 1855 .
Answer:
True.

Question 9.
Coffee plantation flourished in north India,
Answer:
False.

Question 10.
Indigo cultivation was done entirely to meet the demands of cloth factories in England.
Answer:
True.

Question 11.
Agricultural development helped the peasants of capital, not the peasants.
Answer:
False.

Question 12.
The peasants were not benefited from permansnt settlement.
Answer:
True.

Fill in the blanks :

1. For the crysis of agriculture the ______ of silk and cotton was decreased.
Answer:
exporting.

2. In reality the peasant had no ______ over the land in Ryatwari system.
Answer:
ownership.

3. In North and South West India ______ system was started.
Answer:
Mahalwari.

4. The modarnization of agriculture was not beneficial to the ______.
Answer:
peasants.

5. Besides indigo cultivation the Europeans were interested in _______ farming.
Answer:
garden.

6. The permanent settlement system helped the _______ to prosper.
Answer:
zamindars.

7. warren Hastings started the Ijardari system in ________.
Answer:
1772 .

8. Besides indigo cultivation the Europeans were interested in _______ farming.
Answer:
garden

9. Mahal means a collection of several ________.
Answer:
villages.

10. Commercialisation of agricultureled to divitions within the rural ______.
Answer:
society.

11. The weavers of Bengal were forced to sell at low price or at a price fixed by the ______.
Answer:
British.

12. The chief symbol of colonial rule was the _________ system.
Answer:
rail.

Match column A with B

A	B
The Parmanent Settlement in Bengal	were tortured
The irrigation system become beneficial	rebelled
For indigo farming that cultivators	the price of cotton increase
Many farmers of Bengal	in 1851
In 1875 the catton cultivaters	The rail fair was high
For the civil war of America	to the rich farmers
For the transportation of native goods	drained to Britain
Telegraph system was introduced	the colonial rule were responsible
The money and the wealth of India	was started in 1793
For the poverty of India	turned into lived labour

Answer:

A	B
The Parmanent Settlement in Bengal	was started in 1793
The irrigation system become beneficial	to the rich farmers
For indigo farming that cultivators	were tortured
Many farmers of Bengal	turned into lived labour
In 1875 the catton cultivaters	rebelled
For the civil war of America	the price of cotton increase
For the transportation of native goods	The rail fair was high
Telegraph system was introduced	in 1851
The money and the wealth of India	drained to Britain
For the poverty of India	the colonial rule were responsible

Answer in a sentence :

Question 1.
Who started Ijaradari system and when?
Answer:
Warren Hastings started the ljaradari system in 1772.

Question 2.
When did permanent settlement started in Bengal?
Answer:
In 1793 permanent settlement started in Bengal.

Question 3.
In which essay of Bankimchandra the influence of permanent settlement was discussed?
Answer:
In Bongodesher Krishok of Bankimchandra the influence of peramanent settlement was discussed.

Question 4.
Which law was harmful to the zamindar of permanent settlement?
Answer:
The Sunset law was harmful to the zamindari of permanent settmement.

Question 5.
What was meant by the term Mahalwari.
Answer:
Mahawari mean village based.

Question 6.
With whom the British ruler entered an agreement in Rawatwari system?
Answer:
In Rawatwari system the British ruler entered an agreement with the peasant or Rawat.

Question 7.
What is modernisation of Economy?
Answer:
The construction of railway, the increasing of export rate, commercialisation of agriculture is jointly called modernisation of economy.

Question 8.
When was agriculturarists Relief Act passed?
Answer:
Agriculturarists Relief Act was passed in 1879.

Question 9.
When was tenancy act passed?
Answer:
Tenancy act was passed in 1885.

Question 10.
When and where first cotton cloth factory was set up?
Answer:
First cotton cloth factory was set up at Bombay in 1853.

Question 11.
How many revenue systems were running in India around nid-nineteenth century?
Answer:
Three revenue systems were running in India around nid-nineteenth century.

Question 12.
Where and when first jute mill was set up?
Answer:
The first jute mill was set up at Rishra.

Question 13.
When and where the first railway was set up?
Answer:
In 1853 the first railway was set up from Bombay to Thane.

Question 14.
When was the Telegraph communication system introduced?
Answer:
The Telegraph Communication system was introduced in 1851.

Question 15.
Who converted the peasants into hired labourers?
Answer:
The colonial rule converted the peasants into hired labourers.

Question 16.
What made divisions within rural society?
Answer:
Commercialisation of agriculture made divisions within rural society.

Question 17.
What was the result of Dadan?
Answer:
Dadan led to conflicts between the Indigo planters and Indian peasants.

Question 18.
When the sale of cotton clothes was barred in Britain by law?
Answer:
In 1720 the sale of cotton clothes was barred in Britain by. law.

Question 19.
When the company had lost monopoly rights over Indian markets?
Answer:
By 1813 the company had lost monopoly rights over Indian markets.

Question 20.
Who was not happy with the company’s export?
Answer:
The cloth merchants of Britain were not happy with the company’s export.

Answer in brief :

Question 1.
Write a short note on ‘Permanent Settlement.’
Answer:
In 1793 Lord Cornwallis started the system of permanent settlement. This revenue system was started in Bengal, Orissa and some parts of Madras. In this system the land was distributed permanently. The right over the land of zamindar was heriditary. The zamindar had to pay part of collected revenue to the company and they got part. If the zamindars failed to pay the revenue on fixed day before sunset the company grabbed the zamindar’s land. There were two reason behind the introducing the system–i) in this system there would be a group of zamindars, loyal and obidient to the British. They would help to make the company’s rule firm. 2) Company would get a fixed amount of revenue.

Question 2.
What was the effects of Rawatwari system?
Answer:
In Rawatwari system when the certain period was over the revenue would be increased and the terms and conditions with peasant would be renewed. The peasant who could not pay the extra revenue the land would be snatched from him. This system was not in favour of the rawat as the revenue was very high. So the sufferings of rawat was gradually increasing. In this system the company was the landlord. If the revenue was unpaid the staff of the company tortured on them.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Mahalwari System.
Answer:
Mahal means a collection of several villages. North and north-west India saw the Mahalwari system in operation. Accorfing to this system, the government sntered into an agreement with the zamindar or pradhan of mahal. The agreement covered the entire village community. Th. Mahalwar’ system could netimprove the condition of the peasants. The amount of revenue was revicer at specific times. The peasants faced the burden of high tax, debts to pay \operatorname{tax} and the rorture that arose out of unpaid loans. In most cases the money lender and the businessmen controlled the lands.

Question 4.
Write a short note on Drain of wealth.
Answer:
India’s wealth was taken out of the country. This prevented India’s economic development. This taking away of wealth is known as ‘drain of wealth’. This was an important feature of British rule in India. During the Sultanate and Mughal petiod, the government collected tax from the people. But the rullers had settled permansntly in India. they were not loyal to any other countiy. East India Company had only its own and Britain’s imterest in mind. They wanted to exploit India for Britain’s interests. This involved the drain of wealth.

Question 5.
Write a short note on poverty in India.
Answer:
The colonial economy make poverty permanent in India. Drain of wealth and deindustrialisatiom led to great poverty in India. The famine conditions that prevailed in various perts of India could be linked to poverty. Lakhs of people fied in famine in the second half on the ninteenth century. Government aid was paltry.Between 1854 and 1901 , almost 2 crores 89 lakh people died of hunger. A government declaration said over 4 crores Indians survive on half-empty stomschs.

Answer in detail

Question 1.
Write a short note on land revenue system under British rule.
Answer:
Under British rule different type of land revenue system were introduced.
Permanent settlement: Lord Cornwallis started the parmanent setllement system in 1793. This sysem was effected in Bengal, Bihar Orissa and some parts of Madras. In this system the land was given permanently. The zamindars got the right of the land heriditary. The part of revenue collected by zamindar was given to company and rest part was enjoyed by the zamindar. On the last day of the Bengali year the zamindar had to pay the revenue to company before sunset. If failed company could grab their land. There were two reasons behind the introducing of the system i) in this system there would be a group of zamindar loyal and obidient to the British. They would help to make the company’s rule firm, ii) company would get a fixed amount of revenue.

Rawatwari System : The revenue system that was introduced by British in south and west India is called Rawatwari system. In this system the land was measured. In this system the contract was with the rawat or peasant, thus the revenue was collected directly from the rawat. There were no zamindars between company and peasants. In this system revenue was fixed based on the production. The land was given to the peasants for 30 / 40 years.

Mahalwari System : In north and north-west India the existing system was the Mahalwari system. A Mahal consisted of some villages. According to the system there was an agreement between company and the zamindar or Pradhan of the Mahal. Sometimes the revenue would be increased. Some reflected form of this system is known as viachari system in Panjub.

Question 2.
What was the objectives of constructing railways in India? What was the results of constructing railway?
Answer:
The railways had been established to protect colonial interests of British empire. The two main objectives of constructing railways in India for the British were-
i) quick transport of the army, ii) commercial help that was collecting raw materials through railways and sending to Britain, on this other hand imported manufacturing goods distributing in different parts of India.

The extention of railway influenced on indian economy too far. Before indroducing railways the goods were transported by bullock carts or horse drawn carts. But after construction of railways transportation of goods could be possible at low cost and in less time. Railways helped connect the markets in India.

Many Indians felt that the government should have given more attevtion to the irrigation system for the good of the society. The forest dwellers did not accept railway construction because it was blow to their land, livelihood and social prestige. The construction of railways was one of the reasons for discontent against British rules.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 8 History Book Solutions Chapter 3 Establishing the Colonial Authority offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 8 History Chapter 3 Question Answer – Establishing the Colonial Authority

Think aund Find –

1. Find the Odd one out:

a. Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, Bengal.
Answer:
Bengal.

b. Clive, Hestings, Dupleix, Cornwallis.
Answer:
Dupleix.

c. Bengal, Bihar; Indus region, Orissa.
Answer:
Indus region.

a. David Hare, Willam Carey, Jonathan Duncan, William Pitt.
Answer:
William Pitt.

2. Pick the wrong statement.

a. Bengal Presidency was known as Fort St. George Presidency.
Answer:
Wrong.

b. Benaras Hindu college was established by Jonathan Duncan.
Answer:
Right.

e. William Carey was a member of Srirampore Missionary Society.
Answer:
Right.

d. The cmopany started the Ijaradari system for ten year revenue collection.
Answer:
Wrong.

3. Answer briefly (30-40 words)

Question a.
What was the British Presidency system?
Answer:
British East India company was mainly a trading company. They had made their centers for their business interest in Kolkata, Bombay and Madras. The Presidency system was grown on yje basis of these centers.

Question b.
What role did Lord Cornwallis play to organise the company for accumulate law system?
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis put a great effort to organise the company formulated law system. The Brahmin pandits and Muslim moulabis were engaged in explaining the native laws. Then the laws were translated in English. In 1793 Lord Cornwallis took out a compiled code of laws.

Question c.
What was the company’s sipahi bahini?
Answer:
An important weapon of colonial rules was the army or Sipahi bahini. The British formed the Sipahi bahini with the Indian Soldiers to supress the revolt or occupy the lands. The soldiers who joined the sipahi bahini received regular salary and other facilities.

Question d.
What rple did James Rennell play in the company’s land survey?
Answer:
In 1764 British company appointed James Rennells as survey or General or the head of land survey department. The waterways of Bengal were surveyed in 1764 by Rennell and he made 16 maps of waterways. This was done in Bengal for the very first time.

4. Write in your own words (120-160 words)

Question a.
Compare the administrative reforms of Warren Hastings and Cornwallis. What were the effects of these reforms on the Indians?
Answer:
In 1772 Lord Warren Hastings abolished dual government and divided Bengal into 35 districts for the convinience of administration and Judiciary. A Diwani and a Fowzdari court was established at every district. Besides in 1774 a supreme court was formed at Kolkata and a Nizamat court was established at Murshidabad. Hastings reformed the Judiciary system the divided Bengal, Bihar and Orissa into 6 divisions. A Diwani court was established in each division. The responsibilities of Judiciary in each division was vested on a Dewan or Amin.

Lord Cornwallis transferred the Nizamat court from Murshidabad to Calcutta and Fauzdari Judiciary system was brought under the company. He introduced four mobile courts. Those courts performed judgement wandering different districts. He seperated Diwani court and revenue collection. The judiciary power of collectors was abolished. Provincial appeal courts were set up at calcutta, Patna, Murshidabad and Dhaka. The Chief Justice in all courts were Europeans. In fact Indians were removed from the colonial system of Judiciary. The organisation of Judiciary became one of the main pillars of colonial rule.

Question b.
What role did the Bureaucracy play in British administrative system? How did the Bureaucrats organise as a narrow interest group.
Answer:
Bureaucracy was the main tool of eivil administration under colonial rule. But the bureaucrats could not formulate policies. They can only implemented the policies of the British Government. So an organised bureaucracy was essential to colonial ruie.

To organise the bureaucracy under company rule Cornwalli’s introduced civil service system His objective was to make the British rule in corruption free. He banned receiving gifts and practising private tracts by law. Not only he increased salary of the officials but also started the system of job promotion. He believed that in adequate salary forced them to compromise with dishonesty.

He started appointing Indian civil service. For this purpose the Indians were trained for administration. Fort William college was established in 1800 A.D. The civil servants were trained there. All examinees of the civil sevice examination had to be taught at Hailbury college. Learning in a single college of training created a sense of unity among the civil servants. They considered themselves as a separate lobby.

Question c.
What difference existed between the Company’s education policy with regard to Bengal and Bombay? What effect do you think the Company’s education pulicy had on Indian society?
Answer:
Warren Hastings brought the sanskrit Pandit form various regions for spread of education. He also established Madrasa in Calcutta where Arabic and Persian language were taught. William Jones founded Asiatic society at Calcutta in 1784. His objective was to translate the ancient Sanskrit texts into English. He thought that the understanding between educated Indians and the British would be smooth in this way. Western Science was taught in sanskrit college with sanskrit literature. In a proposal of 1839 the students were given right to study Indian language apart from learning English. In Bombay Presidency from the very beginning importance was given on the study of western science through Indian language method was adopted.

The goal of the colonial rule was to educate a few people of the society and attach them to the administration. There was no aim for mass-education. Due to lack of proper training and hands – on activities, education was confined to bookish knowledge. The traditional Indian sducation was loosing its importance. The British policy of education neglected the woman education at the first stage. Later woman education spreade through individual effort.

Question d.
What was the relation between company rule and land survey? What was the reason for starting and abolishing of Ijaradari system?
Answer:
Company rule was related to land survey. The process of revenue fixation based on land survey was important. After the battle of Plassey the British East India company got the zamindari from 24 Parganas to Kulpi from Nawab. Frankland was appointed to survey the land. Frankland died leaving the survey unfinished and Hog Cameron completed his work. After surveying the waterways of Bengal James Rennell made 16 maps of waterways. In 1770 a comptrolling committee of Revenue was formed for land survey and fixation of revenue after the battle of Bauxer and getting of Diwani, then Board of revenue was formed.

According to the land revenue system of Warren Hastings in 1772, the land would be handed over to those who would promise the maximum revenue during the bidding process. This is called ljaradari system. This ljaradari system was abolished for some reasons. They are – in most of the cases the revenue fixed was higher than the revenue carned. Because of this ljaradar could not pay the revenue.

5. Imagine and write (200 words)

Question a.
Suppose you are a company Sipahi. Write a letter to your friend about your work and work atmosphere.
Answer:
Dear Suman,
Hope you are well. You have wanted to know about my work and work atmoshere. I am writing this in my letter. You know that I am a Sipahi of East India Company. Our job is of two type – 1. To occupy various region for extending the company area. 2. To supress the revolt that creats from the rage of the people.

The company is always careful about us. The salary is higher than most of other jobs. But we have consciousness and moral sense. Sometime people revolt for wrong and unjust of company. Then we have to torture on the people of our own country for supressing the revolt even knowing that company is doing unjust. Then we feel guilty.
But we have to do that as we are paid by them. Whatever is our place has to do the same. At the beginning I felt very guilty but now not so far. The dignity of the past gives us some kind of power. Hope you can understand it.
No more today. I shall wait for your letter.
Your loving friend

Question b.
Suppose you are a citizen of Calcutta in the first lialf of ninetecnth century. Write a conversation between two educated Indians during the establishment of Hindu school and Bethune school.
Answer:
1st person : Hallow! How are you? From where are you coming?
2nd Person : Not so far but from very near, You know Bethune school has been constructing. I have been there. Probablly the school has been establishing by some Bethune Saheb.
1st Person : I also know this. His work is worth-praising. The company is not bothering about the spreading of woman education. The school will promote the spreading of woman education. So it is a very important work.
2nd Person : You are right Company is granting more amount for education, many schools are establishing but they are neglecting woman education. When will the government realise the importancy of woman education.
1st Person : There should be a movemant about it.
2nd Person : Some works have been started by some individual effort.
1st Person : Hope that the Government will be concerned.
2nd Person : That will be better.
1st Person : OK. Bye Bye.

Class 8 History Chapter 3 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Establishing the Colonial Authority

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers :

Question 1.
At Madras in 1639 Company establish a-
i) military base
ii) trading enterprise
iii) military head Quarter
Answer:
ii) trading enterprise

Question 2.
Regulating Act was passed in the year –
i) 1773
ii) 1784
iii) 1785
iv) 1770
Answer:
i) 1773

Question 3.
In 1785 came to force-
i) Regulating Act
ii) Pitt’s Act
Answer:
ii) Pitt’s Act

Question 4.
A Supreme Court was established at Kolkata in –
i) 1773
ii) 1777
iii) 1770
iv) 1774
Answer:
iv) 1774

Question 5.
Daroga system was abolished in-
i) 1812
ii) 1816
iii) 1880
iv) 1882
Answer:
i) 1812

Question 6.
In 1790 company started the system-
i) Panchsala
ii) Eksala
iii) Dassala
iv) permanent
Answer:
iii) Dassala

Question 7.
In 1800 Fort Williams college was established in-
i) Madras
ii) Mumbai
iii) Madras
iv) Kolkata
Answer:
iv) Kolkata

Question 8.
Asiatic Society was founded at Kolkata by-
i) Charles Winkins
ii) William Jones
iii) Jonathan Duncan
iv) Bethune
Answer:
ii) William Jones

Question 9.
Sir Edward Hyde East, the Chief Justice of Supreme Court and David Hare were the founder of-
i) Madrasa
ii) Sanskrit college
iii) Hindu college
iv) David Hare Training College
Answer:
iii) Hindu college

Question 10.
In 1844 it was compalsory in case of government service to know-
i) English
ii) Farsi
iii) Bengali
iv) Sanskrit
Answer:
i) English

Question 11.
In Benaras Iindu college was established by-
i) Charles Winkins
ii) William Jones
iii) Jonathan Duncan
iv) Chartes Ilalled
Answer:
iii) Jonathan Duncan

State whether True or False:

1. Sindhu region came under the Bombay Presidency.
Answer:
True.

2. Regulating Act was passed in 1773.
Answer:
False.

3. In 1972 Company started a mew form of justice.
Answer:
True.

4. Lord Cornwallis belicved in adequate pay forced the employees to compromise with honesty.
Answer:
True.

5. All examinces of the civil service examination had to enroll at Hindu college.
Answer:
False.

6. Calcutta Madrasa was established in 1793.
Answer:
False.

7. Alexander Duff came to Kolkata in 1829.
Answer:
True.

8. Raja Rammohan Ray was associated with the activities of Hindu College.
Answer:
True.

9. The Baptist Mission was established in 1970.
Answer:
False.

10. The appoinment of Indians in the Civil Service was stopped from the time of Lord Cornwallis.
Answer:
True.

11. The daroga system was permanently abolished in 1812 .
Answer:
True.

12. In 1797 Supreme Courts were established in Kolkita and Madras.
Answer:
False.

13. From 1801 Various local pundits were appointed in Fort William College.
Answer:
True.

14. Around 1853, many a school in Bombay presidency taught in the vernacular.
Answer:
True.

Fill in the blanks :

1. The administrative centre of Madras Presidency in Summer was –
Answer:
Otakamund.

2. By the Regulating Act became the capital of British rule.
Answer:
capital.

3. was the Chief Justice of Supreme Court.
Answer:
Elijah Impay.

4. was considered important as a weapen of colonial rule.
Answer:
Sipahi bahini.

5 . of Srirampore Mission taught at Fort William college.
Answer:
Willium Carey.

6.
The aim of college was to cultivate Sansdrit literature and spread Western education.
Answer:
Sanskrit.

7. Hindu college in kolkata was founded in
Answer:
1817 .

8. The was one of the mainpillars of the colonial rule.
Answer:
army.

9. Primarily, the opposition to colonial rule was handled by the
Answer:
police.

10. In 1793, Lord Cornwallis compiled a code of A
Answer:
laws.

11. In 1772 the Company started a new – system.
Answer:
judicial.

12. In 1772 the Company started a new – system.
Answer:
judicial.

Match column A with B

A	B
In 1772 company got	Supreme Court was founded
As a trading enterprise	by the magistrate.
Pitt’s Act	supressed by the sipahies
In 1793 Cornwallis	in Fort Willium college
In 1823 at Bombay	was founded by Jonathan Duncan.
Darogas were controlled	In 1784
Many revolts	the Parmanent settlement.
the civil servants were taught	the Nizamat Right.
Hindu college in Beneras	took out a compiled code of law.
Asiatic Society was established	Hindu college was established
In 1817	Surat started declining
Cornwallis introduced in Bengal	Came in force in 1785.

Answer:

A	B
In 1772 company got	the Nizamat Right.
As a trading enterprise	Surat started declining
Pitt’s Act	Came in force in 1785 .
In 1793 Cornwallis	took out a compiled code of law.
In 1823 at Bombay	Supreme Court was founded
Darogas were controlled	by the magistrate.
Many revolts	the civil servants were taught
the civil servants were taught	was founded by Jonathan.
Hindu college in Beneras	Duncan.
Asiatic Society was established	Surat started declining
In 1817	the Parmanent settlement.
Cornwallis introduced in Bengal	the Nizamat Right.

Answer in a sentence :

Question 1.
In which year company established business center in Madras?
Answer:
In 1639 company established business center in Madras.

Question 2.
What was the earlier name of Bombay Presidency?
Answer:
The earlier name of Bombay Presidency was West Presidency.

Question 3.
What was the name of the Fort of Calcutta set up by British as they did in Madras?
Answer:
Fort William.

Question 4.
In which year the Regulatin Act was passed?
Answer:
The Regulating Act was passed in 1773.

Question 5.
Which new post was created according to Regulating Act?
Answer:
According to Act the post of Governor General was created.

Question 6.
Who was Willium Pitt?
Answer:
Willium Pitt was the Prime Minister of Britain.

Question 7.
When did Pitt’s Act was come to framed?
Answer:
Pitt’s Act was framed in 1784.

Question 8.
When did Pitt’s Act come to force?
Answer:
Pitt’s Act came to force on Ist January 1785.

Question 9.
When was Supreme court estsblished at Calcutta?
Answer:
Supreme Court was estsblished in 1774 at Calcutta.

Question 10.
When was Supreme Court estsblished at Madras?
Answer:
Supreme Court was estsblished in 1797 at Madras.

Question 11.
Who and when took out a cempiled code of law?
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis took out a compiled code of law in 1793.

Question 12.
Under whom Bentinck created a special division to supress the Thagis?
Answer:
Bentinck created a special division under Cornel Sleeman to supress the Thagis.

Question 13.
Who established thanas in distroicts and when?
Answer:
In 1793 Cornwallis established thanas in the districts.

Question 14.
Who was in charge of each thana?
Answer:
A daroga was in charge of each thana.

Question 15.
Mention one of a function of Sipahi of company.
Answer:
One of the functions of Sipahi is to supress the revolts.

Question 16.
Who were publicised as military race?
Answer:
The Jaths, Pathans, Rajputs, Nepali, Gurkhas were publicised as military race.

Question 17.
Who started the Civil Service system?
Answer:
Cornwallis started the Civil Service system.

Question 18.
When was the Fort Willium college founded?
Answer:
The Fort Willium college was founded in 1800 A.D.

Question 19.
Who had to enrol at Heilbery College?
Answer:
All examinees of the civil service examination had to enroll at Heilbery college

Question 20.
What was the most famous school founded by Alexander Duff?
Answer:
The most fameus school founded by Alexander Duff was General Assembly Institution.

Question 21.
Who opposed the foundation of Sanskrit college and spread of Sanskrit education?
Answer:
Raja Rammohan opposed the foundation of Sanskrit college and spread of Sanskrit education.

Question 22.
Who was Macaulay?
Answer:
Macaulay was the president of the General committee of public instruction.

Question 23.
Who was Charles Wood?
Answer:
Charles Wood was the President of Board of control.

Question 24.
When was Hindu College established?
Answer:
Hindu College was established in 1817.

Question 25.
When was Council of Education was formed in Bengal?
Answer:
in 1843 Council of Education was formed in Bengal.

Give answer briefly :

Question 1.
Write a short note on Baptist Misson.
Answer:
The Baptist mission was established in 1800 . The missionaries of Srirampore joined the company in the spread of education. They set up their own printing press and printed bengali books. William Carey was the prominent person among the Baptist missionaries. He translated the Indian epics into English. He also translated a portion of the Bible into several Indian languages. Carey edited and published Halhed’s Bengati grammar book in 1778 .

Question 2.
Write a short note on Regulating Act.
Answer:
Regulating Act was passed in 1773. According to the law the power and authority of Bengal, Madras and Bombay was regulated. A new post of Governor General was created. It was decided that Governor of Bengal would be Governor General and the Gevernors of Bombay and Madras would serve under him. The Governor General’s council consisted of members. The terms of the Governor General would be five years. Calcutta became the capital of British empire in india by the law.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Wood’s Despatch.
Answer:
Charles Wood, the president of Board of control, sent a despatch in July 1854 to creat an organised structure of education from primary to upper school level. This is called Wood’s Despatch. It recommended-i) Indian and English language as the medium of instrofion from shcool level. ii) English language as the medium of instruction from college level to the upper most level of education. iii) For opening an education department and creating a post of director of Public instruction. iv) Vernacular tongue as the medium of woman education and vocational training.

Question 4.
What was the objective of the educational policy of the colonial Government?
Answer:
The colonial government spread western education for their own purposes. It was not possible to bring Europian bureaucrats essential in administration or trade in India. So in the beginning of British rule in India the British put effort to spread western education to create English educated group of clearks to help them in administration. The aim of such education was to educate a few people from the society who were attached to the colonial structure. They had no plan for mass education.

Answer in details

Question 1.
Write about the Judicial reforms of Lord Hastings.
Answer:
After abolishing Dual Government system Governor General of East India company Lord Hastings started reforms of Judiciary system. A Diwani and a Fowzdari court was established at every district. A Kazi and a Mufti were appointed at the Fowzdari court but the control power was in the European hand. The Brahmin Pandit and Muslim Moulavis explained the laws. Later a great change occured in the Dewani system. Hastings divided Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in six divisions. A Diwani court was established in each division. Each division compressed of several district. The judiciary power of each district was vested on a Dewan or Amin. In 1773 according to Regulating act Supreme Court was established.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 8 History Book Solutions Chapter 2 Rise of Regional Powers offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 8 History Chapter 2 Question Answer – Rise of Regional Powers

Think and Find :

1. Match column A with B

A	B
Ayodhya	Ist Anglo-Sikh War
1764	Sadat Khan
Doctrine of Lapse	Buxar War
Lahore treaty	Mysore
Tipu Sultan	Lord Dalhousie

Answer:

A	B
Ayodhya	Sadat Khan
1764	Buxar War
Doctrine of Lapse	Lord Da!housie
Lahore treaty	Ist Anglo-Sikh War
Tipu Sultan	Mysore

2. Fill in the blanks eitil correct alternative :

a. During Aurangzeb’s rule, Murshid Quli Khan was the _______ of Bengal. (Dewan / Faujdar/Nawab).
Answer:
Dewan.

b. Ahmed Shah Abdali was _______. (Maratha / Afgan / Parsi).
Answer:
Afgan.

c. Alinagar treaty was concluded between _____. (Mir Jafar and the British company / Siraj and British company / Mir Qasim and British company).
Answer:
Siraj and British company.

d. the diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa was given to the English company by _____. (Emperor Shah Alam II / Emperor Faruksiyar / Emperor Aurangzeb).
Answer:
Emperor Shah Alam.

c. The Subsidiary Alliance was willingly accepted by ______ (Tipu Sultan / Sadat Khan / the Nizam).
Answer:
the Nizam.

3. Answer briefly (30 – 40 words):

Question a.
What was the importance of Faruk Shiyar’s Farman?
Answer:

1. The farman granted the right of buying the zamindari of 38 villages near Calcutta to British East India company.
2. The farman also granted certain trading rights to the British East India company. The British company could do the trade in Bengal of an annual payment of three thousand rupees.
3. The ships that were treaty bound to the company could do free trade.
4. The company could use the Nawab’s mint at Murshidabad.

Question b.
Who, when and how established IIyderabad as regional power?
Answer:
Mubariz Khan. the Mughal provincial ruler, ruled Hyderabad almost like an independent ruler. In 1723 Mubariz Khan was defeated by Asaf Jha. Next year Asaf Jha became the Subedar of Deccan and established his authority in Hyderabad and started ruling independently.

Question c.
What is known as the ‘Plassey loot’?
Answer:
After the battle of Plassey the British acquired a huge amount of wealth as the compensation of the battle. On the other hand a huge amount of money callected as the revenue from Bengal which drained away to England. This is known as ‘Plassey loot’.

Question d.
What is ‘dual government’?
Answer:
After the acquisition of Dewani Right by the British the East India company established the political and economic control over Bengal. Nawab had the administrative, legislative and Judicial power to exercise. Nawab could build political power minus economic power. This system in Bengal is known as the dual system.

Question e.
What was the job of British residents?
Answer:
The British company appointed a representative or resident in various courts of rulers. For that the rulers could not do anything independently. The residents kept their eyes on every activities of the rulers. At the time of Lord Dalhousie the residents became aggressive.

4. Write in your own words (120-160 words) :

Question a.
Do you think it was the incompetence of the Mughals which led to the rise of regional powers? Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
After the death of Aurangzeb the power of the Mughal empire started declining rapidly. The regional powers became powerful in the various parts of the empire. The weakness of Mughat Emperors were responsible for the rise of the regional powers. For instance the wrong policy of Aurangzeb about Rajput deprived him of the assistance of Rajput. His wrong Deccan policy weakened the Mughals and emptied the treasury.

The long absence from capital Delhi the provincial rulers became independent. The narrow relegious outlook of Arangzeb destroyed the trust and loyalty of Hindus to the emperor. the revolt of Jath. Sikh, Satnami, Bundela and Rajput had shaken the base of the Mughal empire. The weakness of the descendants of Aurangzeb gave pace to the downfall of Mughal empire.

Apart from individual weakness dte to the lack of military reforms the internal revolts and the raids of the invaders could not be resisted. The aristocrats of the Mughal court fel! divided among themselves, trying to secure a profitable Jaigir. Instead of rendering proper governance to the people. the emperor and the aristocrats were engrossed with personal profit and loss.

Question b.
Between Battle of Plassay and Buxar which do you think was more important for British expansion. Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
Though after the battle of Plassey the sovereign power of Bengal was not handed over to the British. the East India company advanced establish their empire all over India that centred in Bengal. The British formed a strong skillful arm using the money and wealth of Bengal. The win of Plassay established the British empire in Bengal and the military, economic and power of British company however increased after that.

On the other hand after the battle of Bux:’ ‘e Nawabs became the puppets of British and limitless power of British was established (N… be rgal. The defeat of joint power of three native rulers proved the superior military power of , . Itish. – ‘ith the defeat of Ayodhya’s ruler, the company could expand its power all over North India. Besides the most important outcome of the Buxar was the acquisition by the British of the Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

Dual system of administration was established in Bengal. In this system British had economic inner and the right revenue collection. On the other hand Nawab enjoyed political power and looked after law and order. In this system the real power centered in the hands of British. The monopoly right of trading of essential goods was also enjoyed by the British merchants.

Question c.
What role did the private trade of company officials play in the conflict between Mir Qasim and the British company? What effect did dual government have on Bengal?
Answer:
For various causes being displeased with Mirzafar, Company removed him from the power. His son-in-law Mir Qasim was made Nawab. To become Nawab with British support Mir Qasim had to give the zamindari of Bardhaman, Medenipur and Chattogram to the British and 29 lakhs in cash. Beside he had to give the right of trading of lime in Shilleth. But company startea giving continue pressure on him. A conflict between Mir Qasim and British on the question of trading without paying tax and inland trading.

For the dual government system the misery of the people reached at summit. The British tortured their subjects for business profit. Every where prevailed disorder. For the tremendous pressure the farmers and the small landtords became bankrupt. The British officials started plundering the subjects. The Nawab had no power to punish them. The law and order deteriorated everywhere. Most of the lands left unploughed. There was crysis of crops, therefore the price had rises. One of the most important causes of the famine of 1776 of Bengal was Dual government system. The condition of the people became extremely miserable for the pressure of taxes and torture. On the other hand, a heavy amount of money collected as tax started going out of Bengal.

Question d.
How would you analyse the change in policy from Subsidiary Alliance to the Doctrine of Lapse, in the context of the expansion of the company’s power in India.
Answer:
Lord Wellesley had two objects of introducing Subsidiary Alliance : 1 . To establish British dominance in India. 2. To remove the French influence from India. According to the condition of this policy the willing surrender would be free independent internal matter but he could not make treaty or declare war without the permission of British. There would be a stand by British army and the expenditure of the army would bear the state. A British resident would be appointed in the state. The willing surrender had lost his soveraign power and become the puppet of British. On the other hand the British had become gainer in all the sense political, economical and strength. First, Nizam of Hyderabad had willingly accepted Subsidiary Alliance.

Lord Dalhousie introduced the policy of the Doctrine of Laps for the expansion of British empire. According to Doctrine of Lapse those Indian rulers who had no male heirs, lost their kingdom to British. In this way Dalhousie occupied Satara, Sambalpur, Jhansi and other states. By this enforcement of the policy Dalhousie stopped pension of some rulers. For example he stopped pension of the adapted son of Baji Rao after his death. The title of the daughter of Tanjore was abolished death of the king of Tanjore. By imposing the policy Dalhousie carved the patit of Sepoy mutiny.

Question e.
What was the relationship between Bengal and the Mughal administration during the rule of Mushid Quli Khan and Alivardi Khan?
Answer:
The relation between Bengal and the Mughal ruler at the reign of Murshid Quli Khan was good. Aurangzeb appointed Murshid Quli Khan as Dewan of Bengal. At the time of Bahadur Shah he still remained the Dewan of Bengal. Emperor Farukshiyar confirmed his post. Besides the post of Dewan, the post of Nazim of Bengal was given to him in 1717. After that his power became absolute in Bengal. In Murshid Quli’s time there appeared in Bengal a class of powerful Zamindars. They paid taxes to Nazim regularly. In returns they enjoyed independent power. The ruler depended on their assiștan,e. The relaton between Murshid Quil and the Mughal was good till his death.

The conflict between the heirs of Murshid Quli over the control of threne arose after his death. With the help of powerful zamindar Alivardi Khan captured the power of Bengal. From his time there was no relation between Mughal and the Nawab of Bengal. The taxes had not sent regularly, Officially the power of Mughal emperor was admitted, but there was self dominance in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa under Alivardi Khan.

5. Imagine and write (in 200 words):

a. Suppose you are a common man during Alivardi Khan’s rule. You face ‘Bargi’ attack. Write a conversation between you and your neighbour regarding the bargi attack.
Answer:
Me – Hello Sujan ! How are you?
Sujan – What a hell ! How we may be during this Bargi attack?
Me – Right ! Where you had been yesterday at the time of Bargi attack?
Sujan – Yesterday at noon when the Bargi attacked I was returning from market. Suddenly hearing a noise from behind I turn back and saw the Bargis were coming fast. In fear I took a leap in the bush to hide myself. I was trembling in fear. I had some cash with me. They had open sword in their hand while passing the bush they were looking at it. Probably they saw me diving into the bush from distance.
Me – I was also watching the scene through an opening of a closed window and I was spell-bound. I saw they were striking with the sword whoever they found. There was no trace of kindness. I saw an old man pleaded thern with folding hands not to slay him. But nobody pay any hid. He was killed with a single job of the sword.
Sujan – How disgusting! Is this the life?
Me – We how to live in this way, who will save whom! Nawab could not save us. Finally we have to escape to North Bengal or Kolkata.
Sujan – Right ! Some of my relative have already fled to Kolkata.
Me – But it is not possible for the poor like us.
Sujan – So no way ! we have to stay here.
Me – You are right ! Good Bye.

b. Suppose you are a English company official. What expericnce would you have had roaming Bengal during the famine of 76. What advice can you give to the Company about helping the people during famine.
Answer:
I have to visit the villages for special purpose. It was a tremendous experience. There was a cry for food allaround. The crops have almost failed for lack of rain. On the other hand, company sends rice to Madras army collecting from market. The company officials, the merchants and the authority of company started storing rice and the price of rice became beyond the capasity of the poor. One-third people died in the famine. Many land left unploughed. The peasants started se!ling bulls, plough even own sons and daughters. People with sketiton like body thronged on the street. The villages became deserted. However, the taxes in this year increased than the previous years. The agricultural system of Bengal lost the balance.

I shall advice the company to relax the revenue collection for a year. The peasants should be given the food crops at very low cost. If necessary it should be given at free of cost. Only then the people could be brought back to their life.

Class 8 History Chapter 2 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Rise of Regional Powers

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers :

Question 1.
The time gap between death of Aurangzeb and battle of Palasy
i) 50 yers
ii) 60 yers
iii) 70 yers
iv) 90 yers
Answer:
i) 50 yers

Question 2.
Appointment of Murshidkuli khan was made permanent by –
i) Aurangzeb
ii) Bahadur Salaa
iii) Farukhsiyar
Answer:
iii) Farukhsiyar

Question 3.
In Bengal the famine of ‘ 76 ‘ occured in-
i) 1776
ii) 1576
iii) 1676
iv) 1176
Answer:
iv) 1176

Question 4.
Maratha diteh was dug for –
i) frigation
ii) preventing Maratha attack
iii) preventing Bargi attack
iv) piseiculture
Answer:
iii) preventing Bargi attack

Question 5.
In 1754 Suja-ud-doula became the ruler of-
i) Bengal
ii) Awadh
iii) Hydrabad
iv) Bihar
Answer:
ii) Awadh

Question 6.
The Indian rulers who had no male heirs lost their kingdom to the British. This was known as-
i) Subsidiary Alliance
ii) Doctrine of Lapse
Answer:
ii) Doctrine of Lapse

Question 7.
Number of Indo-Mysore battles took place between 1767 and 1799
i) four
ii) five
iii) three
iv) two
Answer:
i) four

Question 8.
The influence of Jaigirdari and Mansabdari system On Mughal economy was
i) positive
ii) negative
Answer:
ii) negative

State whether True or Falses

Question 1.
In eighteenth century the Mughals had not done any military reforms.
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
Awadh emerged as an autonomous provincial power under Murshid Quli Khan.
Answer:
False.

Question 3.
Jagat Seth is a title of a particular merchant family.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
Mir-Kamar-uddin-Siddiki was given the title of Asaf Jha by Aurangzeb.
Answer:
False.

Question 5.
In 1776 Mir Jafar was removed and his son-in-law Mir Qasim was made the Nawab.
Answer:
True.

Question 6.
In 1717, Mughalemperor Faruksiyar issued an order or a farman.
Answer:
True.

Question 7.
Like Murshid Quli, Alivardi Khan too had anegative attitude towards the European traders.
Answer:
False.

Question 8.
Mir Jafar haf played an inactive role during the battle of Palasy.
Answer:
True.

Question 9.
After the battle of Palasy, Robert Clive appointed Mir Jafar we Nawab of Bengal.
Answer:
True.

Question 10.
Lord Clive roiurned to Bengal after 1765 .
Answer:
False.

Question 11.
Between 1757 and 1765, the Company emerged as the main power in Bengal.
Answer:
True.

Question 12.
The policy of doctrine of lapse set up by Lord Wellesley.
Answer:
False.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
The chief of the three main regional power Bengal, Hyderabad, Ayodhya were _________ Mughal administrators.
Answer:
local.

Question 2.
________ got the post of Bengal’s Nazim in 1717.
Answer:
Murshid Kuli Khan

Question 3.
The royal treasury and mint of Suba Bengal was in the invisible control of _______.
Answer:
Jagat Seth.

Question 4.
The Nawab’s capital _________ was not spared by the Bergis.
Answer:
Murshidabad.

Question 5.
In 1717, the Mughal emperor Farukshiyar issed an order or a _________.
Answer:
Farman.

Question 6.
Mir Qasim had to pay almost 29 lakhs to beceme ___________.
Answer:
Nawab.

Question 7.
The residents became aggressive during the time of Lord ___________.
Answer:
Wellesley.

Question 8.
The Sikhs lost the first Anglo-Sikh war in _________.
Answer:
1845.

Question 9.
The Marathas had a great deai of supremacy in the __________.
Answer:
Decan.

Question 10.
Under haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, Mysore’s army was set up in _______ model.
Answer:
European.

Match column A with B

A	B
Aurangzeb died	the death of the one-third peasant occured
Persian invasion	Murshid Quli Khan became Nazim.
In 1717	turned into the ruler’s rod
The business man of Murshidabad	were called merchant’s king.
In the battle of Plassy Mir Jafar	Under the leadership of Nadir Shah.
The merchant’s scale	Tipu Sultan died.
In the famine of ‘ 76 ‘	in 1707.
In fourth Anglo Mysore war	was inactive.

Answer:

A	B
Aurangzeb died	in 1707
Persian invasion	under the leadership of Nadir Shah.
In 1717	Murshid Quli Khan became Nazim.
The business man of Murshidabad	were called merchant king
In the battle of Plassy Mir Jafar	was inactive.
The merchant’s scale	turned into ruler’s rod.
In the famine of ‘ 76 ‘	the death of one third pleasant was occured.
In fourth Anglo Mysore war	Tipu Sultan died.

Answer in a sentence :

Question 1.
In which year Aurangzeb died?
Answer:
Aurangzeb died in 1707.

Question 2.
Whe was the leader of Persian attack in Delli?
Answer:
Nadir Shah was the leader of Persian attack in Delhi.

Question 3.
Who was the leader of Afgan attack in Delli?
Answer:
Ahmad Saha Abdali was the leader of Afgan attack in Delhi.

Question 4.
By whom Murshidkuli Khau was appointed as Dewan of Bengal?
Answer:
Murshidkuli Khan was appointed as Dewan of Bengal by Aurangzeb.

Question 5.
Who became Nawab after Alibardi kihan?
Answer:
Siraj Ud-doullah becane Nawab after Alibardi Khan.

Question 6.
Who was honoured with the title Jagat Seth?
Answer:
Fateha Cliand was honoured with the title Jagat Seth.

Question 7.
Mention an important incident of the reign of Nawab Alivardi Khan.
Answer:
An important incident of the reign of Nawab Alivardi Khan was the Bargi attack.

Question 8.
Who founded the kingdom of Hyderabad and when?
Answer:
Asaf tha founded the kingdom of Hyderabad in 1724.

Question 9.
When did Mughal emperor Farukh Shah issue a farman?
Answer:
Mughal emperor Farukh Shah issued a forman in 1717.

Question 10.
Who propagated the story of ‘Black Hole Tragedy’?
Answer:
Holwell propagated the story of ‘Black Hole Tragedy’.

Question 11.
In which year the battle of Plassy took place?
Answer:
The battle of Plassy took place in 1757.

Question 12.
Which states of zamindary was given to British by Mir Qasim?
Answer:
Mir Qasim gave the zamindary of Bardhaman, Midnapur and Chattogram to the Brithish.

Question 13.
When did the Battle of Buxar take place?
Answer:
The Battle of Buxar took place in 1764.

Question 14.
How long the dual system of administration continued in Bengal?
Answer:
The dual system of administration continued in Bengal from 1765 to 1772 .

Question 15.
When did the famine of ’76’ occur?
Answer:
The famine of ’76’ occured in Bengal in 1770. In terms of Bengal calender, the year stood at 1176.

Question 16.
Who willingly accepted Subsidiary Alliance?
Answer:
The Nizam of Hydarabad willingly accepted Subsidiary Alliance.

Question 17.
Who opposed the policy of Subsidiary Alliance?
Answer:
Tipu Sultan of Mysore opposed of Subsidiary Alliance.

Question 18.
Who implemented the policy of Doctrine of Lapse?
Answer:
Lord Dalhousi implemented the policy of Doctrine of Lapse.

Question 19.
In which war Tipu Sultan was died?
Answer:
Tipn Sultan was died in Fourth Anglo-Mysore war.

Question 20.
In which year and between whom Salbai treaty was signed?
Answer:
In 1782 Salbai Treaty was signed between Maratha and British Company.

Answer in 30-40 words :

Question 1.
Short note on Mansabdari system.
Answer:
Emperor Akbar introduced Mansabdari system to form army. The soldiers were paid according to their post. They were classified according to their number under a mansabdar. The mansabdar of lowest rank could keep maximum 10 soldiers and of highest rank could keep maximum is thousand soldier. The mansabdars were paid in cash and they paid the soldiers from the earning from their Jaigir. The post of mansabdar was not heriditary.

Question 2.
What was the relation between famine of ‘ 76 ‘ and the dual government?
Answer:
Dual government system is responsible for the famine of ‘ 76 ‘. East India Company got the right of collecting faxes from Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Reja Khan in Bengal and Sitab Roy were given responsiblity for collecting taxes. They were collecting taxes as much as they could. Many lands remained unploughed. Crisis of fond crops occured and the price rised high. The British army for its food supply collected enough paddy rice by hook or by crook. On the other hand the British officials, merchants, the authority of company started hoarding rice and later sold at high price.

Question 3.
Write short note on ‘Black Ilole Tragedy’.
Answer:
In 20th June 1756, Nawab Siraj-ud-daullah occupied Calcutta. After that Holwell as well as some British was imprisoned by the Nawab’s army. Holwell complained that Siraj had locked up 146 British men and women in a small room and that resulted the death of 123 of them. This incident is known as ‘Black Hole Tragedy’. Later, it is proved that it was imagined and exaggerated.

Answer in 120-160 words :

Question 1.
How far the various policies of Aurangzeb were responsible for the downfall of Nughal empire.
Answer:
The various policies of Aurangzeb were responsible for the downfall of Mughal empire
a) From the reign of Akbar the Rajputs helped Mughals to expand their empire and strengthen the Mughals. But for the wrong Rajput policy of Aurangzeb deprived him from the assistance of Rajputs.
b) His Deccan policy also weaken the power of the Mughals. The regional powers of north Bengal revolted and some of them became independent for the long absence of Aurangzeb at Delhi.
c) The former emperor showed the relegious tolerance but Aurangzeb was too much orthodox about religion. From his narrow religious outlook he was deprived from the loyalty trust and support of Hindus.
d) The revolt of Jath, Satnami, Sikh, Bundela, Rajput of the reign of Aurangzeb weakened the foundation of Mughal dynasty.

Question 2.
What is Dual Government system? What was its result?
Answer:
When East India company got the Dewani Rights of Bengal the power of tax collection and the military power was handed over to them. Nawab only enjoyed political power and looked after law and administration. As the economic power and the right to revenue collection centered in the hand of British, they enjoyed real power. This system was known as Dual system.

The misery of people of Bengal increased upto the extreme point. Disorder prevailed every where. The company collected as much revenue as possible. For this purpose the British offecials tortured their subjects. Dere to the tremendous pressure small Jamindars and peasants became bankrupt.

The British officials stated to plunder the subjects, Nawab had no power to punish them. The law and order became failed. Many lands had not been ploughed at all. The price of things started going higher. Dual system was the people of Bengal were suffering in miserable condition, the wealth of Bengal drained away.

Question 3.
What were the main conditions of Doctrine of Lapse? State the application of this policy.
Answer:
The main terms and conditions of Doctrine of Lapse are –
1. Those Indian rulers who had no male heirs, lose their kingdom to the British. If the king had any adopted son he would not have any right on the throne.
2. In case of subjugated states they had to seek permission while taking adopted son. Otherwise the adopted son would considered as illegal. If company would not give permission to the state would lose their kingdom.
3. The native independent state could take to adopted son without the permission of British. By the application

policy of Doctrine of Lapse, Dalhousie ocenpied Santara, Sambalpur, Jhansi and other regions. Dalhousie snatehed the Berar province of Hyderabad to provide for company expenses. By the policy, he stopped pension of some province. After the death of Baji Rao-II he stopped the pension of Nana Sahib, the adopted son of Baji Rao-II. On the other hand, after the death of Tanjore Raj the title of her daughter was banned. By applying the policy of Doctrine of Lapse Lord Dallousie widened the path of the great revolt.

Question 4.
What was the object of Subsidiary Alliance? What was the condition of the policy? What was the result?
Answer:
There were two objectives of Subsidiary Alliances. They are –
i) To establish the political power in India.
ii) To remove the French influence from India.
According to the condition of the policy, the ruler who would accept the policy the British government gave the military protection of that state. The inner independence of the ruler would be secure but the ruler could not make any treaty or declare war without the permission of British government. The ruler had to bear the expenditure of standing army. The British government put a resident at the court of the ruler.

The kings, who accepted the policy of subsidiary alliance had lost their sovereign power. They became the puppet of the British. On the other hand, the British became strong in aspect of political, economical and others powers. The Nizam of Hyderabad had willingly accepted the policy. Later the other states were compelled to take the policy.

Question 5.
What is the famine of ’76’? What is the result of it?
Answer:
In 1770, in terms of Bengal calender the year stood at 1176, a tremendous famine occured in Bengal which is known as the famine of ’76’. For this famine of ’76’, one-third people of Bengal died. This famine influenced the economy of Bengal greatly. The self sufficient villeges turned into deserted place. But the revenue increased in compare of other years. Due to this severe famine the agricultural system of Bengal had lost the balance. There were lack of peasants as many of peasants had died in the faminc. Lands left unploughed. Many Jamindar also died. In one hand, old Jamindary were abolished, On the other hand, new Jamindari emarged. They used to run their Jamindary by dewan and the revenue from the subjects was collected by them. With the agriculture cottage industry of Bengal destroyed also. For the death of labours and craftsman the production in industry was hampered.