Class 7

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 7 History Book Solutions Chapter 8 The Crisis of the Mughal Empire offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 7 History Chapter 8 Question Answer – The Crisis of the Mughal Empire

1. Find out the odd one and underline :

a. Pune, Konkan, Agra, Bijapur.
Answer:
Agra

b. Banda Bahadur, Afjal khan, Shaista khan, Muazzam.
Answer:
Banda Bahadur

c. Astapradhan, Bargi, Mawle, Khalsa.
Answer:
Khalsa

d. Ramdas, Teg Bahdur, Jai Singha, Hargobinda.
Answer:
Jai Singha

e. Kesh(hair), Kripan(dagger), Kalam(pen), Kanga(comb).
Answer:
Kalam(pen)

2. March the column ‘A’ with column ‘B’.

Group-A	Group-B
Raigad	Narnaul
Hindupadapadashahi	Shivaji
Golconda	North-West frontier
Satnami	Bajirao-I
Pathan Tribe	Deccan

Answer:

Group-A	Group-B
Raigad	Shivaji
Hindupadapadashahi	Bajirao-I
Golconda	Deccan
Satnami	Narnaul
Pathan Tribe	North-West frontier

3. Answer the following questions in brief : (30-50 words)

a) What were the economic and political changes occured during Aurangazeb’s reign?
Answer:
The Mughal Empire during Aurangazeb’s reign was vast and trouble broke out between the nobility over the control at the Mansabs. During this time the Marathas emerged as a regional power. They refused to acknowledge Mughal supremacy. Relations with the Sikhs were also bitter. The notion at Mughal supremacy received a bloody blow with the emergence of these regional powers.

b. When and with whom was the Treaty at Purandar signed? What was its outcome?
Answer:
The Treaty of Purandar was signed betwen Shivaji and Aurangzeb, the Mughal Emperor.
As per this Treaty, Shivaji was forced to surrender as many as 23 forts in favour of the Mughals. The forts were the only pivot (main pillar) of security in those times. Here after, shivaji’s visit to the Mughal court was reciprocated with affront. He was imprison in the Agra fort. Hidden in a fruit basket Shivaji managed to escape. When he reached the Daccan, there began a conflict with the Mughals once again.

c. Why did the Jats have a conflict with the Mughals?
Answer:
The jats of Delhi-Agra region were mainly peasants. Many of them were landlords too. They often entered into conflicts on the issue of revenue collection during the reigns of Jahangir and Shahjahan. During Aurangzeb’s time, they put up an organ ised rebellion under the supervision of local landlord. The Jats voiced their claim for a seperate homeland. On the one hand the resistance by the Jats against the Mughals was a peasant movement and on the other, the jats were getting integrated under the identity at a different clan.

d. What was the reason behind the conflict between Shivaji and the Mughals?
Answer:
During Aurangzeb’s reign the Mughal Empire was vast and trouble broke out between the nobility over the control at the Mansabs. During this time the Marathas emerged as a regional power under the leadership at Shivaji. They refused to acknowledge Mughal supremacy, they dreant of an independent state. The Marathas were a marital tage. The dwelt in the areas adjoin Pune and the Konkan coast. Many of them were nobles at the courts at Bijapur and Golconda. Yet they did not lave a dream of separate kingdom of their own. In the 17th century, the Maratha ruler Shivaji unfied the Marathas under his fold. The rise of the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji was a significant protest movement against a central Administration at Mughals.

e. What advantages did the Mughals enjoy due to their victory at Bijapur and Golkonda?
Answer:
vast area of the Deccan came under the Mughal rule after Aurangazeb’s victory in Bijapur and Golkonda. Aurangzeb kept the fertile lands of the area as his ‘khas land’ or ‘Khalisa’. Those were not leased as ‘Jaigirs’. The revenues derived from the ‘khas land’ were directly deposited to the central Treasury. In fact, there was no scarcity of land, but fertile land, which could be leased as jagir was less in number.

4. Answer the questions in detail (100-120 words)

a. How did the Sikhs organise themselves against the Mughals?
Answer:
There was certain conflict between the Sikhs and the Mughals during the reign of Jahanagir and Shahjahan. That was mainly political in nature. The Shikhs were loyal to their ‘Gurus’.

This was the reason behind some occasional conflicts between the Sikhs and the Mughals, Arjundev, who was the son of Ramadas, the fourth Guru of the Sikhs, became the Guru of the Sikhs in the last quarter at the 16 th century AD. This time onwards came the hereditary policy of Guru Arjun, carried two swords at a time what he meant was that he had his command not only over religion but also on politics. So the rise of the Sikhs became almost synonymous with the rise of an independent power. For the Mughal regime, it was hard to put up with. The ninth Sikh Guru, Tegbahadur opposed the religious policy of Aurangzeb. However, it was the same religion, which acted as the deterrent to Mughal-Sikh conflict. A word was in circulation that Tegbahadur opposed the Mughal rule in Punjab with the support of a pathan. This incident triggered the exodus of the Sikhs under the aegis of their Tenth Sikh Guru Govinda singh to the mountaneous regions at Punjub, where they all got united.

b. Why did the agrarian crisis break out during the last phase of the Mughal age? What was the outcome of this crisis?
Answer:
Agrarian crisis was at per with the crisis at Jaigirdari and Mansabdari systems. However those who directly depended on agriculture for their livelihood grew large in numbar. In the Deccan, the Mughal Mansabdars took help at the Maratha sardars for collecting taxes during the time of warfare. This indicates that the Mughal command became considerably weak over those areas. Again there was a hike in the Price of merchandise during the 17th century AD.

As a result of this increase price hike the Aristocrats, wanted to improve the share of their income from the land. They began to mount pressure upon the Zamindars and the peasants. The peasants also chose to organise a rebellion. On several occassions, they received the patronage of the Zamindars too. It so happened sometimes that the peasants secretly deserted the villages to dodge the taxes. The cultivation remained suspended for the time being. Even taxes could not be collected when here was no farming. So, those Mansabdars, who were depended with the jagirs in these lands, could not take due care of the horseriders.

c. Why did the last phase of the Mughal era run into a crisis of the Jagirdari and Mansabdari system? What was its impact upon the Mughal empire?
Answer:
Right from the time of Shahjahan, the Mansabdari and Jaigirdari systems ran into a crisis. On many occasions the mansabdars were not allowed their dues according to their worthiness for the post. In many cases, the revenues could not be duly collected on account at the peasant rebellions. This apart, the corruption was beyond any control. Deprived at their dues, it was difficult for the Mansabdars to look after all such horseriders with whom their duty rested. In fact, the gap between the theory and the practice widened ever and ever. Aurongzeb’s reign saw a move complicated form of this problem.

During the last phase of the 17th century the Mansabdars entered into an unholy fight and conspiracy in the hope of a profitable jagir. In the Darwari pilitics there ensued a conflict among the Irani, Turani, Maratha and other Rajputs groups. No single Mughal ruler could be held responsible for the Mansabdari and Jaigirdari crisis. In fact various other pre-existing problems snowalled into such huge mess.

d. What is your view about the overall condition of Mughal empire during Aurangeb’s rule?
Answer:
The Mughal Empire during Auarangzeb’s reign was vast and trouble broke out between the nobility over the control at the Mansab’s. During this time the Marathas emerged as a regional power. They refused to acknowledge Mughal supremacy. Relations with the Sikhs were also bitter. The notion of Mughal supremacy received a bloody blow with the emergence of these regional powers. Those resistance against the Mughals took different shapes in different places. Where the Marathas dreamt of an independent state, the Jat and Satnami revolts brought forward the defects at the Mughal agricultural system.

Class 7 History Chapter 8 Question Answer West Bengal Board – The Crisis of the Mughal Empire

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
During the reign of Aurangzeb the Marathas emerged as-
i) central power
ii) regional power
iii) foreign power
Answer:
ii) regional power

Question 2.
Shivaji was greatly influenced by his-
i) father
ii) mother
iii) teacher
iv) mother and teacher
Answer:
iv) mother and teacher

Question 3.
Shivaji killed Afzal Khan with –
i) a sword
ii) a knife
iii) bagh nakh
iv) an arrow
Answer:
iii) bagh nakh

Question 4.
Shivaj’s coronation was held in 1674 at-
i) Raigad
ii) Pune
iii) Konkan
iv) Bijapur
Answer:
i) Raigad

Question 5.
Shivaji had-
i) ten ministers
ii) twelve ministers
iii) six ministers
iv) eight ministers
Answer:
iv) eight ministers

Question 6.
The ninth Sikh Guru was –
i) Ramdas
ii) Arjundev
ii) Hargobind
iv) Tegh bahadur
Answer:
iv) Tegh bahadur

Question 7.
Khalsa was started by-
i) Tegh Bahadur
ii) Ramdas
iii) Govind Singh
iv) Hargobind
Answer:
iii) Govind Singh

Question 8.
The Jats of Delhi-Agra region weremainly-
i) soldiers
ii) peasants
iii) labours
iv) zamindars
Answer:
ii) peasants

Fill in the blanks : (1 mark for each question)

1. The Mughal rulers failed to increase the fertility of the soil using new ____.
Answer:
technology

2. After the death of Guru Govinda Singh his disciple ____ continued the fight.
Answer:
Banda bahadur

3. The Jats wanted to establish a seperate ________.
Answer:
state

4. Sometimes the peasantry used to quit their native village to avoid paying ________.
Answer:
revenue

5. In many cases the Mansabdars were deprived of their alloted ________.
Answer:
salary

6. Guru Govinda Singh could not succeed against the ________.
Answer:
Marathas

7. The Sikhs were loyal to their _______.
Answer:
Gurus

8. Forty years after the death of Shivaji political power passed in to the hands of the __________.
Answer:
Peshwa

State whether True or False : (1 mark for each question)

1. Some regional powers challenged the Mughals.
Answer:
true

2. The Marathas were skilled in warfare.
Answer:
true

3. Shivaji’s father Shahaji Bhosle was the Jagirdar of the sultan of Golkonda .
Answer:
false

4. Peswa Bajirao I wanted to unite other kingsagainst the Mughal on the basis of independence.
Answer:
false

5. Shivaji introduced well organized sovereign rule.
Answer:
true

6. The ninth Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur opposed the religioug policy of Aurangzeb.
Answer:
true

7. A group of traders took up arms against the Mughal empire at Narnaul.
Answer:
false

8. Along with the crisis in Jagardari and Mansabdari systems, there was also the agrarian crisis.
Answer:
true

9. Guru Govind Singh succeed against the Mughals.
Answer:
false

10. The Marathas used to call their state Swarajya.
Answer:
true

Match the column A with column B.

Column A	Column B
a) Guru Arjundev	i) Shivaji
b) eight ministers	ii) Hindupad-Padshahi
c) Shahaji Bhosle	iii) wooden comb
d) Raigad	iv) skilled in warfare
e) Peswa Bajirao I	v) Guru Haragobind
f) Kangha	vi) kachha
g) cotton undergarment	vii) Afzal Khan
h) Marathas	viii) Ashta Pradhan
i) Shivaji killed	ix) Shivaji’s coronation

Answer:

Column A	Column B
a) Guru Arjundev	i) Guru Haragobind
b) eight ministers	ii) Ashta Pradhan
c) Shahaji Bhosle	iii) Shivaji
d) Raigad	iv) Shivaji’s coronation
e) Peswa Bajirao I	v) Hindupad-Padshahi
f) Kangha	vi) wooden comb
g) cotton undergarment	vii) kachha
h) Marathas	viii) skilled in warfare
i) Shivaji killed	ix) Afzal Khan

Answer in brief (within 30-50 words) : (Full mark-3)

Question 1.
Write about the rise of the Marathas under Shivaji.
Answer:
Shivaji introduced a well organized sovereign rule. His coronation wes held in 1674. His eight ministers were known as Ashta Prodhan. The prime minister was called Peshwa. The marathas used to call their state Swarjya. They invaded the neighbouring Mughal areas and extortedtax from the people. Patriotism arose among the marathas under the astute leadership of Shivaji.

Question 2.
What is Khalsa?
Answer:
In 1699 Guru govinda Singhstarted an organisation called ‘Khalsa’. The main purpose of Khalsa was to provide security to the Sikhs. Military training was part of the daily life of the Sikhs. The Sikhs who were the followers of Khalsa adopted the surname Singh.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the revolt of Jats.
Answer:
The Jats of the Delhi-Agra region were mainly peasants. many of them were Zamindars. During the reign of Mughal emperor Jahangir and Shah jahan, the Jats had conflict with the Mughalsabout revenue sollection. during Aurangzeb’s reign the Jats rose in a unified rebilion under the leadership of a local zamindar. The Jats wanted to establish a seperate state.

Answer in details : (in 100 to 120 words)

Question 1.
Write about the relation between Shivaji and the Mughals.
Answer:
The Marathas, skilled in warfare, lived in Pune and the Konkan region. Many of them were high officials in the court of Bijapur and Golkunda and Bijapur. But they had no state of their own. Shavaji united them. Taking advantage of the illness of Sultan, Shivaji won over many zamindars of Bijapur. The Sultan Afzil khan to suppress him. Afzal even tried to kill him. But the alert Shivaji killed Afzal with a weapon called bagh naka. It wes not possible for Aurangzeb to accept his rise of power. Meanwhile, Shivaji attacked Surat and plundered the port city twice. It wes Jaisingh who compelled Shivaji to sign the treaty of Porbundar in 1665 .

Shivaji was forced to surrender 23 forts to the Mughals. When Shivaji reached the Mughal court at Agra, he was imprisoned in the Agra fort. But Shivaji was able to escape. On reaching the Deccan, his strife against the Mughals resumed. The rise of Marathas under Shivaji was a huge challenge to central autority. Shivaji introduced a well organized sovereign rule.

Question 2.
Write about the conflict of the Sikhs with Mughals.
Answer:
During the reign of Emperor Jahangir and Shsh Jahan the Mughals had engaged in conflict with Sikhs. This conflict was pursly political. The Sikhs were loyal to their Gurus. This had often led the Sikhs to occassional strife with the Mughals. Towards the end of 16th century Arjundev, the son of Guru Ramdas, became the Guru of the Sikh community. Since then the system of selecting the Sikh Gurus became hereditary. Guru hargobind, the son of Guru Arjundev, used to carry two șwords simultaneouly. He indicated theat he had command not only over rsligion but also ocer politics.

The Mughals could not accept the rise of Sikh power. The ninth Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur opposed the religious policy of Aurangzeb. The Sikh conflict with Aurangzeb was mainly on political grounds. Mughals imprisoned Tegbahadur and killed him. After the death of Guru Govind singh, his disciple Banda Bahadur continued the fight. Guru Govinda Singh could not succeed against the mughals. But the Mughal control over the North West became weak.

Additional Questions and answers

Question 1.
Why did the Marathas want to expand beyond the Deccan?
Answer:
The Marathas wanted to clip away the authority of the Mughal empire. To possess the right to collect shauth and sardeshmukhi in the entire region. Maratha king to be recognised as the overlord the entire Daccan.

Question 2.
What was the effect of Aurangzeb’s long war in the Deccan?
Answer:
The military and financial resources of his empire got depleted.

Question 3.
Which parts of India were associated with peasant and Zamindari rebillions?
Answer:
Northern and western parts of India.

Question 4.
Who was Shivaji?
Answer:
Shivaji was the founder of the Maratha kingdom.

Question 5.
How were peasant-pastoralists important for Shivaji?
Answer:
Peasant-pastoralists provided the back’one of the Maratha army. Shivaji used these forces to challenge the Mughals.

Question 6.
What was Chauth?
Answer:
20% of land revenue claimed by Zamindars was known as Chauth.

Question 7.
What was Sardeshmukhi?
Answer:
10% of the land revenue paid to the head revenue sollectorin the Deccan was known as Sardeshnukhi.

Question 8.
How did the later Mughal emperors lose their control over their nobles?
Answer:
The efficiency of the administration broke down under the later Mughal emperors. It became increasingly difficult for them to keep acheck on the powerfl nobles appointed as as governors even controlled the offices of revenue. They gain political, economic and military powers ocer vast regions.

Question 9.
Under whose leadership the Jats became powerful?
Answer:
The Jats became powerful under the leadership of Churaman.

Question 10.
Describe the impact of nadir Shah’s invasion up[on Delhi.
Answer:
Nadir Shah was the ruler of Iran.He plundersd the city of Delhi in 1739 . He took away immense amounts of wealth. as a result the Mughal treasery became vacant. Delhi turned into a deserted place. Delhi was very rich but became poor after Nadir Shah looted it.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 7 History Book Solutions Chapter 9 India Today: Government, Democracy and Self Governance offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 7 History Chapter 9 Question Answer – India Today: Government, Democracy and Self Governance

1. Fill in the blarks.

a. (Bangladesh/Japan/France/Great Britain) ______ has king and queen even today.
Answer:
Great Britain

b. The system of selecting of rulers among themselves is known as________ (Democracy $i$ Monarchy/Federal).
Answer:
Democracy.

c. The longest constitution is the world is of _______ (India/Japan/England)
Answer:
India.

d. The system of governancein which the people aregoverned by themselves is known as ________ (constitution/sabha and sanity/self-governance)
Answer:
Self-governance.

e. A cluster of villages makes a _____ (block/district/municipality)
Answer:
Block.

2. Match column ‘A’ with Column ‘B’

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
Sarkar	Greece
Dr. B.R.Ambedkar	Self-government
Federation	Indian constitution
Athens	Farsi
Assembly of district	India

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
Sarkar	Farsi
Dr. B.R.Ambedkar	Indian constitution
Federation	India
Athens	Greece
Assembly of district	Self-government

3. Answer in brief (in about 30-50 words)

a. What characteristics do you notice in the administrative system of India?
Answer:
The Indian constitutionclearly states the powers of the union and the state governments. The system of governance which recognizes the power of both central and the state governments is called a federal system of governance. .

b. What are Federal system and and sonstitution?
Answer:
Constitution explicity refers to the Power of the Central Govt and the State Govt. The administration that accepts the power of both the Central Govt and the State Govt is called Federal Government. On the other it is Federal for having the co-existence of both the central govt and the state government. Every courstry has its own system of rules and regulations. These ‘rules and regulations’ is together called ‘the constitution’.

c. What are the functions of the Government?
Answer:
The functions of the Government ranging from Govern the administration, taking initiative for people’s development, collecting taxes, keeping up the freedom of country to working for peace and development of its nation.

d. What do you mean by ‘Self-Governance’?
Answer:
The people of India not only elect ruler but they also do Participate in the system of ruling themselves. Direct participation to the system of ruling is called ‘Self Government’. ‘Self’ means ‘own’ and ‘Possessed’means ‘Under.’ People here are under the control of themselves. That very kind of administration is called ‘self-Government’.

e. What is election commonly known as?
At what interval is election held in India?
What is the relation between election of the Government and Democracy?
Answer:
The general term for ‘election’ is called ‘voting’. The citizen of the country elect their Government through ‘voting’.
In India election is held every after five years.
The selection of ruler among the people themselves is called ‘Democracy’. It is democracy where people do set up their code of administration. Thus people elect the representative to govern their country through ‘voting’. Here lies the relation between the election and democracy.

4. Answer in details (100-120 words) :

a. Why is India called democratic and federal? What is the role of the constitution in the adminisration of the country?
Answer:
India is a vast country this country has only one central Govt. Again each of the states has its own Government who are called the State Govt. Both the Central and the State Govt. are selected by the people. The kind of adminstration that accepts both the power of Central and the State Govt. is called system of Federal Govt. In that sense India is democratic. For people do elect ruler themselves. On the other, it is Federal for the administration of India consists of both the

Central and the State Govt. Therefore India is called democratic and federal.
To every country has its own code of administration. This code is called ‘the constitution’. The word ‘Bidham’ means ‘rule’. India has a constitution written format that’s the largest in the world. This constitution allows the people of country to select their supreme ruler India has two kinds of Government. The central and the state. The constitution of India holds the function of both the Govt. This constitation plays a vital role in governing a country.

b. What are the branches of the government? What are the functions of those branches? Why is the Judiciary kept seperate?
Answer:
The Govt. has the divisions. The department of law, the department of administration and the department of Judiciary. The dept. of law enacts laws to govern the country. The dept of administration functions in governing the country following that laws. The dept. of Judiciary keeps vigid on governance of the country as per constitution and reservation of right to justice of the people.

Almost all the countries segregate the dept. of Judiciary from two other constitute (law and administration). Therefore the right to justice is reserved through this system. In a word it is called ‘the theory of individualisation of power. The wond ‘Individualisation’ means ‘to segregate’. The theory is adopted to reserve the ‘right to democracy’. The philosopher of France Montensku first invented this theory.

c. What are the functions of Municipalities and gram Panchayats?
Answer:
‘Municipality’ exists in small cities and towns. Service to the people/inhabitants of the town, development and administration incroporated the duties of municipality. Supply of drinking water, construction of roads, checking pollution all these are performed by municipality. The municipality takes initiative in spreading education and developing health care by building schools and hospitals.

As of municipality in the town, village-Panchayat does exist in villages. All round development of village is sole aim to Panchayat. The duties of Panchayat involving supply of drinking water, cleanliness of village, construction of roads and the likes. Besides Panchayat is the functionery for building schools, health centre, afforestation.

Be of municipality or Panchayat, people do elect their representative every after five years. Again in both sphere people themselves do take part in ruling administration and other activities.

d. Write a note on system of ‘Self-Government’ in West Bengal.
Answer:
Where people are under the control of themselves is called the ‘system of selfGovernment’. This system has a couple of aspects in West Bengal. Municipality for towns and cities and Panchayat for villages. There is Municipality in small towns and cities. The word ‘পৌর’ comes from ‘পুর’, In Sanskrit it means town. The members of the municipality are selected by the dwellers of that town aged 18 years or above. The members are called the “representative of civic

body. ‘ One of them is elected to be the Chief of municipality servive to the people of the town or city, Public health, development administration-all belong to the function of municipality.

As of municipality in the town, there are village Panchayat in the villages. The people of village select the members of vilage-Panchayat through ‘election’. One of them becames the chief of Panchayat. All round development of a village is the sole function of Panchayat. Supply of drinking water cleanliness to the village, construction of roads involiny the functions of Panchayat.

In ‘block’ there are ‘associations of panchayat’. Many a village makes a block. A district is formed with many a block. There is a ‘district ouncil’ in the district. As of Village, ‘association of Panchayat’ and ‘district council’ are responsible to conduct the system of ‘self-government’ of block and district.
‘Municipality and Panchayat’-in each system people elect their members through ‘election’ every after five years. Again in both system people participate in ruling the administration and other activities.

e. Can we know about the democratic system in ancient India or elsewhere? What do you think about the democracy?
Answer:
Once upon a time in India the subjects of Bengal selected Gopal to be their king. That was the beginning of Pal Dynasty’. It was two thousand five years back from now, the people of Athens selected ruler among themselves.

The people of Greece would draw out some symbols on a broken pitcher and drop it into a new pitcher. Who ever received the lions share of a broken pitcher would become the ruler.

Class 7 History Chapter 9 Question Answer West Bengal Board – India Today: Government, Democracy and Self Governance

Answer in brief (within 30 – 50 words) : (Full mark-3)

Question 1.
What is the theory of ‘individualisation of power?’
Answer:
Almost all the countries segregate the dept of Judiciary from two other constitute (law and administration). Therefore the right to justice is reserved through it. In a word it is called ‘the theory of ‘individualisation of power.’ ‘Individualisation’ means ‘to segregate’. This theory is adopted to reserve ‘right to democracy’. Philosopher Montensku of France first invented this theory.

Question 2.
What is meant by ‘Municipality’?
Answer:
‘Muniçipality’ exists in small cities and towns. The word ‘পৌর’ comes from ‘পুর’, In sanskrit it means ‘town’. the members of the municipality are selected by the dwellers of that city aged 18 years or above.

Question 3.
What is democracy?
Answer:
‘Democracy’ is not a new conception. It was 2500 years back from today, the people of Athens of Greece selected their rulers they liked among themselves. It is heard that people would draw out some symbols on a broken pitcher and dropped it into a new one. Whoever received the lion’s share of a brother pitcher would be selected ruler.

Question 4.
What’s the function of village Panchayat?
Answer:
Village-Panchayat do exist in villages like the municipalities in cities or towns. The members of Panchayat are elected through election procedure by the villagers. Out of the elected members are becomes the chief of Panchayat. The sole aim of Panchayat evolves all round development of a village. Supply of drinking water, cleanliness, construction of roads and the likes as the duties of Panchayat. Besides Panchayat is the functionary for building schools. health centre, afforestation.

Question 5.
Comment on ‘Indian Constitution’.
Answer:
‘Constitution’ was drafted after a 3 years of discussion and controversy. The consitution was adopted on 26th Nov, 1949. on 26th Junuary, 1950 the constitution was made effective. ‘Repulic Day’ is observed on 26th January.

Question 6.
What’s your view on ‘kind of administration’ of modern India?
Answer:
The modern India proceeds with a reforming administration governed by a Central Government. Again each of the states has its own Government, that means here exists a Federal administration.

Question 7.
Define ‘Federation’ and ‘Constitution’.
Answer:
The administration that accepts the power of both the central and the state Govt. is called ‘Federal Government. To every country has its own system of these ‘rules and regulation’ are called ‘The constitution’ the word ‘Bidhan’ means ‘rules’.

Question 8.
What are the functions of a municipality?
Answer:
The functions of municiality incomposses service to me people of the towr or cities, public health, development and administration and the likes. Supply of drinking water, construction of roads, checking pollution, all are performed by municipality. The municipality takes inititive in spreading education and developing health care by building schools and hospital.

Question 9.
Discuss on the division of the Government.
Answer:
To conduct the functions of the Govt. it has been into three set-up. The dept. of law, where laws are enacted to govern the country. The dept. of administration who rule the country abiding by laws. The dept of judiciary keep vigil on governance of the country as per constitution and reservation of right to justice of the people. To take action against law-breakers is another function of the dept of judiciary.

Question 10.
How is the constitution of India?
Answer:
India has a constitution in a written format. It is the biggest ever in the world. unlike constitution of other countries it consists of many clause and sub-clauses. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is the chief maker of this constitution. The constitution acknowledges the right to people in selecting the Supreme ruler of the country. The ‘election’ is generally called ‘conduction of vote’. participating in ‘vote’ the people of the country do elect the government for the next five years.

Additional Questions and answers

Short answer type Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is meant by ‘constitution’? what does it contain?
Answer:
A constitution is a document which contains details of how to govern a country. Constitution is a framework within which a government has to function. It defines the power of different organs of the government and also enumerates the righte and duties of citizens.

Question 2.
Mention the preamble of the Indian constitution.
Answer:
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, Having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AND TO SECURE TO ALL ITS CITIZENS :
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought expression, belief, faith and worship; and to promote among them allFRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY THIS TWENTY-SIXTH day of November 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

Question 3.
Name the body that framed the constitution. Who was its chairman?
Answer:
The constitution of India was framed by the Constituent Assembly. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was its chairman.

Question 4.
What is democracy and republic?
Answer: Democravy: Democracy is defined as a ‘Government of the people, by the people and for the people.’
Republic: Republis is a state where the head of the state is an elected person. He is elected for a definite period.

Question 5.
What is a preamble?
Answer:
The preamble is a kind of introductory statement which somes before the constitution. It is not law. But it explains the main spirit of the Indian constitution.

Question 6.
When did the constitution of India come into forve?
Answer:
26 January, 1950.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 7 Geography Book Solutions Chapter 11 Continent of Europe offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 11 Question Answer – Continent of Europe

Write down after thinking (Page no. 125)

What this called that central place from where a large number of mountains are extended.
Answer:
The central place from where a large number of mountains are extended is called a knot. Write correct information on the basis of Drainage Map.

In your opinion the general slope of Europe is in which direction and why?
Answer:
The general slope of Europe is from south to north as threre are lofty mountains region to the south and the altitude of the mountain region gradually reduces towards the north.

In your opinion in which climatic region of Europe is the density of population maximum and in which climatic region is it the lowest and why?
Answer:
The density of population in Europe is maximim in temperate climatic region and lowest in mountain climatic region.

Class 7 Geography Chapter 11 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Continent of Europe

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
The sixth largest continent of the world is-
i) Asia
ii) Europe
iii) Africa
iv) North America
Answer:
ii) Europe

Question 2.
To the west of Europe lies-
i) Pacific Ocean
ii) Medterranean Sea
iii) Indian Ocean
iv) Atlantic Ocean
Answer:
iv) Atlantic Ocean

Question 3.
To the east of Europe lies-
i) Alps mountain
ii) Himalaya mountain
iii) Ural mountain
iv) Scandenavian mountain
Answer:
iii) Ural mountain

Question 4.
The country which is called as ‘country of lakes’-
i) Finland
ii) Belgium
iii) Denmark
iv) France
Answer:
i) Finland

Question 5.
The longest river Europe is-
i) Rhine
ii) Rhone
iii) Volga
iv) Danube
Answer:
iii) Volga

Question 6.
A tributary of river Rhine-
i) Arju
ii) Sava
iii) Rhuda
iv) Rhur
Answer:
iv) Rhur

Question 7.
The major mineral of the Rhur industrial region is –
i) petroleum
ii) coal
iii) iron ore
iv) lead
Answer:
ii) coal

Question 8.
An iron and steel industrial centre is-
i) Dortmund
ii) Achen
iii) Deutchburg
iv) Botrop
Answer:
i) Dortmund

Question 9.
Main river of the Ruhr industrial region is-
i) Danube
ii) Elbe
iii) Rhone
iv) Rhine
Answer:
iv) Rhine

Question 10.
Continental climate is found in-
i) Western Europe
ii) Mediterranean coast
iii) central and eastern Europe
iv) North-West Europe
Answer:
iii) central and eastern Europe

Question 11.
The average altitude of Ruhr region is –
i) 140 m
ii) 240 m
iii) 150 m
iv) 180 m
Answer:
ii) 240 m

Question 12.
Chatham is famous for-
i) ship repairing
ii) engineering
iii) printing and publishing
iv) dairy product
Answer:
i) ship repairing

Question 13.
Dertford is famous for-
i) chemical industry
ii) automobile manufacturing
ii) paper industry
iv) dairy product
Answer:
iii) paper industry

Question 14.
Capital city of Netherlands-
i) Rotterdam
ii) Amsterdam
iii) Harlen
iv) Groningen
Answer:
ii) Amsterdam

Question 15.
Reclamation of Polderlands sterted in in the Netherlandsin the-
i) fourteenth century
ii) tenth century
iii) nineth century
iv) eleventh century
Answer:
iv) eleventh century

Fill in the blanks : (1 mark for each question)

1. The grass land of Europe of the temperate region is called as _____.
Answer:
Steppe.

2. The longest river of the France is _____.
Answer:
Seine.

3. The climate that found in Europe is _____.

4. The highest peak of Caucasus mountain is the _____.
Answer:
Elburz.

5. The largest lake of Europe is the _____.
Answer:
Ladoga.

6. The number of countries in the continent of Europe _____.
Answer:
54.

7. The highest peak of Alps is _____.
Answer:
Mont. Blanc.

8. _____ is the main river of the Rhur industrial area.
Answer:
Rhine.

9. The river Rhine enters in the Rhur industrial region near _____city.
Answer:
Cologne.

10. The climate of Rhur industrial region is cool _____type.
Answer:
temperate.

11. This region is formed by the alluvial deposition of _____and _____.
Answer:
glacier, river.

12. The _____ farming method is being adopted for agrriculture.
Answer:
mixed.

13. London is called one of the largest _____ port.
Answer:
exporting.

14 London port is situtated at the _____ of the river Thames.
Answer:
estuary.

15. The climate of London is _____.
Answer:
humid

16. An automobile industrial centre of London basin is _____.
Answer:
Oxford.

17. Lands reclaimed from the sea are called _____.
uns :
Polderlands.

18. The largest Polderland in Netherlands is _____.
Answer:
Zuider zee.

19. To make the polderland salt free _____ is cultivated.
Answer:
hay, clover.

20. At _____ there is a huge reserve of natural gas.
Answer:
Groningen.

21. Amsterdam is well known for cutting and polishing of _____.
Answer:
diamond.

22. _____ canals are used for transportation.
Answer:
circular.

State whether True or False : ( 1 mark for each question)

1. Europe is the fifth largest continent in the world.
Answer:
False

2. To the east of Europe lies the continent of Asia.
Answer:
True

3. A great deal of physical diversity exists in Europe.
Answer:
True

4. Elburge is the highest peak of Europe.
Answer:
True.

5. There are forty five thousand lakes in Finland.
Answer:
False.

6. The longest river of Europe is Rhone.
Answer:
False.

7. Oka, Kama are the tributaries of volga.
Answer:
True.

8. Length of river Danube is 3530 km.
Answer:
False.

9. In sub-polar climate region land remains covered with ice for 6-8 months.
Answer:
True.

10. Continental climate in the central and eastern Europe.
Answer:
True.

11. Chernozem soil is found in the north of Ruhr Industrial area.
Answer:
False.

12. Coal is the main mineral Of Ruhr Industrial Region.
Answer:
True.

13. Heathrow is the main airport if London basin.
Answer:
True.

14. Lichester is famous for printing and publishing.
Answer:
False.

15. The transport system and industries are well developed in the polderland.
Answer:
True.

Match the column A with column B.

Column A	Column B
a) Polderland is situated in	i) international airport
b) There are three thousand	ii) in the north of Ruhr
c) London is an	iii) of Poland
d) Shape of London Basin	iv) the Caucasus
e) Essen is famous for	v) is like a clay saucer
f) Hamburgh port is located	vi) cold temperate zone
g) The length of river Danube	vii) polders in Netherlands
h) Vistula is the longest river	viii) is 2850 km
i) Elburz is the highest peak of	ix) is cool temperate in nature
j) The climate of Ruhr region	x) cement industry

Answer:
a) Polderland is situated in cold temperate zone.
b) There are three thousand polders in Netherlands.
c) London is an international airport.
d) Shape of London Basin is like a clay saucer.
e) Essen is famous for cement industry.
f) Hamburgh port is located in the north of Ruhr.
g) The length of river Danube is 2850 km
h) Vistula is the longest river of Poland.
i) Elburz is the highest peak of the Caucasus.
j) The climate of Ruhr region is cool temperate in nature.

Very Short Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
What is the highest peak of Europe?
Answer:
The highest peak of Europe is Elburz.

Question 2.
What is Polderland?
Answer:
The lowland of Netherland that is reclaimed from the sea is called Polderland.

Question 3.
What is the longest river of Poland?
Answer:
The longest river of Poland is Vistula.

Question 4.
What is the best international river of Europs?
Answer:
The best international river of Europe is Danube.

Question 5.
In which climate rainfall ocean in winter in Europe?
Answer:
Rainfall occurs in winter in Meditarranean sea climate.

Question 6.
Which country is called as the ‘land of fishermen’?
Answer:
Norway is called as the ‘land of fishermen’.

Question 7.
What is the mouth of the river Volga?
Answer:
The mouth of the river Volga is Caspian sea.

Question 8.
What is called as the light house of Meditarranean sea.
Answer:
The lipare volcano is called as the ‘light-house of Meditarranean sea’.

Question 9.
What is the major industry of Rhur industrial region?
Answer:
Iron and steel industry is the major industry of Rhur industrial region.

Question 10.
Where the wine industry is famous?
Answer:
Wine industry is famous in the city of Esen.

Question 11.
Where the glass industry is founded in Rhur industrial region?
Answer:
In the city of Geilsenkersen the glass industry is founded.

Question 12.
On the bank of which river the city of London located?
Answer:
On the bank of river Thames the city of London is located.

Question 13.
Of which state the city of London is the capital?
Answer:
The city of London is the capital of United Kingdom.

Question 14.
Which highland is situated to the north of London basin?
Answer:
The Chiltam highland is to the north of London basin.

Question 15.
What is the area of the London basin?
Answer:
The area of the London basin is 7,760 sq . km.

Question 16.
What is the shape of London basin?
Answer:
The shape of the London basin is like a clay saucer.

Question 17.
What is the major river of London?
Answer:
Thames is the major river of London.

Question 18.
What is the major Air-port of London?
Answer:
Heathrow is the major airport of London.

Question 19.
What is known as the port by which goods can be exported and imported?
Answer:
Retrading Port.

Question 20.
Name a ship repairing centre of London basin.
Answer:
Chathum is a ship repairing centre of London basin.

Question 21.
What is the area of London basin?
Answer:
The area of london Basin is 7,760 sq . km.

Question 22.
Write the boundary of London basin.
Answer:
Chiltam highland to the north, North Downs highlands in the south, Reading city at the west and North sea at the west and North sea at the east.

Question 23.
Name the tributaries of the river Thames.
Answer:
The tribiutaries of river Thames are Lee. Roading, Way, Male etc.

Question 24.
Why is the agriculture not developed in London basin?
Answer:
For clusteried settlement, industrialization and urbanization

Question 25.
How is the climate of London basin?
Answer:
As the London basin lies near the sea and for the influence of Westerlies rainfall occurs all the year round and the climate is wet and humid.

Question 26.
What is the cause of economic development of London Basin?
Answer:
The cause of economic development of London Basin is rapid industrialization.

Question 27.
Where are Engineering industry and information technology setup?
Answer:
The engineering industry – Gilford, Information Technology-Reading.

Question 28.
What is the meaning of Polderland?
Answer:
Low plainland, rescued from the sea.

Question 29.
How many polderlands are there in Netherlands?
Answer:
There are three thousand polders in Netherlands.

Question 30.
What are hay and clover?
Answer:
Hay and clover are one type of grass.

Question 31.
What is the major river of Netherlands?
Answer:
the river Rhine.

Question 32.
What is Green house?
Answer:
Cultivation of vegetables in glass house.

Question 33.
What is the capital of Netherlands?
Answer:
The capital of Netherland is Amsterdam.

Question 34.
Which resource is lacked in Netherlands?
Answer:
Minerals are lacked in Netherlands.

Question 35.
Which flowers are cultivated in Netherlands?
Answer:
Tulip, Cosmos, Gladinli are cultivated in Netherlands.

Question 36.
For what purpose the Polderland is formed?
Answer:
For the purpose of settlement.

Question 37.
In which continent Netherlands is situated?
Answer:
Netherland is situated in Europe.

Question 38.
What type of soil Netherlands has?
Answer:
The soil of Netherlands is alluvial and fertile.

Question 39.
What are the crops of Netherlands?
Answer:
The crops cultivated in Netherlands is wheat, oat, potato, beet, flex, vegetables etc.

Question 40.
What is the major industry of Netherland?
Answer:
Cutting and polishing diamond is the main industry of Netherlands.

Question 41.
Name some polderland of Netherlands.
Answer:
Zuider zee, Iceland, Zuidplus, Aana Paolana, Zeepe, Prínce Alexander etc.

Short Questions & Answers : (2 markśs for each question)

Question 1.
State the boundary of the continent of Europe.
Answer:
To the east of Europe thereare the continent of Asia and the Caspian sea, to the west there are Atlantic ocean and Bay of Biscay, Arctic ocean. White sea and Baltic sea lie in the north and in the south lie Strait of Gibraltor, Meditarranean sea and Black sea.

Question 2.
What is called as ‘country of lakes’ and why?
Answer:
Finland is known as ‘cuuntry of lakes’. It is because there are more than 35 thousand lakes in Finland.

Question 3.
Name the rivers originated from the Alps mountain.
Answer:
The rivers originated from the Alps mountain are Seine, Rhine, Elbe, Vistuta, Rhone, Po, Danube etc.

Question 4.
State about the minerals of Rhur industrial region.
Answer:
The major mineral of this region is coal. High grade coal like Bituminus and Anthrasite are found here. The layer of coal in this region is thick. A little bit mineral oil is also found here.

Question 5.
How is the transport system of Rhur industrial region?
Answer:
This region is connected by railways, roadways, and waterways. The rivers are connected through canals. The rivers remain navigable through out the year. The port Hamburgh, lies to the north, is helpful for the industrial development of the region.

Question 6.
How is the climate of London basin.
Answer:
As the London basin lies near the sea and for the influence of Westerlies rainfall occurs all the year round and the climate is wet and humid. Cloudy sky along with drizzle is common in London basin and the temperature in winter is 3°-5° C.

Question 7.
Write about the agriculture of the London basin.
Answer:
For unfavourable climate agriculture has not been developed in London basin but the method of mixed farming has been adopted by using highly developed machinery. Plenty of vegetables potatoes, maize, oat and fruits are grown here.

Question 8.
Describe the course of the river Thames.
Answer:
The major river of London basin is Thames. The source of the river is Cottsolds mountain and pases through the Gorring gap lies in between Chiltarn mountain and White Horse. Then it flows towards the east and falls in North sea.

Question 9.
What is Truck-Forming?
Answer:
To fulfil the demand of large number of population fruit and vegetables are produced in small farm and transported by means of truck. This is called Truck farming.

Question 10.
Describe the climate of London basin.
Answer:
London basin is locatea in the British typed climatic region. The temperature in summer remains almopst 180-200 C and in winter 30-50 C. The average rainfall is 60-75 cm. Generally the weather is cloudy along with drizzling.

Question 11.
Write about the natural vegetation of London basin.
Answer:
For clusteried settlement vegetation could not grows in London basin. In high altitude Pine, Oak, Birch, Aash, Beach are found. But this forest will be soon abolished due to urbanization.

Question 12.
Write about the industry of London basin.
Answer:
London basinis located by the side of Thames river: Many industrials have been flourished at the both river bank. The city Reading is famous for biscuit and information technology. For air craft and its machinaries the cities Reading Hamil, Hampsted are famous. Lichestar and Esex are known for Dairy product and Flower. Chathum is famous for ship repairing, Watchford is for printing factory.

Question 13.
Name the cities and trade centre of London basin.
Answer:
London is the major city, port and trade centre of this region. Not only the people’s of London but also the people of entire country are connected with London. Heathrow is the international airport of the city of London. London is the main trade centre of silk, tea, rubber, in the world. London is one of the Retrading port in the world. Besides, Reading, Luton, Chestar, Rochester Gilford are the famous cities and trade centres of London basin.

Question 14.
How is the entire poldarland divided into? What are they?
Answer:
According to use polderland is divided into three parts – north and north-east, Nurd Holland and dortrichot at due west and central part and zuid Holland in the south.

Question 15.
Describe the climate of Polderland.
Answer:
Polderland is situated in torried zone. The average temperature is 16^{\circ C and 3^{\circ C in winter. Due to influence of westerlies the rainfall occurs through out the year. The average annual rainfall is 70 cm.

Question 16.
Describe the vegetation and agriculture of Polderlands.
Answer:
Due to lacking of land the vegetation do not grow. According to climate Oak, Birch have grown. Wheat, Oat, Potato, Barley, Mustard and flowers like Tulip, Cosmos, Gladinli are grown here. Tulip of Netherland is world famous.

Question 17.
Name the industrial centre and cities of Polderlands.
Answer:
The major industries of Polderland are textile industry, leather industry, Electronic industry, Iron and Steel industry, Ship industry, Diamond cutting industry are world famous. The valuable cities are Amsterdam, the capital city, trade centre, Ana point, Roterdam, Groninjen, Harlem, Leden, Isumuidam, The Heg etc.’

Long Questions & Answers : (3 marks for each question)

Question 1.
What do you know about the rivers of Europe?
Answer:
i) The rivers generated from Alps – The rivers that are generated from Alps are Seine, Rhine, Elbe, Vistula etc. The seine is originated from Alps and falls English channel. The tributories are Dais and Marne. The Elbe and Rhine generated from Alps, fall in the Nortrh sea. The tributaries of Elbe are Haven and Arju, Rhur and Nipa are the tributaries of Rhine. The river Vistula is also generated from Alps mountain and falls in Baltic sea. The tributaries are Rhuda, Needa and Chiagu.

The rivers generated from Alps, flow towards the south are Rhone, Po and Danube. Rhone falls to the gulf of lions. The main tributary of the Rhone is Seine. The river Po falls in the Adriatic sea. The tributary of this river is Tisino. The mouth of the river Danube is Black sea. The main tributaries of Danube is Brava and Sava. It is the greatest international river.

ii) The rivers generated from Voldai mountain – The major river is Volga. It is the longest river of Europe. The other important rivers are Don, Nieper and a Neister. The source of the three rivers are Voldai mountain and mouth is the Black sea. West Dayina and Nieman flow to the south ward and fall in Baltic sea. North Dayina and Oneaa flow to the northward and fall in North sea.

Question 2.
Mention the climate of Europe.
Answer:
The climate of Europe is temperate. It varries from place to place. According to changing in temperature and rainfall the climate of Europe can be divided into some types.
i. Tundra climate – Tundra vegetation :- The north Europe, comprising Norway, Sweeden, Finland and north Russia, enjoy better cold throughout the year. The land remains snow covered for 9-10 months in the year. Only 2-3 months in summer the land remains ice free. So small flower plants are grown then.

ii. Sub polalr climate sub polar vegetation – This type climte is the feature of some part of Sweden, Finland, Norway and Russia. No remarkable plants or trees grow as the land remains snow covered for 6-8 months. Some coniferous trees like Lirch, Fir, Birch, Alder grow here. The temperature remains 10° C here in summer and form -25° to -35° in winter.

iii. West European climate – temperate Deciduous Forest – This type of climate is found in North-west Europe comprising United Kingdom, Western France, Western part of Germany, Holland, Denmark, Belgium. With the soft wood the deciduous forest is also grown here. Oak, Mapple, Alder, Willow are the main trees of the forest. The temperature in summer is 15-20° C and in winter it is 5° C. The rain fall is 100-150 cm.

iv. Mediterranean climate – Mediterranean forest – This type of climate is found in southern Europe comprising the states of Italy, Spain, France, Greece etc. The trees likde olive, fig, cork, oak etc. are grown in this forest. Orange and grapes are found plentyful here.

v. Continental climate :- Steppi grassland – Continental climate is observed in Russia and Ukraine. As the rainfall is scanty the grassland is formed. Willow, Mapple, Plum trees are grown here. The temperature in summer is 20°-22° C and in winter remains below the ice point.

Question 3.
State the factors of development of Europe.
Answer:

1. The location at the centre in the northern hemisphere makes easy to communicate with all continents.
2. For the location of water bodies in three sides, the climate is moderate.
3. The warm gulf stream make the ports of the north-west ice free.
4. Abundent growth of coniferous forest makes the soft wood available which is responsible for the growth of paper and lumbering industry.
5. The plentyful minerals, hydel power, atomic power developed communication system helped Europe to be flourished in industry.
6. Commercial fishing, developed agriculture mixed farming, cattle rearing is the major occupation of Europe.
   mperature in summer is 20°-22° C and in winter remains below the ice point.

Question 4.
What are the causes of industrial development of Ruhr region?
Answer:

1. High grade coal: There is never lack of raw meterials and coal for abandance of high grade coal.
2. Well developed transportation system – for highly developed roadways, railways and waterways the industry has been flourished here.
3. The plentiful iron ore : – Iron ore is not found in the Ruhr industrial region but the neighbouring areas produces plentiful iron ore, Lorren lies in the frontier of Luxemburgh in France is famous for iron ore.
4. Densely populated region – As the region is densely populated the labour is easily available and the labours are skilled by nature.
5. Sufficient capital and developed technology – In case of technology the state Germany is the best in Europe. It is one of the richest country of the world. So the capital and developed technology is plentiful which are needed for the development of industry.

Question 5.
Which industry is developed in which places in Ruhr industrial region?
Answer:
i) Iron and steel industry – The iron and steel industry has been setup at Duisbergh, Mulhyne. Esen, Dortmund, Boklum, Geilsenkersen Ham, Hatingen. For the development of iron and steel industry Esen is known as the queen of Ruhr industrial region.
ii) Engineering industry – The name of the industrial centres of Engineering industry are Dortmund, Boklum, Esen, Duisbergh, Geilsenkersen, Hatn, Hagen, Gladbach. Rail Engine automobile, Machineries are produced here.
iii) Chemical industry – Duisbergh, Hetm, Batrop, Reckling, Hegdgen, Gladbach are famous for chemical industry.
iv) Textile indusrty – Textile industry are flourished in Esen, Mochen, Gladbach, Achen, Dentchburg, Botrop etc. Gladbach is known as the Manchester of Germany.
v) Cement Industry – Cement industry is setup at Esen and Geilsenkersen.
vi) Other industries – a) Electrical industry is developed in Achen, Bokhum, Dortmund. b) Geilsenkersen is famous for glass industry. c) Food processing industry has been setup at Dusseldorf and Deutchburg. d) Dortmund is famous for wine factory.

Question 6.
Evaluate the city of London as a port.
Answer:
London is a great and important port of United Kingdom. London port stretches along the both side of the Thames river 88 km. inward frin the sea. Road ways railways are stretched from the city to all direction. One third of total import and one forth of total export of England are done through this port. London port is located in such a place that the trade with India, south-east Asia,Australia, west Asia, north and south America is done through this port. This port is known as the international market of many goods. For these purposes the port of London imports many goods from east and west at fair prices and exports those to the different countries of the world. So it is called Retrading port.

Question 7.
Write about the relief and the rivers of Ruhr industrial region.
Answer:
The relief of the Ruhr industrial region is almost plain and a little bit rugged in nature. Having formed by the alluvial deposition of glaciers and rivers the region consists of small hillocks. The average height of the icgion is almost 240 m. The major river of this region is Rhine. This river enters the Ruhr industrial region near the city of colon and flows along the western boundary. The tributaries of this river are Ruhr, Lipa, Emsur and Upar. The fertile soil is found at the bank of this river and Chernozem soil is found in the south and Podzol soil in the north.

Question 8.
How is the climate and vegetation of Ruhr industrial region?
Answer:
The climate of Ruhr industrial region is cool temperate by nature. The temperature in summer is moderate and winter is cool. The temperature in summer remains 150-200 C and in winter 20-50 C. The average rainfall is 50-70 cm. Teh rainfall occurs for the influence of westerlies. Snow fall occurs in winter. Presently, the forest cover has been reduced here for agriculture, industry and settlement. To prevent the industrial pollution some measure has been taken for increasing forests. Pine, Birch, Oak, Fir trees are found in this forests.

Additional Questions and answers

Question 1.
Write about physical environment of London Baein.
Answer:
The London Basin is situated in the lowlying plainland bordered by two mountains called Chiltern and North Downs, laid out on both sides of the river Thames which flows through the south-east of United Kingdom. The capital city of United Kingdom, London, is situated in this basin shaped region, so it is named London Basin.

The river Thames almost bisects the London Basin as it flows from the west to east. No highlands are found near the mouth of Thames or to the east of the London Basin. But at the source of Thames, mainly in the north, west and south, there are three highlands called Chiltern, White Horse and North Downs. In the past, the central part of these highlands subsided to form this low land. Thereafter, deposition of alluvium by Thames and its tributaries gave the London Basin its present shape.

Question 2.
How a Polderland comes into being?
Answer:
Marshy land or parts of shallow seas are first enclosed with concrete dams on all sides. Inside the dams, there are rings of canals to drain the water. After that, musky water is pumped into the enclosure. As the sediment settles down, the water is pumped out. Thereafter, the alluvium dries up and then the land is left for a few days to become salt free. After that, the land is used to cultivate different kinds of grasses (Hey, clover etc.) for fodder and also for livestock rearing with a view to make this land cultivable in future. When the land finally becomes favourable for cultivation different crops and flowers such as sugar, beet, oat, sunflower. tulip etc. are cultivated.

Question 3.
How a Polderland comes into being?
Answer:
Polderland is actually low land reclaimed from under the sea. Polderland is formed in the deltaic interfluves of Issel, Mass and Rhine rivers. The whole Polderland is classified into three parts. Those are-Groningen, Freezeland and Ovarisel in the north and north-east, Nurd Holland and Dortrechot in the west and central parts and Zuid Holland in the south. Some parts of this region is located at least 10 feet below the sea level. If stagnation of rain water occurs, it is pumped out to the draining canals. Most of the places here are covered with marine clays.

The Rhine and its tributaries such as Lake, Val, Mas etc. flow through this region. Alluvial soil is found along the banks of these rivers, Polderland is located in the cold temperate zone. But the warm North Atlantic drift has a moderating influence on the climate. Winters are hence not so cold and summers are not too hot. The westerlies bring rainfall throughout the year. But the amount of rainfall is meagre. Average annual rainfall is 70 cm. Here trees like Oak, Birch and grasslands are very common.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 7 Geography Book Solutions Chapter 10 Continent of Africa offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 10 Question Answer – Continent of Africa

(Page no. 105)
Point the following in the map of Africa :

Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Strait of Gibraltar, Equator, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Prime Meridian, Mt. Atlas, Mt, Drakensberg, Sahara Desart, Aahaggar and Tibesti plateaus, Nile Basin, Mt Kilimanjaro, Kalahari and Namib deserts in the outline map of Africa.

Match the following :

a) Veld	a) Atlas mountain
b) Congo basin	b) Grassland of South Africa
c) Sahara	c) downward landmass between two faults.
d) Mt. Tanukal	d) dense forest (evergreen)
e) Rift Valley	e) almost devoid of settlement region.

Answer:

a) Veld	b) grassland of South Africa.
b) Congo basin	d) dense forest (evergreen)
c) Sahara	e) Almost devoid of settlement region.
d) Mt. Tanukal	a) Atlas mountain
e) Rift Valley	c) downward landmass between two faults.

3. Can you say why?

Question 3.1
Settlements are almost absent at Sahara desert.
Answer:
Because of sandy landform, inadvancement of agriculture, lack of communication system settlement is almost absent at Sahara desert.

Question 3.2
The river Nile has made the desert of Egypt green.
Answer:
The river Nile flows through the desert region of Egypt. The agriculture could be possible through irrigation with the water of Nile. Flood occurs every year in this river. Thus aluvial accumulates on the both side of the river and makes the soil fertile. The agricuelture has made Egypt prosperity.

Question 3.3
The dense forest of Congo basin is green througout the year.
Answer:
The Conge basin is situated in the Equaterial region. So the rainfall occurs through out the year. The trees never shade their leaves. As they get heavy rainfalall throughout the year, they remain evergreen.

Question 3.4
Rift valley is formed at East Africa.
Answer:
Rift Valley is formed at East Africa for the movement of land mass.

Write down the correct information. (Page no. 107)

Question and answer : (Page no. 108)

a. The equator passes through almost bisects Africa. Then what would be the effect of latitude on climate of Africa?
Answer:
The climate of Africa is extreme hot as the equator passes through almost central part of Africa. Most of the places of Africa lie between 30° north to 30° south. Thus it belongs to torrid zone.

b. What would be the effect of seas or oceans on climate of coastal areas and the places away from the coasts?
Answer:
The ocean current influences on the coastal region. The warm and cold current wash the shore and increase or decrease the temperature.

c. Warm and cold currents move over different parts of African coasts. What is the effect of ocean currents on the climate of coastal region ?
Answer:
The cold Benguela current of South West and cold canary current of north west coast make the local region cold. On the other hand the warm Mozambique current of east-coast and Somali current make the local region heated.

d. What is the effect of altitude on temperature of high mountain regions of Africa?
Answer:
In high mountain region the temperature decreases at the rate of 6.4°C with the increasing of 1 km altitude.

Think about it. (Page no. 109)

a. Why is the climate not similar at the same time of the year in the northern and southern part of Africa?
Answer:
The northern and southern part of Africa lie in different hemispinere of the earth. Thus the climate is not the same in character at the same time in the nort’iern and southern part of Africa.

b. Why is a desert as big as Sahara, formed in the tropical region of Africa?
Answer:
The rainfall is scanty in the tropical region of Africa. The difference in temperature between summer and winter. So large desert like Sahara formed at the tropical region of Africa.

c. Why is the peak of Kilimanjaro permanently snow-clad in spite of being situated at the equatorial region?
Answer:
Inspite of being situated at the equator region snowfall occurs throughout the year at the peak of Kilimanjaro because it is locatet near equator.

(Page no. 111) Can you say?

Which tree is grown in which climate?
Answer:

Features of Trees	Climate Region
Lacti	Hot desert vegetation
Wax-like membrance on the leaves	Mediteranean vegetation
Sal and Bamboo trees	Forest of monsoon deciduous trees
Olive tree	Mediteranean vegetation
Green grass (rough)	Temparate grass land.
Grassland with Baobab and other vegetations found in arid areas.	Savana grasland

Class 7 Geography Chapter 10 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Continent of Africa

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
Asia is seperated from Africa by-
i) Panama Canal
ii) Suez Canal and Red sea
iii) Gibralter straight
iv) Red sea
Answer:
ii) Suez Canal and Red sea

Question 2.
Africa is extended in hemispheres-
i) cast
ii) west
iii) east and west, north and south
iv) South and north
Answer:
iii) east and west, north and south

Question 3.
Continents of Europe and Africa is seperated by-
i) strait of Gibralter
ii) Panama Canal
iii) Suez Canal
iv) Red sea
Answer:
i) strait of Gibralter

Question 4.
Tanganyika is the name of a-
i) river
ii) mountain
iii) valley
iv) lake
Answer:
iv) lake

Question 5.
The longest river in Africa-
i) Niger
ii) Nile
iii) Congo
iv) Orange
Answer:
ii) Nile

Question 6.
River Orange originates from-
i) Burundi highlands
ii) wettest area of Africa
iii) GGuinea Highland
iv) Drakensberg mountain
Answer:
iv) Drakensberg mountain

Question 7.
Victoria falls lies on the course of –
i) river Zambezi
ii) river Orange
iii) river Congo
iv) river Nile
Answer:
i) river Zambezi

Question 8.
High temperature prevails yhroughout the year in-
i) Savana grassland
ii) south-eastern coasts west part of Africa
iii) equatorial region
iv) north-
Answer:
iii) equatorial region

Question 9.
Upper course of the river Nile is-
i) Malakal to Khartoum
iv) Burundi highlands
ii) Victoria to Malakal
iii) Cairo to Mediterranean sea
Answer:
ii) Victoria to Malakal

Question 10.
The percentage of Egyptians live in Nile Basin-
i) 60%
ii) 7 0%
iii) 80%
iv) 90%
Answer:
iii) 80%

Question 11.
Rocky parts of Sahara with no sand is called-
i) wadis
ii) aerg
iii) reg
iv) hamada
Answer:
iv) hamada

Question 12.
Timimom is the name of a-
i) hot wind
ii) oasis
iii) herd of camels
iv) plant
Answer:
ii) oasis

Question 13.
Tuaregs of Sahara now work as-
i) tourist guides
ii) farmers
iii) worker at oil mines
iv) businessman
Answer:
i) tourist guides

Question 14.
The capital city of Egypt-
i) port Suez
ii) port Said
iii) Cairo
iv) Alexandria
Answer:
iii) Cairo

Question 15.
Crops produced in upper course of Nile basin-
i) olive, barley
ii) coffee, banana
iii) wheat, date palm
iv) wheat, rice
Answer:
ii) coffee, banana

Question 16.
The length of river Congo-
i) 4180 km
ii) 2574 km
iii) 6650 km
iv) 4700 km
Answer:
iv) 4700 km

Question 17.
The second longest river of Africa-
i) Nile
ii) Niger
iii) Congo
iv) Orange
Answer:
iii) Congo

Question 18.
The Kalahari desert is in-
i) south Africa
ii) north Africa
iii) east Africa
iv) west Africa
Answer:
i) south Africa

Question 19.
The largest desert in the world-
i) Kalahari
ii) Namib
iii) Thar
iv) Sahara
Answer:
iv) Sahara

Question 20.
The second largest continent of the world-
i) Europe
ii) Asia
iii) Africa
iv) North America
Answer:
iii) Africa

Fill in the blanks : ( 1 mark for each question)

1. The joint flow of _______ and ________ rivers is known as the Nile.
Answer:
Blue Nile, White Nile

2. There are __________ countries in Africa.
Answer:
56.

3. The first man of the worid believed to have appeared in __________ Africa.
Answer:
East.

4. The continent of Africa is knows as ________ continent.
Answer:
Dark

5. The highest peak of Mt. Atlas is _________.
Answer:
Mt. Taubkal.

6 . The ___________ has extended through the middle of Africa.
Answer:
Equator.

7. The Nito river flows to the ____________ of Africa.
Answer:
North.

8. _____________ climate is found in East Coast.
Answer:
China type.

9. The source of _________ Nile is Burundi highland.
Answer:
white

10. In ___________ region trees remain green throughout the year.
Answer :
equitorial

11. The largest dam in the world is ____________.
Answer:
Aswan dam.

12. The cotton of deltaic region of river Nile is known as ____________.
Answer:
Egyption Cotton.

13. The largest port of Egypt is _____________.
Answer:
Alekzandria.

14. The ___________ dam is constructed on Blue Nile.
Answer:
Jadeel-Atalia.

15. In local language the dry air of summer is known as ____________.
Answer:
Khamsin.

16. The maximum temperature is recorded at ___________.
Answer:
Al-Azizia. of Libya.

17. In the region Sahara the sandy storm is called ___________.
Answer:
Simoom.

18. The desert Sahara is situated to the _____________ of Africa.
Answer:
North

19. The __________ is called the ‘Ship of the desert’.
Answer:
Camel.

20. The ___________ type plants are found in Sahara.
Answer:
Cactas.

State whether True or False : (1 mark for each question)

1. In respect of area and population Africa is the third largest continent of the world.
Answer:
False

2. The strait of Gibralter separates the continents of Europe and Africa.
Answer:
True

3. Mt TaTaubkal is the highest peak of Atlas.
Answer:
True

4. The Drakensberg mountain is at the south-western end of the continent.
Answer:
False.

5. Congo is the largest river in Africa.
Answer:
False.

6. The world famous Victoria fallsies on the course of river Orange.
Answer:
True.

7. In Equatorial region annual rainfall lies between 100-150 cm.
Answer:
False.

8. Orchards of orange, grapes are very common in Mediterranean type of clivaste.
Answer:
True.

9. Another name of temperate grassland is velt.
Answer:
True.

10. Upper course of the river Nile is Aswan to Cairo.
Answer:
False.

11. Cairo to Mediterranean sea region is fertile, alluvial agricultural land.
Answer:
True.

12. World’s largest dam is Jebel-Aulis.
Answer:
False.

13. Ezypt is called the gift of river Congo.
Answer:
False.

14. The Nile basin is not rich in mineral resources.
Answer:
True.

15. Hamada refers to the rocky parts of the desert, with no sand.
Answer:
True.

16. Gharjjaia is the name of a reg.
Answer:
False.

Match the column A with column B.

Column A	Column B
a) Upper course in the Nile basin	i) are wadis.
b) 80% Egyptians live	ii) the rocky parts of the desert
c) The capital city of Ezypt	iii) the presence of the river Nile
d) Oak, walnut, olive trees grow	iv) in Nile Basin
e) Dry river channels of Sahara	v) produced wheat, date palm
f) Hamada refers to	vi) around the oasis
g) In Sahara the daytime is	vii) is Cairo
h) Source of the river Nile	viii) in Mediterranean type of climate
i) Prosperity of Ezypt is due to	ix) Burundi highlands of Tanzania
j) Date palm trees are found	x) severely hot and dry

Answer:
a) Upper course in the Nile basin produced wheat, date palm.
b) 80 % Egyptians live in Nile Basin.
c) The capital city of Ezypt is Cairo.
d) Oak, walnut, olive trees grow in Mediterranean type of climate.
e) Dry river channels of Sahara are wadis.
f) Hamada refers to the rocky parts of the desert.
g) In Sahara the daytime is severely hot and dry.
h) Source of the river Nile Burundi highlands of Tanzania.
i) Prosperity of Ezypt is due to the presence of the river Nile.
j) Date palm trees are found around the oasis.

Very Short Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
What is the higest peak of Africa ?
Answer:
Mt. Kilimanjaro is the highest peak of Africa.

Question 2.
To which direction of Africa Kalahari desert lies?
Answer:
To the south of Africa Kalahari desert lies.

Question 3.
What is the capital of Egypt ?
Answer:
The capital of Egypt is Cairo.

Question 4.
Where the rainfall is maximum in Africa?
Answer:
The rainfall is maximum in Congo basin in Africa.

Question 5.
In which climate the citrus fruits grow ?
Answer:
The citrns fruits grow in Mediterranean climate.

Question 6.
Which straight seperates Africa from Europe ?
Answer:
The staight of Zibralter seperates Africa from Europe.

Question 7.
To which direction of Africa Mediterranean sea lies ?
Answer:
Mediterranean sea lies to the north of Africa.

Question 8.
On which river world famous Victoria falls lies?
Answer:
World famous Victoria falls lies on the river Zambezi.

Question 9.
How many rift valleys are there in Africa?
Answer:
There are two rift valleys in Africa.

Question 10.
What percent of total water of Africa the river Nile carries ?
Answer:
The river Nile carries 10 % of total water of Africa.

Question 11.
Wbich crops grow well in upper basin of Nile?
Answer:
Coffee, Banana, Tobaco grow well in upper basin.

Question 12.
In how many steps the river flows down from Aswan to Cairo?
Answer:
The river flows down in six steps from Aswan to Cairo.

Question 13.
In which climate the Blue Nile belongs to?
Answer:
The Blue Niles belongs to monsoon climate.

Question 14.
In which climate the White Nile belongs to ?
Answer:
The White Nile belonga to equatorial climate.

Question 15.
Which dams are constructed on the Blue Nile at Sudan?
Answer:
Senar and Atabara are constructed on the river Blue Nile at Sudan.

Question 16.
What lies to the east of Sahara?
Answer:
Red sea lies to the east of Sahara.

Question 17.
What is the highest place of the desert Sahara?
Answer:
Tibiesty mountain is the highest place of Sahara.

Question 18.
What is Aerg ?
Answer:
The heaps of sand is called Aerg in Sahara.

Question 19.
What is Hamada?
Answer:
The hard rocky region in desert is known as Hamada.

Question 20.
What is Reg ?
Answer:
The region where sand is mixed up with rock is called Reg.

Question 21.
What is Caravan ?
Answer:
The herd of camel in Sahara is known as Caravan.

Question 22.
Name some oasis in Sahara.
Answer:
Some oasis in Sahara are Kufra, Sewa, Timimon, Kharjaia, Baharia.

Question 23.
What is Khamsin ?
Answer:
In local language the dry wind of Sahara is known as Khamsin.

Question 24.
What is Harmattan ?
Answer:
Along the guinea coast the Khamsin is called Harmattan.

Question 25.
What is the people of Sahara called?
Answer:
The people of sahara is called Tuareg.

Question 26.
What is the leng ih of river Nile?
Answer:
The iength of river Nile is 6650 km.

Question 27.
Name the trees those are found around the oasis?
Answer:
Date palm and fan palm are found around the oasis.

Question 28.
What is the people of Sahara called?
Answer:
The people of sahara is called Tuareg.

Question 29.
whish is the delta region of the river Nile?
Answer:
Erom Cairo toMediterranean Sea is deita region.

Question 30.
What is wadis?
Answer:
Dried up river channels of Sahara are called wadis.

Short Questions & Answers : (2 marks for each question),

Question 1.
State the location and area of the continent of Africa.
Answer:
Africa is situated to the south west of Asia and south of Europe. The area of this continent is 3,04,20,000 square km. It is the second largest continent of the world.

Question 2.
Why is Africa called the dark continent ?
Answer:
Problems of accessibility, uncomfortably, hot and humid climate, dense forests, the fear of fierve wild animalswere the reason why the light of modern civilizationsould not reach this continent till the recent times. So this continent was known as ‘Dark Continent’.

Question 3.
What type of climate and vegetation are found here?
Answer:
The central Africa belongs to Torred Zone. For the diversity of soil and climate evergreen forest, monsoon deciduons forest, temperate grasslands are found here.

Question 4.
Describe the course of river Nile.
Answer:
River Nile is originated from the Burundi highland. After that it flows some distance and falls in Lake Albert. Then it flows through Uganda as Albert Nile and enters in Sudan. Near Malakal the river meets with its two tributaries. The joint flow of three flows to the north as White Nile. The river Blue Nile. generated from lake Tana of Ethiopea meets with white Nile near Khartum of Sudan. This flow of water is known as Nile and falls in Mediterra-nean Sea.

Question 5.
Why are the people of Sahara nomad ?
Answer:
The temperature of Sahara desert is very high and the rain fall is very low. The people of Sahara have no parmanent house. They generally live in tent. As they are very poor they have to be shifted from place to place.

Question 6.
Why does the rainfall not occur in Sahara desert.
Answer:
From the landmass of Europe dry north-east trade wind blows and for its influence the rainfall does not occur in Sahara. Besides, after shading rain in the eastern and southern part of the continent when the wet south east trade wind reaches in Sahara there is no moisture in the air. So the rainfall does not occur in Sahara through out the year.

Question 7.
What is cause of formation of waterfalls in Africa.
Answer:
The rainfall is more in equatorial region. So the tributories bring more water for the main river and there is suffecient water in the main river through out the year. For the rough surface of the coast the mouth of the rivers are wide and swift flowing. As the river Congo flows on the plateau region, it often flows down the steep slope forming water falls.

Question 8.
Write the location and area of the Nile basin.
Answer:
The region through which the river Nile and its tributaries and distributaries flow is called the basin of river Nile. The part of Tanganika, Ethiopia, Kenia, Uganda, Sudan and Egypt is situated in the Nile basin. Its area is almost 3,50,000 km. Most of the part of Egypt and Sudan belong to the Nile basin.

Question 9.
Why is Egypt called the ‘Gift of Nile’?
Answer:
The Egypt is the gift of Nile. The Egyptian civilization was flourished 6,000 years ago of the birth of Jesus Christ. This civilization has been ruined now. But the Pyramid, temple and the architecture of Egypt wonder every one till today. In the ancient time the alluvial deposited on the two banks of the river and made the soil fertile for growing crops. Without Nile the Egyptians could not prosper so much. So Egypt is called the ‘Gift of Nile’.

Question 10.
Describe the climate of equatorial region.
Answer:
In equatorial region, high temperature prevails throughout the year. Annual rainfall lies between 200-250 cm. Dense forests of hardwood trees have been formed due to direct sunlight and rainfall throughout the year. Trees rsmain green throughout the year.

Question 11.
What do you know about the vegetation of Nile basin.
Answer:
Different types of vegitation are found according to the difference of climate. In equatorial region tropical rain forests are found, on the other hand the Savana grassland is found in southern part of Sudan as the rainfall is scanty. Tall grass grows here. At the western part of Sudan thorny bushes, shrubs are grown.

Question 12.
What industries are developed in the Nile basin.
Answer:
The agro based industries have been developed well in the Nile basin as the alluvial soil is very much fertile and suitable for agriculture. The cotton textile, sugar mill, cigarettes, woollen textiles are well developed at Sudan, Cairo, Aswan, Alekzandria. These are famous industrial centre of this region. Cement factory, iron and steel industry are also found here. But for the lack of technology engineering industry is not grown here.

Question 13.
Name the important cities of Nile basin.
Answer:
In the entire Africa Cairo is the largest city and trade centre. It is situated at the deltaic region of Nile basin. Cairo is the capital of Egypt. Alekzandria, Khartum are the another cities of Nile basin. Alekzandria is the ancient capital of Egypt. Khartum is the capital of Sudan.

Question 14.
Why is Cairo famous?
Answer:
Cairo is famous as the capital of Egypt and the largest city of Africa. It is denslety populated city. The great education centre of the Muslims. A university is situated here. Cairo is an international airport. The pyramids are found near Cairo. There are automobile industry, sugar mill, wollen textile industry in Cairo.

Question 15.
How is the settlement in the Nile basin ?
Answer:
Different types of settlement have been found in aifferent places in Nile basin. In the upper course of the river basin population is very scanty. Nomads live in Savana grass land. In the lower course of the basin prehistoric civilization had been floureshed like India. This region is densely populated.

Question 16.
What is cause of the flood in the river Nile every year ?
Answer:
The river Nile has been formed with the joint flow of the rever Blue Nile and White Nile. Generating from the Burandy highlavel the White Nile and from Tana lake of Etheopean highland the Blue Nile flow through equatorial climatic region and monsoon-climatic region. Covnentional rainfall occurs in these region through out the year. So the flood occurs in the river Nile every year.

Question 17.
State the location or boundary area of Sahara.
Answer:
Sahara desert is located from 10° north to 35° north latitude and from 25° east to 37° east lougitud.
The Sahara desert is located to the north of Africa. To the west of Sahara there is the Atlantic Ocean, to the east the Red Sea, to the west Atlas mountain and Mediterranean sea and to the south there is the Nizer Valley. The area is 63 lac square km and east-west length is 5000 km and northsouth length is 2000 km.

Question 18.
Describe the landform of Sahara.
Answer:
Diversity can be found in the landform of Africa. According to the physical feature it is a plat 14 with some highland. They are Tibesty, Aahagaar etc. Kandara and Siua are the main lowland, sand dunes are found in the desert. The desert with sand dunes are called Aerg. Rocky desert is called Hamada. The land with sand and rocks of different size is called Reg. Some times lake and oasis are found in the desert.

Question 19.
Why is the camel called the ‘Ship of Desert’?
Answer:
The main mode of transportation in desert is camel. The camel can live for long without food and water. More over they can forecast about the desert storm. They can bear hot sand storm. So the camel is called the ‘Ship of Desert’.

Question 20.
Describe the rivers of Sahara.
Answer:
Most of the rivers of Sahara are generated from Atlas mountain and central highlands. The rivers almost dry-up for lack of water or become narrow. Wadis is the volatele river of this region. In local language the dry rivers are called Wadi.

Question 21.
What is oasis?
Answer:
In the desert area when the sands are carried off the level of the ground water opens out. Then the lakes, ponds are formed there and plants grow. This is called oasis. In desert area the oasis is very useful.

Question 22.
What are the causes of forming Sahara desert ?
Answer:
The Sahara belongs to north east trade wind. The north-east trade wind, coming from Indian Ocean, gets obstracted by the mountain of eastern coast and could not enter in Sahara. So the rainfall does not occur in Sahara. On the otherhand westerlis gets obstructed by Atlas mountain and causes no rainfall in Sahara. So Sahara has become a desert.

Question 23.
Describe the minerals of Sahara region.
Answer:
The amount of minerals in Sahara is less. Among them the major mineral is mineral oil. Mineral oil is found plentifully in Aljiria and Libia. Besides natural gas, iron core, manganese, copper. coal. lead are found in different parts of Sahara. Unfavourable climate settlement, lacking transportation system creat obstruction for mining.

Question 24.
Discuss about the natural vegetation and the agriculture of the Sahara desert.
Answer:
The rainfall is very less in Sahara and for sandy soil natural vegetation could not found here. The thorny bushes, cactus, babool are found here and there in the desert. Date palm grows in the oasis. Agriculture could not be possible for lacking of water, infertile soil. But with the help of irrigation rice, wheat, jowar, bajra, maize, watermelon, cotton are grown in the oasis.

Long Questions & Answers : (3 marks for each question)

Question 1.
Why is Africa called dark continent ? How are the lakes formed in rift valley region ?
Answer:
The cause for calling Africa as the dark continent :-
a) Sahara desert lies to the north of Africa.
b) There are dense forests with wild animals in the central part of Africa.
c) The unbroken coast and unhealthy climate.
d) There are water-falls, swift flowing rivers and uneven platean in the continent.
e) Ferocious man eater premitvre people live here.
In nineteenth century living stone has discovered the unknown part of Africa.
There are two rift valleys in the plateau situated to the West of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Many seas, lake have been ereated by accumulating water in the lower portion of rift valleys. In the longer rift valley there are gulfs like Suer and Akaba and lakes like Tana Rudolf, Victoria, Tana neyasa etc. In the other rift valley, lies to the north of Niyasa lake, there are lake Tanganika, Edward and Albert.

Question 2.
Give a description of the vegetation of Africa.
Answer:The vegetation of Africa, grown depending on temperature, rainfall etc. Can be divided into different kinds –

i) Equatorial evergreen forest : For high temperature and heavy rainfall dense forests of evergreen trees have grown here. Season change does not occur here, so the leaves of the trees remain evergreen. Mahogany, Rosewood, Ebony are the main trees of the forest. Mangrove forests are grown in coastal region.

ii) Savan grassland : This type of grassland is found in Sudan, Kenya, Chad etc. As the rainfallis less big trees do not grow here. Some deciduous trees are grown in this grassland.

iii) Mediterranean vegetation : This type of vegetation is found at the coast of Mediterranean Sea. Alexandria, Morcco are the countries where this type of vegetation are found. The trees are olive, oak, walnut etc. Citrus fruit like orange, grapes are very common in the region.

iv) Hot desert vegetation : The plants and trees do not grow in this region for lack of water. Only thorny bushes, small grass and date palm are found.

v) Temperate grassland : In the rainshadow area of Darkensberg mountain this type of vegetation grow. The popler, willow are the main trees of this region. Thise plains are covered with small green grass which are known as veld.

vi) Forest of monsoon deciduous trees : In Syberian, Madagascar island this type of vegetation is found. The trees shade their leaves in winter. The major trees are teak, bamboo, sal, palash, sandal etc. Form these forests honey, wax, silk, black peeper, cardamo are collected.

Question 3.
Give a short description about the Southern and eastern highland of Africa.
Answer:
This region consists of high mountain plateau rift valley and lakes. The highest part of this region is the plateau of Etheopia. It is stretches from red sea to the north to Niyasa lake. Other rift valley stretches from the north of Niyasa lake through Tanganik and Edward lake to Albert lake. This is known as western rift valley Ethiopea plateau is the centre of African mountain. One of its branch stretches to the north and other to the south. The mountains of south is the highest part of the plateau.

Mt. kenya (5,190 m), Mt. Kilimanjaro (5,895 m) and Ruenjori mountain are situated here. The peaks are in fact valcanoes. Mt. Kilimanjaro remains snow covered throughout the year. To the south of the plateau Mt. Draskensberg stands as a wall little away from the sea. The southern part of the mountain is known as New Veld. Lake Victoria, the largest lake of this region, has been formed by accumulating water in the lower part of this plateau.

Question 4.
Describe the rivers of Africa.
Answer:
There are many rivers in Africa.
a) River Nile : The Nile is the longest river of Africa. The length of the river is 6,650 km. The source of this river is Burundi highland which is situated to the north of Tanganika lake. This river flows through Sudan and Egypt and falls in the Mediterranean sea.
b) River Congo : River Congo is the second largest river of Africa. Its length is 4,700 km. This river is originated from the wettest area of Africa and falls in Atlantic Ocean. The tributaries of this river are Kasai. Ubangi and Kumangi. On the course of river Zaira lie two water falls Stanley and Livingstone.
c) River Niger : The river Niger is west flowing and the third largest river of Africa. Its source is at Guinea highland. The river flows through Nigeria and falls in the gulf of Guinea.
d) River Zambezi : The source of the river Zambesi is tri-junction of Angola, Zambia and Congo. The world famous Victoria falls lie on course of this river. Its length is 2574 km.
e) River Orange : The source of the River Orange is the Drakensberg mountain and the mouth is Atlantic Ocean. The length is 2,200 km. The tributaries are Caledon, Vaal, Fish river.

Question 5.
Describe the landform of Africa.
Answer:
The land form of Africa is divided into four parts –
a) North eastern mountain region : The Atlas mountain lies to the North-East of the continent of Africa. Atlas is a fold mountain. This mountain is divided onto three parts – Tale Atlas, Great Atlas and Anti Atlas. Tae Atlas is to the north, Anti Atlas is to the south and Great Atlas is in the middle. The highest altitude is 4.500 m.
b) Central desert plateau : Central plateau covers Lybia Chad Congo basin. The average autitude is 760 m. Mountain ranges are foun 1 scattered. They are Tibesty, Ahaggar and Tano. The slope of the plateau is from south to north west.
c) South eastern high plateau region : The height of plateau is gradually increasing from north to south. The Drakensberg mountain lies at the end of the plateau. The south eastern coast seems as the steps of the stair from distance. The local name of it is ‘Karu’. To the north of Africa the plateau region is made up of lava. The Mt. Kilimanjaro (5,895 m) is the highest peak of these volcanoie mountain which reamins snow-covered through out the year.

Famous rift valley :- Tanganika, Rudlof, Niyasa are the famous lake of Africa. They belong to the rift valley. This stretches upto the Red sea, Suez Canal and the gulf of Akaba. To the south of Africa there is Kalahari desert.

d) Coastal low land :- Narrow plain is found in the river basin and the coastal region of Africa. The basins of the river Nile, Congo, Zaira, Niger, Zambesi, Orange belong to the coastal plain.

Question 6.
Describe the climate of Africa.
Answer:
There are influence of some natural factors on the climate of Africa. So we have to discuss about the location, area and the landform of Africa first. The three main latitudes like Equator, the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn have passed through Africa. So most part of the continent belong to Torrid Zone. But the mountain region is cooler than plateaues and plains. Diversity can be found in the rainfall of Africa. More over there is great relation in between rain fall, climate and vegetation.

The climate region of Africa can be diveded into six categories :- i) equatorial climate ii) tropical wet and dry climate iii) tropical monsoon climate iv) semi arid climate v) desert climate vi) subtropical highland climate

Question 7.
How is the land form of river Nile basin divided and give a description of it.
Answer:
According to landform the Nile basin is divided into five parts.
i) Uneven plateau region near the source :- The landform here is uneven. This region is stretches from Burundi (Tanjania) mountain region to lake Victoria.

ii) The marshy land of upper course of the river basin :- This part includes the region of Voctoria lake to Malakal of Sudan. The altitude of land is midium. As the rainfall occurs throughout the year marshy lands are formed in some places. The local name of this region is Sud that means obstraction. As the water hyasinth, papyrus create obstruction to flow the water freely the region is named such as that.

iii) The grassland of the middle course of the river basin:- This region stretches from Malakal to Khartum. The land form is uneven. Savana typed grassland is formed here.

iv) The plain of lower course of the river basin :- The region from Aswan to Cairo belongs to the plain of lower course of the river-Nile. The land in the north course down step by step. From Khartum to Aswan the river flows in six steps.

v) Deltaic region :- The region from Cairo to Mediterranean sea is made up of rich alluvial soil and thus it is furtile.

Question 8.
What is the significant of the river Nile in the agriculture of Egypt.
Answer:
The land from Khartum to Aswan is desert typed and from Aswan to Cairo it is entirely desert without rainfall. So the climate is desertic. The agriculture of Egypt totally depend on irrigation. The river Nile provides with the water through out the year. The dams constructed on the river Nile help in agriculture to increase the production of crops. Only the water of Nile has made the desert of Egypt as green agricultural land. Besides, the water has made the land fit for agriculture and land holding is increased. For the proper irrigation even the desertic country Egypt is now exporting rice. The production of long staple cotton has been increased. The proverty has been removed. With the help of the water of Nile plenty of wheat and rice production has been done.

Question 9.
Why the importance of Nile is given on flood in past and on irrigation at present in case of agriculture?
Answer:
The farmers of Egypt totally depend on the irrigation for farming. The Egyptians have been using the water of Nile very skillfully for 5000 years to grow crops. The flood water is channeled to the agricultural field and is stored there by making dams. At the time of flood some part of the dam is cut open and let the water come in. This flood water is stored in the agricultural land for two months. So the submerged land can absorb sufficient water and the time of farming the lands do not require any water. Another benefit of the method is that this silt in flood water sediment down and makes the land fertile.

The farmers cut the wall of the dam and channel it to the iand when it is necessary. It should be noted that by this process, crop production can be done once a year only. Beside this process the irrigation is done through Donga, Persian wheel or Archimielian screw in Egypt.

At present with the help of scientific method the dams are constructed on the river Nile at Aswan, Insa, Vagahmidi etc. and water is stored in the reservair behind the dam to irrigate water through channels all the year round. Among the dams Aswan is the greatest.

Question 10.
Discuss the landform of Sahara.
Answer:
Sahara is a vast low plateau with sand and rock. High land as well as low land are found here and there. According to the land form Sahara is divided into four parts – i) desert with sand and rock. ii) Central highland. iii) Law land region. iv) Nile basin.
i) Desert region :- Entire region is full of sand dumes and rocks. Sandy desert is called Aerg. Rocky desert is called Hamada.
ii) Central highland :- The central part of the desert is high. Some mountain and plateaus are found here. Tibesti, Aahagaar, Tasini are high lands.
iii) Low land region :- The north-west part of Sahara is low land. Maritania is lower than sea level. Moving sand dunes and salty lakes are found here.
iv) Nile basin :- The Nile basin is found to the east of Sahara desert. The low land is found here and there in this area.

Question 11.
Describe the climate of the Sahara desert.
Answer:
The climate of Sahara is dry and extreme. Temperature is very high through out the ycar. It is so high that rain drops dry out before reaching the ground. The days are extreme hot and nights are extreme cool. The difference between the temperature of summer and winter is high. In summer the temperature may rises upto 58° C in some places. On the other hand the temperature falls down ro 7°-8° in winter. A hot wind called Khamsin blows in summer.

The sand storm, blows during day, called Simoom. The rainfall is almost nil here. The annual average rainfall is 20-30 centemeter. In some places of Sahara the rainfall does not occured in 4 or 5 years. The Sahara belongs to north east trade wind. The north east trade wind coming from Indian Ocean, gets obstructed by the mountain coast and could not enter in Sahara. So the rainfall does not occur in Sahara. On the other hand westerlis gets obstructeds by Atlas mountain and causes no rainfall in Sahara. So Sahara has become a desert.

Additional Questions and answers

Question 1.
Write about physical diversity of Africa.
Answer:
Sahara, the largest desert in the world, lies to the south of Atlas mountains. Aahagaar and Tibesti plateaus are located amidst the Sahara Desert. There are almost no settlements due to the extremely dry and arid conditions.

The Nile basin lies partly to the east of Sahara desert. This river carries huge volumes of water from the lake region of central Africa and makes the desert in Egypt green. The dense forests of Congo river basin are found around the equator. Due to heavy rainfall, these forests remain green throughout the year. The relief of East Africa is a little different. Due to tectonic movements faults have formed on the surface. The land between two faults has subsided to form Rift valley (Great Rift Valley). A number of lakes are found in the rift valley region. These lakes are large and deep.

Tanganyika, Malawi, Rudolf and Albert are examples. In East Africa, there is also the highlands of Ethiopia. These highlands extend upto Mt. Kenya, Mt. Kilimanjaro and Ruenjori mountain in the south. Mt Kilimanjaro (5,895 mt) is the highest peak of Africa. It remains snow clad throughout the year due to high altitude, in spite of being located near the equator. There are two deserts, the Kalahari and the Namib, in South Africa. The grassland lying in the high plateau is known as Veldt. The Drakensberg mountain is at the south-eastern end of the continent.

Question 2.
Give a short description of river Niger and Orange
Answer:
Niger : Niger is a main river of West Africa. Its source is in the Guinea highlands Just 200 km. away from the Atlantic Ocean. The map shows that this river flows towards the Sahara Desert and away from the Atlantic Ocean for some distance. The river flows northward. upto Timbaktu, then turns south and enters Nigeria. It forms a delta at its mouth which is highly populated. Cultivation and livestock rearing are major sources of livelihood here. Migratory birds flock the marshy lands of this delta

Orange : This river flows westwards. It is the fifth longest river of Africa. This river originates from the Drakensberg Mountain and empties into the Atlantic ocean. A number of hydel power stations are developed on this river. 29 reservoirs have been constructed on this river for irrigation.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 7 History Book Solutions Chapter 4 The Delhi Sultanate: Turko-Afgan Rule offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 7 History Chapter 4 Question Answer – The Delhi Sultanate: Turko-Afgan Rule

1. Find out the odd one and underline it : (Full mark-1)

a. Iltutmish, Raziya, Ibn Batuta, Balban is ………………
Answer: Iban Batuta.

b. Tabarhind, Sunam, Samana, Jhelum.
Answer: Jhelum.

c. Kharaj, Khams, jizya, Amir, Zakat.
Answer: Amir.

d. Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Golkonda, Punjab, Bihar.
Answer: Punjab.

e. Barbosa, Mahmud Gawan, Paes, Nuniz.
Answer: Mahmud Gawan.

2. Match ‘A’ with ‘B’ (Full mark-1)

A	B
Khalifa	Bangla
Balban	Durbash
Khlji Revolution	Babur
Rumi Tricks	Turkan-I-Chihalgani
King Ganesh	End of the rule of the Ilbari Turk nobles.

Answer:

A	B
Khalifa	Durbash
Balban	Turkan-I-Chihalgani
Khlji Revolution	End of the rule of the Ilbari Turk nobles.
Rumi Tricks	Babur
King Ganesh	Bangla

3. Answer in brief (30-50 words) : (Full marks-3)

a. When did the Delhi Sultans require the recommendation of the Caliphs?
Answer:
According to the Islam, the chief ruler was only one the Caliph. At the same time he was also the religious head. So the Delhi Sultanate was also under the jurisdiction of the Caliph, in practice. The muslims ruled over a vast area, but it was not possible for a Caliph to maintain his authority over so large an area. So the royal people governed different areas with due approval of the caliph.

b. What were the three main problems faced by Sultan Iltutmish ?
Answer:
During the rule of Iltutmish (1211-36), the Delhi Sultanate had to face three problems mainly. Firstly, how to subdue the rebelling powers. Secondly, how to combat the indomitable Mongol power of central Asia. Finally, how to set up a royal dynasty so that his descendants can ascend the throne after his death without any disturbances.

c. Who were the supporters of Sultan Raziya? Who were her rivals ?
Answer:
Among the descents of Iltutmish, Razia w as the worthiest of all. One of the sons of Iltutmish, ruled for a short period. But Raziya was the ultimate choice and became the real successor of Iltutmish. Raziya ascended the throne with the help of the army, a part of the nobles and the common people On the otherhand, the Turkish nobles thought that Raziya is in favour of non-Turkish nobles. So the nobles who were outside of Delhi, started opposing Raziya from the very inception of her rule. Besides, the Rajputs, too, opposed Raziya.

d. How did Alauddin Khalji combat the Mongol aggression ?
Answer:
During the rule of Alauddin Khalji (1296-1300 AD) Delhi was attacked twice by the Mongols (1299-1300 and 1302-03 AD). The Sultan built up a huge army to resist Mongol attack. A new city named Siri was set up to accomodate the soldiers. To make arrangements, for their provisions, he imposed taxes at a higher rate on the farmers of Doab. The construction of the fort, the collection of soldiers and the price control system helped Alauddin Khalji to resist the Mongol attack successfully.

e. Describe the cultural life of Bengal during the time of Iliyash Shahi and Hussain Shahi dynastis.
Answer:
During the rules of Iliyas Shahi and Hussain Shahi dynastis the Bengali culture reached a considerable height. Bengali language, literature and architecture had been improved at that time. The Sultans of this time were religiously tolerent. Their religious liberalism helped the people of all the religions to come closer. In this time Bhakti cult found a shelter under the leadership of Sri Chaitanya.

4. Answer in details (100-200 words): (Full marks-3)

a. Describe the southern expedition of Alauddin Khalji after the map 4.2.
Answer:
Earlier Turkish Sultans strengthened their base in the Gangetic basin. Later, the Sultans turned their attention towards the South. Alauddin Khalj I was the first Sultan of Delhi, who extended his empire up to the South. His Southern expedition was led by his commander Malik Kafur. After the leadership of Malik Kafur, Alauddin captured Mandu in 1305 AD.

After that he captured Devgiri in 1311 AD. In the same year Alauddin captured Warangal. After that he captured Hoysan and Kakahya one by one with the help of Malik Kafur, Alauddin captured Dwar samudro, and After that his army get victory over Tanjore. At last Alauddin finished his Military expeditions over South, with victory over Madurai and Pandya and his kingdom extended upto Indian ocean.

b. What was the relation between the Delhi Sultans and their nobles ?
Answer:
The Sultan who could show alround proficiency in the art of administration his rule would last long. From the time of Balban the powers and prestige of the Sultan began to increase. None was above the Sultan. If opposed, he must be punished. As a result they none could raise any question regarding the power and prestige of the Sultans and the nobles. In the time of Alauddin the nobles were harshly suppressed. But when the supervision of the Sultan loosened, the nobles increased their power.

Sultan had to maintain relation with the Ulemas too. As the priest advised the king so did the Ulemas about the Sultan. But the Ulema’s advice was not always obeyed by the Sultan. It also created strifes between the Ulemas and the Sultans. The Ulemas were punished sometimes by the Sultans. But to keep themselves in power intact the Sultans needed the support of the nobles and Ulemas. So the Sultan tried to please them with several tributes and honours to get their support.

c. What is Iqta? Why did the Sultans introduce the system ?
Answer:
The Sultans of Delhi extended the limits of their empires gradually. They felt it necessary to collect taxes from the newly acquired areas. It was also necessary to maintain peace in those areas too. The kingdoms which were conquered by the Sultans were supposed to be a province. These provinces were called Iqta. A military leader was in charge of these Iqtas.

He was called Iqtadar or Muqti or wate. These Iqtas were sab-divided in smaller and bigger ones. The ruler of the smaller Iqtas performed the military duties only, and the rulers of the bigger one performed his military duties along with administrative ones. To supervise the army, to remit the excess revenue to the Sultan and to maintain peace and order there, were some of the duties of the rulers of lerger Iqtas. The Iqtadars were fully under the control of the Sultan.

d. What is your opinion about the market regulations of Delhi in the reign of Alauddin Khalji?
Answer:
The administrative system of Alauddin Khalji was compleatly based upon military power. In the mean time he organised a huge army and fixed the salary of the soldiers. Alauddin fixed the price of daily necessities. During the time of Alauddin Khalji there were four big markets in Delhi.

Food, horses etc. were sold in these markets. To supervise the market price there were ‘Shahane-l-Mandi’ and ‘Dewan-I-Riasat. If the sellers used to take higher price than that of Alauddin fixed, or tried to cheat the buyer in weights they were severely punished.

e. Would you call the strife between Vijaynagar and the Sultani kingdoms a religious one? Give your arguments.
Answer:
Over three regions of Decan problems rose between Vijayanagar and Bahamoni sultanate. These were the regions in the coastal area of Tungabhadra, the basin area of Krishna- Godavari and Marathwara region. These areas were fertile and commercial too. Remember these areas not only created strifes between Vijaynagar and Bahmani kingdoms.

Previously the Chalukyas and the Cholas, Yadavas and Hoysalas too fought to occupy the same. The rulers of both the northern and southern borders of river Krishna took the title ‘Sultan’. They maintained many etiquettes of the Delhi sultans.

The Vijaynagar kings called themselves ‘Sultans’ among the Hindu kings. King Deva Roy II introduced the Turkish war tactics for his own army. During his reign, cultural contact was maintained between the north and south. So it can’t say that the strife between Vijaynagar and the Sultani Kingdoms a religious one.

Class 7 History Chapter 4 Question Answer West Bengal Board – The Delhi Sultanate: Turko-Afgan Rule

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
Muhammad Ghori’s dominion was distributed among his four ______
i) followers
ii) friends
iii) sons
iv) relatives
Answer:
i) followers

Question 2.
Bakhtiar Khilji became the ruler of ______
i) Delhi
ii) Multan
iii) Bengal
iv) Ghazni
Answer:
iii) Bengal

Question 3.
The reign Of Razia lasted for ______
i) two and a half years
ii) Three and a half years
iii) four and a half years
iv) five and a half years
Answer:
ii) Three and a half years

Question 4.
Sajda and Paibos was introduced by ______
i) Alauddin Khalji
ii) Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah
iii) Rajia Sultan
iv) Ghiyasuddin balaban
Answer:
iv) Ghiyasuddin balaban

Question 5.
‘AI-Rihala’ is a reliable source of information about the reign of ______
i) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
ii) Muhammed bin Tughlaq
iii) Feroj Shah Tughlaq
iv) Alauddin khalji
Answer:
ii) Muhammed bin Tughlaq

Question 6.
Taqavi introduced by Muhammad bin Tughlaq was a ______
i) gift policy
ii) tax policy
iii) loan policy
iv) business policy
Answer:
iii) loan policy

Question 7.
The first battle of Panipath took place in ______
i) A.D. 1526
ii) A.D. 1525
iii) A.D. 1512
iv) A.D. 1530
Answer:
i) A.D. 1526

Question 8.
Balabaits eldest son Prince Muhammad was killed in ______
i) 1185
ii) 1280
iii) 1285
iv) 1290
Answer:
iii) 1285

Question 9.
During the reign of Balaban the power of the sultan —
i) decreased
ii) increased
iii) remain the same
Answer:
ii) increased

Question 10.
Mahmud Gawan was a ______
i) minister
ii) soldier
iii) instructor
iv) all are true
Answer:
iv) all are true

Question 11.
Traveller Nicolo Conti came india from ______
i) Italy
ii) France
iii) Portugal
iv) China
Answer:
i) Italy

Question 12.
The city of Vijaynagar was surrounded by ______
i) five hills
ii) seven hills
iii) five rivers
iv) seven rivers
Answer:
ii) seven hills

Question 13.
Between Vijoynagar and Bahamani there was a ______
i) friendship
ii) co-operation
iii) rivalry
Answer:
iii) rivalry

Question 14.
The king Krishnadev Raya was a—
i) singer
ii) artist
iii) player
iv) writer
Answer:
iv) writer

Question 15.
The Sangama dynasty established by Harihara I and Bukka lasted for about ______
i) 100 years
ii) 150 years
iii) 200 years
iv) 50 years
Answer:
ii) 150 years

Question 16.
Alauddin Hasan Bahaman Shah established the Bahamani kingdom in ______
i) 1340 A.D.
ii) 1345 A.D.
iii) 1347 A.D.
iv) 1350 A.D.
Answer:
iii) 1347 A.D.

Fill in the blanks : (1 mark for each question)

1. The area which came under the control of the Sultan was called ______
Answer:
Sultanate

2. The Caliph was the religious head of the ______
Answer:
Muslims

3. In A.D 1229 Iltutmish was recognised as the ruler by the ______
Answer:
Caliph

4. None of the Caliphs ever interfered in the administration of distant ______
Answer:
Hindusthan

5. Among the successors of Iltutmish ______ Was the worthiest
Answer:
Razia

6. The whimsical act of a person is still called ______
Answer:
Tughlaqism

7. Devagiri was renamed ______
Answer:
Daulatabad

8. During the reign of Bahulul Lodi Jaunpur was included in the ______
Answer:
Delhi Sultanate

9. Khizr khan the founder of the Sayyid dynasty never adopted the title ______
Answer:
Sultan

10. Sultan Iltutmish did not engage in open war with the ______
Answer:
Mughals

11. During the reign of Balaban the power and prestige of the Sultan
Answer:
increased

12. The Muslim rulers used to collect Jizya from the ______
Answer:
non-muslims

13. Alauddin khalji was the first Sultan of Delhi who extended his empire in the ______
Answer:
South

14. Firoz Shah had 1,80,000 ______
Answer:
slaves

15. Babar was skilled in ______
Answer:
warfare

16. Sultan Hussain shah was a gentle and ______ person.
Answer:
amiable

State whether True or False : (1 mark for each question)

1. Ilyas Sahis and Husan Sahis had a secular outlook.
Answer:
true

2. Sultan Jalauddin Muhammad Shah was by birth a Hindu.
Answer:
true

3. In 1332 Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah occupied the throne of Lakhnauti.
Answer:
false

4. During the reign of Alauddin Khilji Delhi was thrice attacked.
Answer: false

5. In A.D. 1526 the first battle of Panipat took place between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi.
Answer:
true

6. Delhi Sultanate was actually under the Saliph.
Answer:
true

7. Razia bore the title ‘Sultana’.
Answer:
false

8. In 1290 Jalaluddin Firoz Khilji dethroned the successors of Balaban.
Answer:
true

9. At the time of Muhammed bin Tughloq post on horse-back was called ‘dawa’.
Answer:
false

10 The name of travelogue of Ibanbatuta is Al-rihala.
Answer:
true

11. Babur had more soldiers than Ibrahim Lodi.
Answer:
false

12. The system of Iqtas originated in the 18th century A.D.
Answer:
false

13. Razia withdrew the jizja from the non-Muslims despite the objection of the Ulema.
Answer:
true

14. In 1240 Razia Sultan passed away.
Answer:
true

15. It is said Sultan Hussain Shahwas a devotee of Sri Chaitanya.
Answer:
true

Match the column A with column B

Column A	Column B
a) Muhammad Ghori died b) The Mameluk Sultans were c) Sultana means d) Razia Sultan passed away e) Balaban established f) Post on horse g) Muhammad bin Tughlaq h) Alauddin Khilji build up i) Greatest ruler of Taluva dynasty	i)  powerful centralised administration ii) a huge army iii) was Krishnadeva Raya iv) in A.D. 1206 v) was called Ulak vi) the wife of a sultan vii) in 1240 viii) llbari Turks ix) founded second capital in Devagiri

Answer:
a) Muhammad Ghori died in A.D. 1206.
b) The Mameluk Sultans were llbari Turks.
c) Sultana means the wife of a sultan.
d) Razia Sultan passed away in 1240.
e) Balaban established powerful centralised administration.
f) Post on horse was called Ulak.
g) Muhammad bin Tughlaq founded second capital in Devagiri.
h) Alauddin Khilji build up a huge army.
i) Greatest ruler of Taluva dynasty was Krishnadeva Raya.

H. Answer in brief (within 30 – 50 words) : (Full mark-3)

Question 1.
What is Sultan and Sultanate?
Answer:
‘Sultan’ is a title. A few Turkish rulers used this title. In Arabic the word ‘Sultan’ means authority, power etc. The areas which came under the control of Sultan was called Sultanate. In India the Sutans exercised their power and authority from Delhi. Hence it is known as the Delhi Sultanate.

Question 2.
What was the relation between Caliph and Sultan?
Answer:
The Caliph was the chief ruler of the Islamic world. He ruled over the entire region that was under Islam. The Caliph was also the religious head of the Muslims. So the Delhi Sultanate was under Caliph.

Question 3.
What is Khutba?
Answer:
The meaning of Khutba is discourse. During the rule of a sultan the Imam read out a sermon. After the afternoon namaz of Friday the khutba was again read out in front of all. In it the name of the contemporary Sultan and the Caliph was mentioned. That the Sultan had followed the customs required to become a rightful ruler was repeatedly declared.

Question 4.
Why was the nobles were against Razia?
Answer:
A section of the nobles had objections about a female ruler. The Turkish nobility thought she was giving importance to the non-Turkish. As a result, those Turks who were outside Delhi began to oppose her from the outset.

Question 5.
Mention the problem that Balaban had to face.
Answer:
The main problem that Balaban had to face was internal rebellion. He suppressed them strongly. He established a powerful centralised administration. He increased the honour of monarchy by introducing Paibos and Sijda.

Question 6.
What were Ulak and Dawa?
Answer:
During the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq there were two systems of sending letters by post. Post on horseback was called Ulak. In this system horses were kept for postal purposes after every four miles. The postal system on foot was called Dawa.

In this system there was a thickly populated village after the gap of one-third of a mile. Outside the village there were three tents. In the tents the postal personnel were always ready to move.

Question 7.
Give an example of Tughlaqi affair of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Answer:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq founded the second capital at Devagiri to avoid the opposition of the people of Delhi, to be safe from the incursion of the Mongals and to rule the Decan. Following the order of the Sultan many people lost their lives on the way from Delhi to Devagiri. Within a few years the capital was once again shifted to Delhi.

Question 8.
Do you think Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq made any mistake?
Answer:
Muhammad bin Tughlaq made many mistakes – Firstly, shifting of capital from Delhi to Devgiri, and from Devgiri to Delhi is an example of mistake. Secondly, introduction of copper coins but he did not take any step so that it can not be counterfeited.

Thirdly, Sultan increased the rate of tax in Doab region but harvest was affected to paucity of rain. At last the people revolted. Sultan had to compensate the loss of crops.

Question 9.
What was the main objective of Firoz Shah’s military expedition?
Answer:
One of the main objectives of Firoz Shah’s military expedition was to collect slaves. He had 1,80,000 slaves. A separate department was opened for them. They were employed in the defence, workshops and in different depertments. They were also paid for their servics. In this way the Sultan wanted to create a loyal body of soldiers.

Question 10.
What kind of incidents never happened before or after Khizr Khan?
Answer:
Khizr Khan, the founder of the Sayyid dynasty, never adopted the title ‘Sultan’. He admitted his loyalty to the Turko-Mongal rulers, on the other hand he continued using coins inscribed with the names of the Tughlaq sultans. Such incidents had never happened in medieval India before or after him.

Question 11.
Write a short note on first battle of Panipath.
Answer:
The first battle of Panipath took place between Babur and Ibraham Lodi in A.D. 1526. In this battle Babur applied a war tactic which he learnt from the Turks. Babur had less soldiers than Ibrahim Lodi but babur was skilled in warfare. Ibrahim lodi died in the battle field. The Mughal empire was established in Delhi and Agra.

Question 12.
What happened after the death of Chengis Khan?
Answer:
After the death of Chengis Khan, the Mongal kingdom was split into numerous territories. The Mongals were then busy with western Asia. Taking advantage of the situation, the Delhi Sultans increased their power. As a result they could resist Mongal invasions of the later period.

Question 13.
What is Iqta?
Answer:
The kingdoms captured by the Sultans were considered to be provinces. These provinces were called ‘Iqta’. A commander was placed in charge of these Iqtas. He was called Iqtader or Muqti. These Iqtas were further divided into smaller or bigger ones. The holder or governor of the smaller Iqtas performed only military duties. The governor of the bigger ones ’ performed military and administrative duties.

Question 14.
Mention the economic reforms done by Alauddin Khilji.
Answer:
Alauddin Khilji confiscated Iqtas given by the preceding Sultans. He took back the tax-free lands and properties donated for religious purposes. All agricultural land was measured. Revenue rates were increased. The Sultan wanted to cut down the expenditure of the Sultanate. He collected half of the agricultural produce as revenue. He also increased the collection of house-tax, grazing tax and jizya.

Question 15.
Write about the activities of Alauddin Khilji over market.
Answer:
Alauddin Khilji fixed the prices of all daily commodities. During his reign, there were big markets in Delhi. Food, horses, cloth etc. were sold there. The Shahna-i Mandi and the Diwan-i Riyasat looked after the markets. Severe punishment was given to offenders for demanding in excess of the fixed price or cheating the buyer in weight.

Question 16.
Write about social and economic activities of Firoz Shah.
Answer:
Firoz Shah built many cities, mosques, madrasas, hospitals and gardens. He introduced the system of monetary grants to help the poor. He opened a new department to solve the unemployment problem. He improved the irrigation system to develop agriculture. New canals were dug. Uncultivated lands were brought under cultivation.

Question 17.
Write a short note on Ekdala Fort.
Answer:
Ekdala Fort was surrounded by two tributaries of the river Ganga – rivers Chiramoti and Balia. This fort was not far from Gauda. The fort was almost imprengable. When Firoz Shah attacked Pandua, Ilyas Shah took shelter In the Ekdala Fort.

Question 18.
What was the order issued by Hussain Saha about Sri Chaitanya?
Answer:
Vrindavan Das in his Chaitanya Bhagvat wrote that Sultan Hussain Shah issued an order about Sri Chaitanya on his arrival at Gauda. The order said that Sri Chaitanya be allowed to do kirtana with all or could live alone as he wished. If anyone disturbed him –  be it the Kazi or the Kotvval –  he will be executed.

Question 19.
What was the development in Bengali culture during the reign of Ilyas Sahis and Hussain Sahis?
Answer:
Bengali culture developed during the reign of Ilyas Sahis and Hussain Sahis. Bengali language, literature, sculpture etc. developed in this period. The Sultans had a secular outlook. For this reason people of all religions came close to each other. The Bhakti cult started under the guidance of Sri Chaitanya.

Question 20.
Who and when established Bahamani Kingdom?
Answer:
During the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Hasan Gangu took the name of Alauddin Hasan Bahaman saha and established the Bahamani Kingdom in the deccan in 1347 A.D. He set up his capital in Gulbarga and named it Ahsanabad.

For his administrative convenievce he divided his kingdom into provinces. The provinces were Gulbarga, Dauladabad, Berar and Bidar. A governor was appointed for each province.

B. Answer in detail (within 100 – 120 words) : (Full marks: 5)

Question 1.
What is Iqta system?
Answer:
In the Islamic empire of central Asia military aristocrats were awarded with Iqtas. The tenure of Iqtas was fixed. This system originated in the 9th century A.D. At that time sufficient revenue was not deposited in the royal exchequer. In 11th century’ A.D. the Iqta system could be found in the empire of the Seljuk Turks. During this time about half of the empire was distributed as Iqta.

Somewhere this system became hereditary. In the empire of the Ottoman Turks a similar system was introduced. It was called ‘Timar’. The Sultans of Delhi made several changes in the Iqtadari system for the expansion of the empire, collection of revenues and maintenance of peace and order. The Iqtdar or Mukti could have been the ruler of an entire province. He could have been a revenue collector also.

Question 2.
What is Jizya and Turuska Danda?
Answer:
The Muslim rulers used to collect Jizya from the non-muslims. In liew of this tax the people were provided safety, religious fight and security to property. In the 8th century A.D. the Arab commander Muhammad bin qasim first introduced this tax in Sind.

During the rule of the Delhi Sultanate, the Brahmins, women, minors and slaves were exempted from the Jizya. If the sages, blind, lame and mad men were poor then they w ere also exempted from the tax. Alauddin Khalji collected ‘Kharaj’ along with Jizya.

His objective was to decrease political and economic power of the influential non-muslims. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq imposed the Jizya in such a manner that the non-muslims would neither be paupers nor challenge the state.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq went overboard to tax the brahmins also. Some Hindu kings introduced a tax similar to the Jizya. They used to impose the tax on the Muslims. The tax was called Turuska danda.

Additional Questions and answers:

Question 1.
Why was there no mention of Delhi till 12th century?
Answer:
There was no mention of Delhi as it became important only during the 12th century.

Question 2.
Under which dynasty Delhi became the capital?
Answer:
Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomara Rajput.

Question 3.
Name the Rajput dynasties that ruled during 12th century’
Answer:
Ananga Pala of Tomar dynasty and Prithiveraj Chauhan of Shauhan dynasty were important Rajput rulers during the 12th century.

Question 4.
Name the rulers- of Slave Pynasty.
Answer:
Military general of Muhammad Ghuri. Qutubuddin Aybak established the Slave dynasty. He was followed by Iltutmish, Raziya and Balban.

Question 5.
Name the important rulers of other dynasties that ruled over Delhi.
Answer:

• Khaiji Dynasty— Jalaluddin, Alauddin
• Tughluq dynasty— Ghiyasuddin Muhammad, Firuz Shah tughlaq
• Shyid Dynasty— Khizir Khan
• Lodi dynasty— Bahlul Lodi

Question 6.
Write a short note on Raziya.
Answer:
Raziya was the daughter of Iltutmish. She became Sultan in 1236. She was more able and qualified than all her brothers, her brothers and nobles were not happy at her attempts to rule independently. So she was removed from the throne in 1240.

Question 7.
Were there any other women rulers except Raziya?
Answer:
Another woman ruler was Rudrarnadevi of Warangal (1262-1289). She changed her name on the inscriptions and predicted to be a man. Another queen was Didda of hashmir (980-1003). Her subjects gave her this name. Her name came from Didi.

Question 8.
Why did Delhi Sultans build mosques all over the subcontinent?
Answer:
Delhi Sultans wanted to show themselves as protectors of Islam and muslims. Mosques helped in creating a sense of community sharing common belief and code of conduct.

Question 9.
Which kind of taxes were there during Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:

• Kharaj was a tax on cultivation, it was about 50% of total produce of the land of a peasant.
• Tax on the cattles.
• Tax on houses.

Question 10.
How did large parts of the subcontinent remain outside the control of Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:
A large part of the subcontinent remain outside the control of Delhi Sultanate.

Question 11.
How did the Mongals force the Delhi Sultans to mobilise a big army?
Answer:
Mongal attacks on the Delhi Sultanate increased during the reign of Alauddin Khaiji and in the early years of Muhammad bin Tughluq’s rule. This forces the two rulers to mobilise a large army in delhi.

Question 12.
Who was Ibn Batuta? When did he came to India?
Answer:
Ibn batuta was an African traveller. He came to india during the reign of Muhammad- Bin- Tughluq.

Question 13.
Write a short note on Sher Shah.
Answer:
Sher Shah started his career as a Manager of a small territory. He defeated the mughal emperor Humayun. He saptured Delhi and established his own dynasty. This dynasty ruled only for fifteen years. But his administration became the model for Akbarto come extent.

Multiple Choice Questions and Answers:

Question 1.
Who first established his capital at Delhi ——–
i) Tomara Rajput ruler
ii) Chauhan ruler
iii) Khalji dynasty
iv) Turkish ruler
Answer:
i) Tomara Rajput ruler

Question 2.
First slave king of Delhi Sultanate ——–
i) Qutbuddin Aybak
ii) Iltutmish
iii) Raziya Sultan
iv) Alauddin khalji
Answer:
i) Qutbuddin Aybak

Question 3.
Who was not the king of the Rajput dynasty ————-
i) Tomaras
ii) Ananga Pala
iii) Prithviraj Chauhan
iv) Bahlni Lodi
Answer:
Bahlul Lodi

Question 4.
Who was Ulema ————-
i) A judge
ii) A ruler
iii) A scholsr of Islamic learning
iv) An invader
Answer:
A scholsr of Islamic learning

Question 5
Which was not a kind of tax during Delhi Sultanate ————-
i) Tax on cattle
ii) Kharaj
iii) bandagans
iv) tax on houses
Answer:
iii) bandagans

Question 6.
The first mosque built by sultansin delhi ————-
i) Moth ki masjid
ii) Jama masjid
iii) Quwwat al Islam
iv) Jamali Kamali Masjid
Answer:
Quwwat al Islam

Question 7.
Ziauddin Baruni was ————-
i) a writer
ii) sultan
iii) traveller
iv) political thinker
Answer:
iv) political thinker

Question 8.
Sher Shah started his career as ————-
i) a soldier
ii) manager
iii) traveller
iv) accountant
Answer:
manager

Question 9.
Kharaj was a tax imposed on ————-
i) cattle
ii) houses
iii) trade
iv) cultivation
Answer:
iv) cultivation

Long Questions and Answers:

Question 1.
Describe Delhi Sultanate during Lodi Rule.
Answer:
During the Lodi rule the power of the Sultan increased considerably. Sultan Bahlul Lodi followed the traditional custom of the Afghans and shared his power with the Afghan chieftains. But his objective was also to establish the dominance of the Lodi Afghans.

Conquering the neighbouring state of Jaunpur endorses this fact. However, his successor Sikandar Lodi did not believe in sharing his power with the Afghan chieftains. The Afghan chiefs were told that they were completely under the control of the Sultan. Their fortunes depended upon the will of the Sultan. Thus, he established his sovereignty over the Afghan chiefs and the common people.

Question 2.
Describe the administrative system of Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
The real head of the administration of Delhi Sultanate was the Sultan himself. All powers of governance, the army, law and judiciary were in the hands of the Sultan. But a single individual could not look after all administrative responsibilities. So the Sultan appointed ministers and officials. His order was the final word.

In this way Sultanate administration developed with the Sultan at the centre. This is known as centralized administration. They distanced themselves from others, pronounced harsh judgements, and did not differentiate between the rich and the poor, common man and noble during trial. The Sultan who had the efficiency to look after all aspects of administration could rule for a long period. During the reign of Balban the power and prestige of the Sultan increased.

Nobody was above the Sultan. Any opposition would be penalized. So the nobility (Amirs) no longer questioned the power and prestige of the Sultan. During the reign of Alauddin, they were ruthlessly suppressed. But whenever the central administration weakened, the power of the nobility increased.
Besides the nobles, the Sultans had to keep connection with Ulema.

As the priest advised the king, the Ulema advised the Sultans. But most of the time their advice was not followed by the Sultans. Hence, the Sultan did whatever he thought to be the best. And so the Sultans often had conflict with the Ulema. But to keep their power intact the Sultan needed the support of the Ulema and the Omrah. Sometimes the Sultans even punished the Ulema.

Question 3.
Describe the control over market price by Alauddin Khilji.
Answer:
The administrative system of Alauddin Khilji was completely dependent on military power. He organized a huge army and fixed the salary of soldiers. He also fixed the prices of all daily commodities. During his reign, there were big markets in Delhi. Food, horses, cloth etc. were sold there.

The Shahna-i Mandi and the Diwan-i Riyasat looked after the markets. Severe punishment was given to offenders for demanding in excess of the fixed price or cheating the buyer in weight. Alauddin introduced a ration system. The people were provided grain and daily necessities by the Sultan when required.

Question 4.
What is Jizya and Turaska Danda?
Answer:
The Muslim rulers used to collect Jizya from the non-Muslims. This was an individual tax. In lieu of this tax the people were provided safety, religious right and security to property. In the 8th century A.D. Muhammad bin Qasim first introduced this tax in Sind.

During the rule of the Delhi Sultanate, the brahmins, women, minors and slaves were exempted from the Jizya. Alauddin Khilji collected ‘Kharaj’ long with jizya. His objective was to decrease the political and economic power of the influential non-Muslims. He thought that these people were creating discontent and. rebellion in the empire.

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq proposed the Jizya in such a manner that the non-Muslim would neither be paupers nor challenge the state. Firoz Shah Tughlaq went overboard to tax the brahmins also. Some Hindu kings introduced a tax similar to the Jizya. The tax was called Turuskadanda. They used to impose this tax on the Muslims.

Question 5.
Who was the greatest ruler of madieval Bengal, and why?
Answer:
Alauddin Hussain Shah was the greatest ruler of medieval Bengal. His reign of 26 years (1493-1519) was famous for his liberal policy. The Hindus were appointed in important postions in his administration. The Wazir of Alauddin, his physician, bodyguard and the chief of the mint were Hindus. Sultan Hussain Shah was a gentle and amiable person. He was respectful of all religions.

It is said Sultan Hussain Shah was a devotee of Sri Chaitanya. One of the two famous brothers, Rup and Sanatan, was appointed as his Personal Secretary (Dabir-i Khas). Hussain Shah was regarded as the incarnation of Lord Krishna. He was extremely enthusiastic in the research and practice of the Bengali language. Bengali literature flourished during his reign.

Question 6.
Mention Vijaynagar in the accounts of foreign travellers.
Answer:
Many foreign travellers visited Vrjaynagar. The most notable of them were Nicolo Conti of Italy, Persian envoy Abdur Razzak, Potuguese travellers Paes and Nuniz, Duarte Barbosa etc. All of them were astonished to see the treasures of Vijaynagar.

The city of Vijaynagar was surrounded by seven walls. Agriculture was the chief occupation. Irrigation system was well organized. Land revenue was the main source of income. Apart from agriculture, trade, commerce and industry flourished. Vijaynagar had close trade relationship with the Portuguese. But the travellers had also remarked that the life style of the rich and poor was markedly different.

Question 7.
Give a picture of Vijaynagar in the eye of Portuguese traveller Paes.
Answer:
“….The city is as big as Rome and very beautiful to look at. There are many orchards – both in the city gardens and in the gardens of the mansions. A number of canals of clear flow through the city. There are large tarks. A palm grove and fruit trees are found close to the royal palace.

The population of this city is high. So many people and elephants stroll through the roads and lanes that it is difficult for the soldiers and cavalry to pass through. No other city in the world provides such food as in Vijaynagar. Rice, wheat and other crops are available in large quantity. The’ numbers of oxen carrying loads in markets and on roads makes it impossible to walk through. Either one has to wait for long or take a different route.”

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 7 History Book Solutions Chapter 3 Some Aspects of Indian Society, Economy and Culture: A.D. 7th Century to 12th Century offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 7 History Chapter 3 Question Answer – Some Aspects of Indian Society, Economy and Culture: A.D. 7th Century to 12th Century

1. Find out the odd one and underline it : (Full mark-1).

a. Nadu, Chola, Ur, Nagaram.
Answer: Chola.

b. Odantapuri, Vikramshila, Nalanda, Jagaddal, Lakhnauti.
Answer: Lakhnauti.

c. Joydeb, Dhiman, Beetpal, Sandhyakar Nandin, Charapami Dutta.
Answer: Joydeb

d. Luipada, Ashvaghosh, Sarahapa, Kanhapad.
Answer: Ashvaghosh.

2. Which one of the following statements do you think most matching with the given explanation? (Full mark-1).

a. Statement: The economy of Bengal during the Pala Sena period became agro dependent.
Exp-1 : The soil of Bengalin the Pala-Sena era became more fertile than before.
Exp-2 : On the western side of India, the maritime dominance of the Arab traders increased in the Pala-Sena era.
Exp-3 : The kings of the Pala-Sena period collected taxes from the farmers on their produce.
Answer:
Exp-2 : Oh the western side of India, the maritime dominance of the Arab traders increased in the Pala-Sena era.

b. Statement: In South India, human habitation grew up around the temple.
Exp-1 : The kings and the nobles donated rent-free lands to the temples.
Exp-2 : The system of irrigation was improved by digging canals from the rivers.
Exp-3 : The south Indian kings built many temples.
Answer:
Exp-1 : The kings and the nobles donated rent-free lands to the temples.

c. Statement: Spread of Buddhism declined during the Sena age.
Exp-1 : Sena kings were Buddhists.
Exp-2 : Sena kings attached nuch importance of Brahmanism.
Exp-3 : The number of the Sudras increased.
Answer:
Exp-2 : Sena kings attached much importance to Brahmanism.

3. Answer in brief (30 to 50 words): (Full marks -3).

a. Why did the trade and commerce flourish in South India between the ninth and eleventh century AD?
Answer:
A growth in mercantile activities was noted in South India between the 9th and centuries. Various inscriptions inform us about the trade bodies like co-operative socities and the commodities of trade which were catered by the traders. The trade Guilds awarded land to the temples.

The copper plate inscriptions from South India record this. Due to the growing over mercantile activities of the Cholas in South east Asia, India’s influence on the trade and comment in this region gradually increased.

b. Which crops were produced in Bengal during the Pala-Sena age? Which of these are still cultivated?
Answer:
Paddy, mustard and fruits like mango, jackfruit, pomegranate, banana, date and coconut comprised the main agricultural products of the age. Today cereal is an important item of the Bengali menu. However it is not mentioned in the food items of those times. Cotton, Betal-leaf, betel nut, Cardamom and mahua were produced in huge quantity.

Bamboo forests and many forms of trees around the villages were mentioned in the contemporary writings. Their woods were an asset and the vegetables were brinjal, gourd, pumpkin, cucurbita esculent root made their presence in the food of the Bengalies since ancient times. All the above mentioned crops are still cultivated.

c. Describe about the literary activities of the court of Lakshmana Sena.
Answer:
In the Sena era, poet Joydev was the famous poet in the court of Lakshmana Sena. The theme of his famous poetry Geet Govindam was the story of romantic love of Radha and Krishna. Another poet Dhoyee, on the court of Lakshman Sena, wrote the Pabanduta Poetry.

Three more poets of this era was Gobardhan, Umapati Dhar and Sharan. these five poets were ‘five gems’ of the court of Lakshman Sena. The book, Sadukti Karnamrits was a compilation of poems of several books.

d. Why did the Sena rule last lesser a period them that of the Pala rule?
Answer:
The Sena rule did not witness much publicity and popularity as it was in the Pala period. They attached much importance to the Brahmin religion. The Pala rule could strike their roots during their rule of400 years. But the Senas could not do so in their hundred years rule.

When Gopal became the king, he was backed by the support of the people. But Vijay Sena, the founder Of the Sena dynesty had no popular suport behind him. Pala rulers could make themselves acceptable to the people. The Senas failed to do it. In the field of learning, religion and the artistic activities, the Pala era was far above the Senas.

4. Write in details (100 to 120 words):

a. If you want to draw a picture of the feudal system, why does it look like a triangle? How did the feudal lords spend their livlihood in this system?
Answer :
The triangle is wide at the base. This means, the people at the bottom are more in number. Above them are feudal or middle level leaders. Above them are a few principal leaders. The king is above the rest. The division of authority and revenue in this manner forms a system known as feudalism.

The feudal groups had a common characteristic. They did not work to earn their living. They lived on other people’s income. There were divisions in these groups. Some headed a village. Some others controlled a group of villages. Yet some others controlled a whole region. In this manner, the society was divided into different classes, comprising the king, the group leaders and the people at large.

The principal feudal lords and the other lords always faught among themselves. Each tried to expand his authority. Often they joined hands to wage a war against the king. Apart from collecting revenues, they controlled the civil and legal administration of the annexed villages. Often they also revolted against the king. The weakness of the king’s authority becomes evident from this. Because of these feudal lords, the self-government of the villages was destroyed.

b. Compare and contrast the agricultural and commercial progress of the Pala-Sena period.
Answer:
The basic resources of the economic condition of Bengal in the Pala-Sena period were agriculture, industry and trade. The importance of trade started reducing during this age. The mercantile activities of the Arab traders along the Arabian Sea coast in Western India led the Bengal traders to step back.

Due to the decay in foreign trade, the economy of Bengal became dependent on agriculture. The fall of trade was related to the devaluation of currency. The use of gold and silver coins started waring during the rule of the Palas and Senas in Bengal.

‘Cowrie’ become the main medium of trade. In this agarian Society, there are many instance of land grant. The kings granted land to religious institutions. The kings collected one-sixth of the produce from the farmers as revenue. Cotton was the principal commodity of trade. The fine cotton clothes of Bengal became famous all over the world. Handicrafts included wooden and metalic utensils and ornaments were useful.

c. Write a note about the art and architecture of Bengal in the Pala period.
Answer:
The art form of the Pala era is called Eastern Indian style of art. The Gupta art was the Predecessors of the Pala style. Of the Pala architecture the stupas, the Bihars and the temples deserve special mention. Due to human anger and the curse of nature the sculptures were totally destroyed.

The stupas built in the reign of the Pala kings looked like the mountain peaks. In West-Bengal and Bangladesh these stupas were found in numbers. But the original thinking was lacking in the construction of the stupas. These Bihars were the abodes of the Buddhists and the centres of Buddhist learning. Sompuri Bihar of Paharpur was the famous one of the Pala stupas.

The temple in the middle of Sompur Bihar was really remarkable among temples. These temples were square in size. There were underground compartments, a path going around the temple. Mamiupa’. were very high pillars. In construction of the temples, local burnt bricks and mud were used.

The famous specimens of the Pala arts were its sculptures. The Paharpur field of excavation was the best of them, where a large number of specimens are available. These were the examples of folk art. Happiness and miseries of daily lives, social life and religions belief have been depicted. The pictures drawn before the eleventh and twelfth centuries are not available at present.

The pictures which have been found now’ were only used as illustrations of the Buddhist manuscripts. In the Pala era, Bitpal and his son Dhiman were famous artists during the eighth and ninth centuries. They showed their skill in the metallic art, sculpture and painting.

d. Write a note about the society and religion of the Pala-Sena era,
Answer:
The life of the general people in the society was mostly afluent. But the economic condition of the people without land property and the labourers was not at all good. The literature of that time proves the same. The Sena rule did not witness much publicity and popularity as it was in the Pala period. They attached much importance to the Brahmin religion. Though the Buddhism existed, the Buddhists were not benifitted much by the government as it was before. The Brahmins only were the sole benificiaires as the head of the society.

There were several sub-divisions among the Brahmins. Brahmins were treated as a mixed caste of the sudras. The Brahmins could perform the duties of the ton-Brahmins, but the non Brahmins could not perform duties of the Brahmins. Beside the tribal people were there in the same period. Pala rulers could make themselves acceptable to the people. The Senas failed to do it.

Class 7 History Chapter 3 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Some Aspects of Indian Society, Economy and Culture: A.D. 7th Century to 12th Century

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
The tribal leaders who were skilled in warfare controlled the …………….
i. king
ii. samanta
iii. officials of the princely court
iv. certain regions
Answer:
iv. certain regions

Question 2.
The structure of the feudal society looked like a ……………
i. square
ii. triangle
iii. circle
Answer:
ii. triangle

Question 3.
The prime period of feudalism in Europe was A.D. ……………
i. 12th century
ii. 11th century
iii. 13th century
iv. 14th century
Answer:
i. 12th century

Question 4.
During the Chola administration ‘Nagaram’ was set up to redress the problems of …………
i. farmers
ii. priests
iii. traders
iv. Brahmins
Answer:
iii. traders

Question 5.
…………… became the main medium of exchange.
i. gold coin
ii. silver coin
iii. copper coin
iv. Cowrie
Answer:
iv. Cowrie

Question 6.
In the Paul-Sena era the subjects had to pay tax to the king for their ……………
i. village
ii. security
iii. temple
iv. playground
Answer:
ii. security

Question 7.
…………… came from Bengal.
i. wild buffalo and deer
ii. pig and deer
iii. horse and camel
iv. camel and monkey
Answer:
iii. horse and camel

Question 8.
Ramcharita of Sandhyekar Nandi was written in ……………
i. Bengali
ii. Hindi
iii. Pali
iv. Sanskrit
Answer:
iv. Sanskrit

Question 9.
Charyapada was composed in ancient ……………
i. Bengali
ii. Urdu
iii. Hindi
iv. Sanskrit
Answer:
i. Bengali

Question 10.
The fame of Nalanda University continued till the ……………
i. 12th century
ii. 14th century
iii. 11th century
iv. 13th century
Answer:
iv. 13th century

Question 11.
At present Buddhist stupas can be seen in Ashrafpur village of ……………
i. West Bengal
ii. Dacca district
iii. Rajsahi district
iv. Shittagong
Answer:
ii. Dacca district

Question 12.
Geet Govinda was written by ……………
i. Dhoyee
ii. Sharana
iii. Joydev
iv. Pabanduta
Answer:
iii. Joydev

Question 13.
Halayudh was a ……………
i. texicographer
ii. soldier
iii. traveller
iv. Minister
Answer:
iv. minister

Question 14.
In ancient Bengal main source of occupation was ……………
i. agriculture
ii. business
iii. animal husbandary
iv. fishing
Answer:
i. agriculture

Question 15.
Dipankar Srijnan was the acharya of ……………
i. Vikramshila
ii. Odantapur
iii. Sompuri
iv. Vikramshila, Odantopur, Sompuri
Answer:
iv. Vikramshila, Odantopur, Sompuri

Fill in the blanks : (1 mark for each question)

1. Atish was born in ______ village of Bikrampur.
Answer:
Bajroyogini.

2. With the introduction of Islamic Culture Indian ______ gained much.
Answer:
scholarship

3. Pala rulers could make themselves ______ to the people.
Answer:
acceptable.

4. Literature is the mirror of ______
Answer:
society.

5. Five poets in the court of Lakshmansena were called ______
Answer:
five gems.

6. In the poem of ______ was the tale of romance of Radha and Krishna.
Answer:
Geet Govinda.

7. Dhiman and his son ______ were renowned artists of the Varendra region.
Answer:
Bitpala.

8. The finest example of art in the Pala reign was ______
Answer:
sculpture.

9. Dharmapala founded the Vikramshil university on the banks of the river Ganges near ______
Answer:
Bhagalpur.

10. Hiuen Tsang studied in the ______ university.
Answer:
Nalanda.

11. ______ is a collection of poems and lyrics composed by the Buddhist Siddhacharyas
Answer:
Charyapada.

12. During the reign of the Pala rulerMahipala, the poet Sandhyakar Nandi wrote the ______
Answer:
Ramacharita.

13. ______ was a medical scientist of the Pala age.
Answer:
Chakrapani Dutta.

14. Bengalis learnt to eat potatoes from the ______
Answer:
Portuguese.

15. The bronze handicraft of the Cholas were very ______
Answer:
famous.

16. The growing importance of the regional monarchs had an impact on contemporary Indian society and ______
Answer:
economy.

State whether True or False: (1 mark for each question).

1. The Samantas and Mahasamantas had constant conflict with each other.
Answer:
true

2. The prime period of feudalism in Europe was A.D. 12th century.
Answer:
true

3. The copper handicraft of the Cholas was very famous.
Answer:
false

4. Because of the fedual lords the self-governance of the villages was lost.
Answer:
true

5. During Pala-Sena age, the ultimate authority over land raised with the farmers.
Answer:
false

6. The traders paid tax to the king for trade and commerce.
Answer:
true

7. The fine cotton clothes of Bengal acquired fame far and wide.
Answer:
true

8. Books of medicine of Chakrapanidutta were written in Bengali.
Answer:
false

9. The kings of the pala dynasty were brahmins.
Answer:
false

10. Harapresad Shastri recovered the manuscripts of the Charyaoada from Nepal.
Answer:
true

11. Students of Nalanda University were provided food free of cost, dress, bedding.
Answer:
true

12. The stupas built during the Pala Age looked like Shikharas.
Answer:
true

Match the column A with column B

Column – A	Column -B
a. Dhiinan and Bitpal were b. Saduktikarnamrita c. Geet Govinda was the tale of d. Halayudh wrote e. Charyapada was composed in f. During Pala rule the king granted lands g. Sandliyakar Nandi w rote h. Turkish invaders i. Dharmapala founded the	i. Brahinanasarvasya ii. ransacked the Nalanda University iii. renowned artists iv. were collection of poems v. Ramacharita vi. romance of Radha and Krishna vii. Vikramshil University viii. to religious institutions ix. ancient Bengali language

Answer:
a. Dhiman and Bitpal were renowned artists.
b. Saduktikarnamrita were collection of poems.
c. Geet Govinda was the tale of romance of Radha and Krishna.
d. Halayudh wrote Brahmanasarvasya.
e. Charyapada was composed in ancient Bengali language.
f. During Pala rule the king granted lands to religious institutions.
g. Sandhyakar Nandi wrote Ramacharita.
h. Turkish invaders ransacked the Nalanda University.
i. Dharmapala founded the Vikramshil University.

Answer in brief (within 30 – 50 words) : (Full mark-3)

Question 1.
Why was there a conflict between Samantas and Mahasamantas?
Answer:
Both Samanta and Mahasamanta or feudal lords tried to increase their influence. For this they had constant conflict with each other. Sometimes they even unified to fight against the king.

Question 2.
What was the structure of feudal society in Europe?
Answer:
The structure of the feudal society in Europe looked like a triangle. The king, feudal overlords (barons. and vassals were placed at various levels of society. The knights wore armor and fought under the feudal overlords. Serfs toiled in the manner houses of the feudal lords.

Question 3.
Who were knights?
Answer:
In the middle age there were three types of soldier Foot soldiers, archers, and knights. The knights were heavily armored soldiers who rode on horseback. Only the wealthiest nobles could afford to be a knight.

Question 4.
What was the feudal period in Europe?
Answer:
Feudalism was a combination of legal, economic, military and cultural customs that flourished in medieval Europe between the ninth and fifteenth centuries. Broadly defined it was a way of structuring society around relationships that were derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.

Question 5.
What was the role of temples in south India?
Answer:
South Indian monarchs built many temples. Common people arid artisans settled around the temples. Priests, cooks, singers, dancers etc. used to stay in the temple complex. The temple authorities were granted tax free land by the king, merchants and aristocrats.

Question 6.
Write a short note on the irrigation system at the time of Cholas.
Answer:
Irrigation was developed in Tamil Nadu by creating canals from river Kaveri and its tributaries. So, agricultural production was increased, in some areas cultivation could be done twice a year. In areas which had little scope for irrigation, lakes and tanks were dug up to retain rain water. Wells were found in some areas.

Question 7.
What was the significant development in trade and commerce in South India between 9th and 11th century?
Answer:
The Chetty or traders used to travel with loads of commodities. There were various trade guilds or cooperative societies. Due to the growing dominance of Cholas in South East Asia. Indian trader’s influence on trade and commerce in those countries gradually increased.

Question 8.
How many taxes were collected by the Soun Indian kings?
Answer:
The king used to levy a share from the produce of the farmers, herdsmen and artisans. Apart from land revenue, taxes were charged from the traders. Moreover/during war, the triumphant soldiers used to plunder and rampage the vanquished region. Important families of the region were given the responsibility of collecting the taxes.

Question 9.
Why did the economy of Bengal depend on agriculture during Pala Sena age?
Answer:
The monopoly of the Arab along the Arabian Sea coast in Western India had forced the Bengal traders to retreat. Importance of bengal traders in foreign trade and commerce had waned. So the economy of Bengal became dependent on agriculture.

Question 10.
Mention the different taxes which Pala-Sena kings collected from their subjects.
Answer:
The king collected one-sixth of the produce from the farmers. The king also accepted fruits, flowers and woods as revenue. The traders also paid tax to the king for trade and commerce. The subjects paid tax to the king for their security. The cillagers had to pay taxe for the entire village.

Question 11.
What were the agricultural products in Pala-Sena age?
Answer:
Paddy, mustard and various types of fruits like mango, jackfruit, banana, pomegranate, date and sosonut comprised the main agricultural products. Cotton, betel leaf, betel nut, cardamom and mahua were also produced in large quantity.

Question 12.
What kind of animals were found in Bengal during Pala-Sena age?
Answer:
Crow, bull, goat, duck, hen, pigeon, crow, cuckoo, different aquati birds, horse, camel, elephant, tiger, wild buffalo, monkey, deer, pig, snake etc. were found in large numbers. Of these the horse and camel came from outside Bengal.

Question 13.
Why was Sanskrit so important then?
Answer:
Sanskrit was the language of the elite and the scholars. Books on literature, grammar, religion, philosophy and medicine were usually written in Sanskrit. For example, the poem of Sandhyakar Nandi or books of medicine of Chakrapanidutta were written in Sanskrit.

Question 14.
Write a short note on Ramcharita.
Answer:
Ramcharita was written by the poet Sandhyakar Nandi. The poem was written following the legends of the Ramanayana. Here the poet has used allegorty. He narrated about Rama of Ramayana and also about the Pala king Rampala.

Question 15.
What is Charyapada?
Answer:
Buddhist Siddhacharyas composed Charyapada during the A.D. 8th and 12th centuries. It was composed in ancient Bengali language. Acharya Haraprasad Shastri recovered the manuscript of the Charyapada from Nepal.

Question 16.
What was the role of Buddhist monasteries in spread of learning?
Answer:
Seats of learning of the Buddhist philosophers were Buddhist monasteries. Monasteries of Nalanda, Odantaputi, Vikramshil, Somepuri, Jagaddal, Bikrampuri worth mentioning. The monastories played a significant role in education with the support of the Pala kings and the buddhist acharyas and students.

Question 17.
What is Oriental Art?
Answer:
The style of art in the Pala reign is known as Oriental Art. The forerunner of this style was the Gupta art. The main architectural monuments of the Pala age were stupa, vihara and temple, now most of them do not exist.

Question 18.
What was the finest example of art in Pala reign?
Answer:
The finest example of art in Pala reign was sculpture. In the archeological site of paharpur we find some of the best specimens. The influence of local style is evident in the stone tables on the walls of the main temple. In those tables the images of Radha-Krishna, Shive and Buddha, Avalokiteswar are found.

Question 19.
What was the condition of Buddhism during Pala period?
Answer:
Under the Sanas, Buddhism was neither spread nor propagated as in Pala period. The Buddhists were no longer benefited as before. Brahmabnical Hinduism was predominant. The Brahmins being the head of the society were the sole beneficiaries.

Question 20.
Who were the ‘five gems’ in the court of king Lakshmansena?
Answer:
Five poets in the court of Lakshmansena were called ‘five gems’. They were Joydev who composed Geet Govinda. It was the tale of romance of Radha and Krishna. Another poet Dhoyee who wrote Pabanduta. The other poets were Gobardhan, Umapati Dhar, and Sharana.

Question 21.
Briefly compare the Pala age with the Sena age.
Answer:
In the field of education, religion and art the Pala age was much superior to that of the Senas. The Pala had struck roots in the society of Bengal over 400 hundred years, the Senasfailed to do so in a little over 100 years. When Gopala became the king of bengal, he had a public support but Vijaysena had no such public support.

Question 22.
Who was Dipankar Srijnan?
Answer:
Dipankar Srijnan was the best and most famous Bengali buddhist preceptor. He was initiated by Acharya Silrakshit in the Odantapuri monastry. He was preceptor and acharya of Vikramsila, Odantapur and somepuri monasteries. At the request of the king of Tibet, he went to Tibet to spread Buddhism.

Answer in detail (within 100 – 120 words) (Full mark-5)

Question 1.
Write a note on Nalanda.
Answer:
During the time of Gupta Empire in the 5th centurya Buddhist vihara was set up at Naianda. With the passage of time the acamedic fame of Nalanda spread all over Asia. During the reign of King Harshavardhana and the Palas. Nalanda received royal patronage. Not only the landlords and the regional kings but also the rulers of Sumatra granted resources for the university.

From their handsome contributions students were provided food free of cost, dress, bedding and medicine. Students from far and wide like Tibet, China, Korea and Mongalia came to study here. A special fund was arranged to teach the students of China.

In 7th century Hitien Tsang studied in the this university. Students had to go through a challenging test before admission. During the heyday of the Nalanda University 10,000 Buddhist mendicants resided here. The fame the university continued till 13th century when the Turkish invaders attacked Bihar and ransacked the university.

Question 2.
Write a note on cultural exchange and conflict in India between A.D. 7th century to 12th century.
Answer:
There was much interesting cultural exchange and conflict in India between A.D. 7th century to 12th century. Many instances of Indian cultural traditions can be traced in South East Asia, Tibet and China. It is clear that the multicultural exchange has helped to develop a varied Indian lifestyle.

But that lifestyle was not fixed. It changed with the passage of time. Even today we find varities of life
style in different parts of India. With the introduction of Islamic culture, Indian scholarship gained much. The mingling of two cultures had an impact on society, culture and polity.

Gradually changes came in the use of language, dress, food, music, art and ministrative ideas. A mutual understanding took place. Both the cultures influenced each other.

Additional Questions and Answers :

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
Who ruled in Tamil Nadu ……………….
i. Chalukyas
ii. Rastrakutas
iii. Cholas
iv. None of these
Answer:
Cholas

Question 2.
Who received the land could collect the taxes ………………
i. vehicles
ii. betel leaves
iii. woven clothes
iv. all of these
Answer:
all of these

Question 3.
Nagabhata was ………………………
i. Chekreyudha
ii. Malava
iii. Pratihara king
iv. Gupta king
Answer:
iii. Pratihara king

Question 4.
In which language the prashasti found in Gwalior written ……………
i. Sanskrit
ii. Urdu
iii. Hindi
iv. Bengali
Answer:
i. Sanskrit

Question 5.
Prashastis tell us how rulers wanted to depict themselves as ………………….
i. achiver
ii. leader
iii. valient victorious warriors
iv. none of these
Answer:
iii. valient victorious warriors

Question 6.
What was the use of money collected from taxes ………………………..
i. construction of forts
ii. construction of temples
iii. to fight wars
iv. all of these
Answer:
iv. all of these

Question 7.
Vetti means ……………..
i. rant
ii. revenue
iii. tax
iv. all of these
Answer:
iii. tax

Question 8.
The literal meaning of hiranya garbha is ……………………….
i. golden deer
ii. golden womb
iii. Dantidurga
iv. none of these
Answer:
golden womb

Question 9.
Who were expected to bring gifts for kings in 17th century —
i. samantas
ii. maha samantas
iii. mandalesshvara
iv. landlords
Answer:
i. samantas

Question 10.
The other name of the great lord of a region was ……………………….
i. king
ii. samanta
iii. landlord
iv. maha-mandaleshvara
Answer:
iv. maha-mandaleshvara

Question 11.
The new dynasty developed in eastern part of the country ………………….
i. Cholas
ii. Rastrakutas
iii. Palas
iv. Senas
Answer:
iii. Palas

Short Questions and Answers 

Question 1.
What new dynasties emerged after the 7th century in the subcontinent?
Answer:
New dynasties emerged after 7th century –

• Gurjara-Pratiharas
• Rastrakutas
• Palas,
• Sholas
• Shauhan

Question 2.
Who were samantas?
Answer:
Samantas were big landlords in different regions of the subcontinent.

Question 3.
What happened when Samantas gained power and wealth?
Answer:
The Samantas declared themselves maha-samantas, maha-mandaleshvara. Sometimes they asserted their independence from their overlords.

Question 4.
How’ did the Rashtrakutas gained power and became independent?
Answer:
Rashtrakutas were subordinates to the Chalukvas. In the mid-eighth century Dantidurga, a Rashtrekuta leader, overthrew his Chalukya overlord and became independent.

Question 5.
From where did resources come to the states?
Answer:
Revources came from the producers like paesants, cattle-keepers, artisans and traders.

Question 6.
How were resources used in the period 7th to 12th century?
Answer:

• to finance king’s establishment
• to construct temples and forts
• to fight wars,
• to build trade routes.

Question 7.
Who collected revenue?
Answer:
Revenue collectors were generally recruited from influencial families. In many cases relatives of the king held these positions.

Question 8.
How were Brahmanas rewarded?
Answer:
Kings often rewarded Brahmanas with grants of land.

Question 9.
What were the rights of the people who received land grants during Chola rule?
Answer:
They could collect taxes in different forms, such as ……..

• judicial fine,
• on betel leaves, woven cloth, vehicles etc.
• plant trees and bushes
• get wells dug and cacals constructed
• stop water wastage and build embankments
• They could build buildings.

Question 10.
Write a note on Vikramsila.
Answer:
In the A.D. 8th century the Pala emperor Dharntapala founded the Vikramshil university or mahavihara near Bhagalpur in the northern part of Magadha. This university lasted for the next 500 years. Over 100 teachers were involved in the teaching and study of religion.

Students used to come there to study. Grammar, logic, philosophy were taught here. Maximum three thousand students could avail free education. Students had to appear for an admission test before enrolment. At the end of their course they were awarded with titles.

Vikramshila was the main centre for Vajrayana cult: Many valuable manuscripts were preserved in its library. Dipankar Srijnan (Atish. was one of the mahacharyas of this university. This university was also ransacked by the Turkish invaders in the 13th century.

Question 11.
Describe the main architectural monuments of the Pala age.
Answer:
The main architectural monuments of the Pala age were stupa, vihara and temple. Now most of them do not exist. In ancient India there was a custom of building Buddhist and Jain stupas. In fact, the Buddhists in particular, constructed many stupas. Initially these stupas were round shaped. But later, they were conical in shape.

The stupas built during the Pala Age looked like shikhams or mountain peaks. No originality is seen in the design of the stupas of Bengal. The viharas were the residences of the Buddhist monks and also seats of learning of Buddhist knowledge systems.

Sompuri vihara at Paharpur was a prominent vihara in the Pala reign. The temple of Sompuri vihara is also worth mentioning. The temple was square shaped. The temple had underground chambers or garvagriha, a path for going around the temple, an altar and lofty pillars. The temple was built with burnt brick and clay.

Question 12.
Write a short note on feudal system of India.
Answer:
The growing importance of the regional monarchs had an impact on contemporary Indian society and economy. A section of the society gained enormous power. The contemporary writers had addressed this group as ‘Samanta’, ‘Raja’, ‘Raimak’ etc. Some of them were high officials in the princely courts. Sometimes they were granted lands in lieu of salary.

The revenue from such lands was the income of this group. In some regions, the defeated kings also enjoyed the revenue of those areas. Often the tribal leaders who were skilled in warfare controlled certain regions.

These groups had one common feature. None of them gave labour for production. They lived on the revenue or output of others’ labour. Again, there were divisions in these groups. Some headed a village. Some controlled a group of villages. Others controlled an entire region. In this manner the society was stratified into different classes comprising the king, the group leaders and the common people.

The Samantas Mahasamantas (feudal lords. had constant conflict with each other. Sceryone wanted to increase his influence. Sometimes they even unified to fight against the king. Besides extracting revenues, these groups used to govern the village and even give judgment. Often they refused to recognize the authority of the king. The weakness of the sovereign becomes evident.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 7 Geography Book Solutions Chapter 9 Continent of Asia offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 9 Question Answer – Continent of Asia

Write the correct names : (Page no. 85)

Mountain ranges converging at the Pamir Knot and the Armenian knot

(Page no. 86)

Name of the Plateau	Belong to Countries
Arabian Plateau	Arab
Decan Plateau	India
Indo China Plateau	Mayanmar, Thailand

(Page no. 89)

Answer the following quistions with the help of the map :

Question 1.
In which direction does the Ob, Yenesi and Lena rivers are flowing ?
Answer:
The rivers are flowing from south to north.

Question 2.
Which one is the longest among the north flowing rivers ?
Answer:
Yenesi is the longest among the north flowing rivers.

Question 3.
Why are north flowing rivers flood prone?
Answer:
The north flowing rivers are in frizid zone. Therefore the mouths of the rivers remain always snow covered throughout the year. The mouth of the rivers remains chocked, since the rivers are flood prone.

Answer the following : (Page no. 90)

Question 1.
Which of the South flowing rivers of Asia originates near Manas Sarobar of Tibet and falls in Bay of bengal ?
Answer:
The river Bramhaputra of Asia being originated near Manas Sarobar and falls in Bay of Bengal. Indus also being originated from Manas Sarobar and falls in Bay of Bengal

Question 2.
Which is the longest south flowing river of Asia ? What is the length of the river ?
Answer:
The longest South flowing river of Asia is Mekong. Its lengts is 4,350 km

Can you say.

Question 1.
Which river of Asia is known as ‘The River of Golden Sands’?
Answer:
The river Yangtze-Kiang is known as ‘The River of Golden Sands’.

Question 2.
Name two east flowing rivers of Asia which empty into China sea.
Answer:
The two east flowing rivers of Asia which empty into China sea are Yangtse and SiKiang.

Question 3.
Which river of Asia is known as the ‘Yellow river’?
Answer:
The river Huang He is known as the Yellow river.

Question 4.
Which is the longest river of Asia?
Answer:
The Yangtze river is the longest river in Asia.

Tell me : (Page no. 97)

Question 1.
What are the causes behind the development of Kihin or Tokyo Yokohoma industrial region as one of the best and most significant industrial regions of the world?
Answer:

1. The ports of Kihin industrial region communicate with other ports of the world.
2. The ports are famous for import and export.
3. Yokohoma port acts as the external port.
4. The town planning is very good of the city.
5. The city has successfully controlled and prevent industrial pollution.
6. The agriculture has been pain equal importance with industry.
7. This city has been recognised as ecofriendly city by Japan government.
8. The waste treatment has been done here properly.
9. The barren lands are being restored. For this reason Kihin industrial centre is known as the best industrial centre.

Question 2.
What are the problems faced by an industrial region?
Answer:
The problems of industrial region :-

1. High density of population in industrial centre can creat problems.
2. The lack of development in transport system put a bar for industrial development.
3. Lack of lands.
4. Industrial development can cause environment pollution.
5. Lack of modern mechinery reduces the production.
6. Lack of sufficient capital.

Question 3.
How can the problems of an industrial region be solved ?
Answer:
To solve the problems of an industrial region :

1. Transport system must be developed.
2. It must be setablished in a vast area.
3. Guaranteed supply of capital is required.
4. Modern machinery must be used.
5. Environment pollution must be controlled.

Class 7 Geography Chapter 9 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Soil Pollution

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
The second largest city and largest port of Japan-
i) Yokohama
ii) Tokyo
iii) Kawasaki
iv) Chiba
Answer:
i) Yokohama

Question 2.
The largest industrial and trase centre of Japan-
i) Yokohama
ii) Tokyo
ii) Kawasaki
iv) Chiba
Answer:
ii) Tokyo

Question 3.
The population of South-West Asia is-
i) high
ii) medium
iii) very high
iv) low
Answer:
iv) low

Question 4.
Sanghai is known as-
i) Rice Bowl of China
ii) Granary of China
iii) Manchester of China
Answer:
iii) Manchester of China

Question 5.
The mouth of Indus river is-
i) Arabian Sea
ii) Bay of bengal
iii) South China Sea
iv) Persian gulf
Answer:
i) Arabian Sea

Question 6.
Decan Plateau belong to-
i) Arab
ii) Mayanmar
iii) Thailand
iv) India
Answer:
iv) India

Question 7.
Main feature of Siberian climate-
i) average summer temperature 30° C
ii) 7-8 months summer
iii) 7-8 months snowfall
Answer:
iii) 7-8 months snowfall

Question 8.
A mountain range extended from Pamir knot-
i) Jagros mountain
ii) Pontic mountain
iii) Elburge mountain
iv) Altintag mountain
Answer:
iv) Altintag mountain

Question 9.
A mountain range extended from Armenian knot-
i) Himalaya mountain
ii) Pontic mountain
iii) Altintag mountain
iv) Suleman mountain
Answer:
ii) Pontic mountain

Question 10.
The source of Mekong river-
i) Kunlun mountain
ii) Armenian pleateau
iii) Manas Sarobar
iv) Shan pleateau

Question 11.
In hot desert type extreme climate-
i) winter temperature 0°-10° C
ii) summer temperature 30° -35° C
iii) rainfall 150-200 cm
Answer:
ii) summer temperature 30°-35° C

Question 12.
In Tundra climatic region grow-
i) cedar
ii) birch
iii) larch
iv) lichen
Answer:
iv) lichen

Question 13.
Szechuan basin is called-
i) Rice bowl of China
ii) Granary of China
iii) Manchester of China
iv) Red basin
Answer:
iv) Red basin

Question 14.
A problem of Tokyo industrial region-
i) want of capital
ii) scacity of electricity
iii) scarcity of land
Answer:
iii) scarcity of land

Question 15.
Largest oil producing centre of the world-
i) Manifa
ii) Ghawar
iii) Gach Saran
iv) Suleman
Answer:
ii) Ghawar

Fill in the blanks : (1 mark for each question)

1. The capital of Japan is _________.
Answer:
Tokyo.

2. _________ percent of world people live in Asia.
Answer:
60.

3. The heighest part of the landmass is _________.
Answer:
Mount Everest.

4. The _________ sea seperates Asia from Europe.
Answer:
Red.

5. The continent of Asia and Europe and Asia is jointly called _________.
Answer:
Eurasia

6. The largest plain of Asia is _________
Answer:
the Northern plain

7. The joint flow of Tigris and Euphrates is called _________
Answer:
Sat-el-Arab.

8. The _________ vegetation grow in Equatorial region.
Answer:
evergreen

9. The Alpine forest of Russia is known as _________ forest.
Answer:
Taiga forest.

10. Yangtze-Kiang river originates from _________ mountain.
Answer:
Kuenlun

11. _________ is world’s largest off shore oilfield.
Answer:
Safaniya

12. Aaljara is a oilfield of _________.
Answer:
Kuwait

13. The largest external port of Japan is _________.
Answer:
Yokohama

14. Due to differences in relief, soil and climate the the Yangtze basin is divided into _________ parts.
Answer:
three

15. The climate of a place far away from the sea is _________.
Answer:
extreme

State whetherTrue or False : (1 mark for each question)

1. Hwang-Ho river valley was the basis of Chinese civilazation.
Answer:
true

2. In Asia number of countries are fifty.
Answer:
false

3. Hindukush mountain extends fromArmenian knot.
Answer:
false

4. A north flowing river of Asia is Tigris.
Answer:
false

5. The source of Ganga is Gangotri glacier.
Answer:
true

6. Amur is a east flowing river of Asia.
Answer:
true

7. Equatorial type of climate is observed in Indi
Answer:
false

8. The hottest place of Asia is Jacobabad.
Answer:
true

9. Middle Yangtze Basin is known as Granary of China.
Answer:
true

10. Over population is a problem of Tokyo Industrial Region.
Answer:
true

11. Masjid-i-Suleman is a famous oilfield of Iraq.
Answer:
false

12. Jebel Dukhan is a oilfield of Qatar.
Answer:
true

13. Taiga forest of Russia is the largest coniferous forest of the world.
Answer:
true

14. The mouth of Huang-Ho river is South China sea.
Answer:
false

15. The source of Mekong river is Shan Plateau.
Answer:
false

Match the following : (1 mark for each question)

a) Match the column A with column B.

A	B
1. Length of river Lena	a. Kunlun Mountain
2. Mouth of Euphrates	b. in India, Bangladesh, Vietnam
3. Source of Hwang-Ho is	c. petroleum
4. Monsoon type climate is found	d. 2900 km
5. Gharwar is a oilfield of	e. 4400 km
6. Modern civilisation is fueled by	f. Persian Gulf
7. Length of Brahmaputra	g. Tokyo, Delhi, Beijing, Singapore
8. Famous cities of Asia	h. Soudi Arabia

Answer:

1. Length of river Lena 4400 km
2. Mouth of Euphrates Persian Gulf.
3. Source of Hwang-Ho is Kunlun Mountain.
4. Monsoon type climate is found in India, Bangladesh, Vietnam.
5. Gharwar is a oilfield of Soudi Arabia.
6. Modern civilisation is fueled by petroleum.
7. Length of Brahmaputra 2900 km
8. Famous cities of Asia Tokyo, Delhi, Beijing, Singapore.

Very Short Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
Which is the Asia’s hottest place ?
Answer:
Jacobabad is hottest place in Pakistan in Asia.

Question 2.
Which is the Asia’s coldest place?
Answer:
The coldest place in Asia is Verkhoyansk in north-eastern part of Siberia, Russia.

Question 3.
Which place of Earth receives maximum rainfall ?
Answer:
Mausinram receives the maximum rainfall.

Question 4.
Which is the biggest lake of Asia ?
Answer:
Caspian sea is the biggest lake of Asia.

Question 5.
On which river valley, the chinese civilization developed?
Answer:
The chinese civilization developed on the valley of Hwang-Ho.

Question 6.
Where is the source of river Ganga ?
Ans:
Gangotri is the source of river Ganga.

Question 7.
Where is the mouth of river Brahmaputra?
Answer:
Bay of bengal is the mouth of river Brahmaputra.

Question 8.
On which river valley, the Mesopotamian and Sumerian civilization developed?
Answer:
The Mesopotamian and Sumerian civilization developed on the valley of Tigris and Euphrates.

Question 9.
Where does Tibetan plateau lie ?
Answer:
Tibetan plateau lies between the Himalaya and Kunlun mountains.

Question 10.
Name the plain plain of Asia which is largest plain of the world.
Answer:
The northern plain of Asia is the largest plain of the world.

Question 11.
Write a characteristic of north flowing rivers of Asia.
Answer:
The mouth of these rivers are located in the Frigid zone.

Question 12.
Write a characteristic of south flowing rivers of Asia.
Answer:
In the lower course of the rivers flood occurs in the rainy season.

Question 13.
Write a characteristic of east flowing rivers of Asia.
Answer:
River basins are densely populated.

Question 14.
On what condition natural vegetation is related?
Answer:
Natural vegetation is related to climate.

Question 15.
State the characteristics of monsoon winds.
Answer:
The charecterics of monsoon wind are wet summer and dry winter.

Question 16.
Which type of rainfall occurs in Equatorial region?
Answer:
Convectional rainfall occurs in Equatorial region.

Question 17.
What is called the “The Rice bowl of China”?
Answer:
The Hunan Province of China is called “The Rice bowl of China.”

Question 18.
What is called the “Manchester of China”?
Ans:
Sanghai of China is called the “Manchester of China.”

Question 19.
What is the largest city of China ?
Answer:
Sanghai is the largest city of China.

Question 20.
Which basin is called the ‘Red Basin’?
Answer:
Szechuan basin is called the ‘Red basin’.

Question 21.
What is the largest port of Japan?
Answer:
Yakohoma is the largest port of Japan.

Question 22.
What is the full form of OPEC ?
Answer:
The full form of OPEC is Organisation of Petrolium Exporting Countries.

Question 23.
What is the world’s largest offshore oilfield ?
Answer:
Safaniya is the world’s largest offshore oilfield.

Question 24.
What is the largest oil producing centre of the world?
Answer:
The largest oil producing centre of the world is Ghawar.

Short Questions & Answers : (2 marks for each question)

Question 1.
What is the significance of Pamir Knot?
Answer:
Pamir is the higest plateau of the world. The different mountain ranges have come from different direction and met with each other forming a Knot. So it is called Pamir Knot.

Question 2.
Why is the Pamir called the ‘Roof of the World’?
Answer:
Pamir plateau is situated in Tajakistan state which is to the North West of JammuKashmir of India. This is the highest plateau of the world. The altitude of Pamir is 4873 m This plateau is so high that it seems that the roof of the world. So it is called the roof of the world.

Question 3.
Write a short note on OPEC.
Answer:
OPEC: The full form of OPEC is Organisation of Petrolium Exporting Countries. The oil producing countries of South-West Asia are Soudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates etc. These countries are the members of this organisation. This organisation has reduced the monopoly control of the oil purchased countries. At present the member-countries could be able to keep 60% of the income for themselves.

Question 4.
Describe the northern plain of Asia.
Answer:
Acording to the nature and structure this plain are devided into three part –
a) The lowland of Turan : The lowland of Turan is situated in the centre of caspian and Arabian Sea. This region is 8-10 m below the sea lebel in some places.
b) Siberian Plain : The lowland from Ural mountain to the West to Yenesi river valley is called Siberian Plain. it is formed by the deposition of the alluviun by the river Ob and Yenesi.
c) Shield Plateau : This plain stretches from Yenesi river valley to the coast of Bering straight. It is an old eroded region which is called Siberian Shield though it is a part of very old plateau, now it has become a plain.

Question 5.
What are the oil producing countries of South West Asia?
Answer:
Among the oil producing countries Soudia Arabia is the largest oil producing country of the Arabian peninsula. Besides, the other oil producing states are Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman etc.

Question 6.
Describe the course of the river Yangtze-Kiang.
Answer:
The longest river of Asia is Yangtse (6,300 km). This river is originated from Geladangdong mountain peak in the south of Kuenlun mountain and flows towards eastward and emptied in the East China Sea. The river is known as the river of Golden sand in its upper course. This river flows through the Itchang eanyan to the east of red sea valley. There are many lakes like Tungting, Itchang in its course. Flood never occurs in this river. The tributaries of the river are Han, Siyang, Yunan etc. The river is navigable in his lower course.

Question 7.
State the characteristics of the climate of Asia.
Answer:
The characteristics of the climate of Asia.
i) There are different types of climate found in Asia due to its vastness. For example – the climate of the southern part of the continent is warm in nature, the climate of central Asia is moderate and the northern part is extremlly cold.
ii) The places of the continent far away from the sea experience extreme climate
iii) The climate of the plateau surrounded by the mountain is extremely cold.

Question 8.
Which is called the ‘Holland of China’ and why?
Answer:
The deltaic region of Yangtze-Kiang is called the ‘Holland of China’. The Kiangtsu province is occupied by the deltaic region. In this region a number of mursh lands, lakes and polder lands are found here. Like Holand different polder lands are common in this region. Thus it is called the ‘Holland of China’.

Question 9.
Which is called the ‘Manchester of China’ and why ?
Answer:
Sanghai is the largest city, industrial centre and prime port of China. Due to development of cotton textile industry Shanghai is known as the ‘Manchester of China’.

Question 10.
Write the characteristics of North flowing rivers of Asia.
Answer:
The characteristics of North flowing rivers of Asia-

1. The mouth of the rivers belong to the freezing zone thus the flood occurs here two times in a year–in autumn and spring.
2. Most of the year the rivers are covered with ice and so the rivers are not nevigable.
3. The bank of the rivers are scarcely populated.

Question 11.
State the characteristics of South flowing rivers of Asia.
Answer:
The characteristics of the south flowing rivers of Asia–

1. The rivers originate in the mountains and flow through the monsoon climate region.
2. In the lower course of the rivers flood occurs in the rainy season.
3. The rivers are navigable and suited to irrigational uses.
4. The river basins are densely populated.

Question 12.
State the characteristics of East flowing rivers of Asia.
Answer:
The characteristics of East flowing rivers of Asia–

1. Most of the rivers are originated from the mountain region of central Asia.
2. The east flowing rivers of Indian peninsula are rain water fed and rest of the rivers are ice fed.
3. The rivers are important for agriculture and trade.

Question 13.
State the climate features of Tundra climate of Asia.
Answer:

1. Winter is long and extremely cold.
2. In winter darkness prevails for six months in this region.
3. The temperature in winter remains below the freezing point.
4. Snow falls and hail storm occuns in winter.

Long Questions & Answers : (3 marks for each question)

Question 1.
Describe the mountain region of central Asia.
Answer:
The mountain region of central Asia is divided into three parts : a) The mountain ranges extended from Pamir-Knot. b) The mountain ranges extended from Eastern Himalayan Knot. c) The mountain ranges extended from Armenian Knot.
a) The mountain ranges extended from Pamir Knot – The Pamir plateau is situated to the northwest direction of Jammu-Kashmir of India (height – 4873 m ) which is called the ‘Roof of the World’. Then main mountain ranges of Asia have met one another in this region. So it is called the Pamir Knot. i) Karakoram mountain ranges extend from Pamir Knot towards South-East direction. ii) The Himalaya mountain ranges, the highest mountain ranges of the world, extend from Pamir Knot to the south. Mount Everest, the highest peak of the world, is the highest.peak of the Himalaya. iii) The Kuenlun and Altintag mountains are situated to the north east direction of Pamir Knot. Khinghan mountain is situated to the north east of Altintag. iv) Tiensun, Yablonoy, Altai, Khangai, Sayan Stanovoy mountains are originated from Pamir Knot and stretch upto North East fronteer.

b) The mountain ranges extended from Western Himalaya : From a small mountain Knot situated to the east of Himalay mountain i) Patkai, 2) Naga 3) Lusai and 4) Arakahoma stretch to the far extend of south. The part of these mountains extend to up to Indonesia under water of the sea.

c) The mountain ranges extended from Armenian Knot: There is a small mountain knot situated at Armanian plateau which is comparatively lower than Pamir Knot. The Kokesus mountain is situated to the north of this knot, and Jagros to the South east and Elburz to the East. Pontik is situated to the west and Tarus is to the south. Jagros joins with Khirthar after extending to the east.

Question 2.
Why is Asia called the land of Diversity ?
Answer:
Asia is called a land of diversity for its size, natural environment and many other reasons :

1. Geological diversity : In the continent of Asia old land like Angara land and Gondoana land are found as well as the new fold mountain like the Himalaya is also situated here.
2. Diversity in land : In this countinent in one hand the highest mountain peak the Mt. Everest is situated on the other hand lowest lake the dead sea is situated. The lowest part of the earth is Mariana Terench lies in this continent.
3. Diversity in rivers and lakes: The small icefed rivers are found here as well as long rain water feel river are also found. Lake with sweet water is situated here on the other hand the lake with saline water is also found.
4. Diversity in climate : The coldest place of the Earth Oyimeyakon is situated in Asia and Jacobabad, the hottest place of the earth is also situated here.
5. Diversity in vegetation : The largest forest of the world as well as desert region is also found here.
6. The diversity in setlement : The most density populated region is South Eastern Asia and the Syberia is scarcely populated area. Mureove, there is diversity in relegion life style of the people of Asia.

Question 3.
Give a description of the east flowing rivers of Asia.
Answer:
The east flowing rivers of Asia : As the mountain region of central Asia is extended towards the east, the rivers of central Asia flow towards east miander for the obstruction of mountain.
i) Yangtse (6300 Km) : Yangtse is the longest river of Asia. This river is originated from Kunlun mountain and flows to the South-east ward and is emptied in China Sea. The Golden sand is found at the bank of the river, thus it is called golden sand river. This river has many tributaries.

ii) Hwang Ho (5464 Km.) : Hwang Ho is also originated from Kuenlun Mountain and flows towards north-east direction. The mouth of this river is Bohai sea. The main tributaries of this river are Fhenho, Oaihe etc. As the rain and ice melting water flows through the river it is flood prone. This river is the cause of sorrow of the people. Thus river is known as the ‘Sorrow of China’. Now the pasibility of flood has been reduced. But it faciliates irrigation, communication generation of hydel power etc.

iii) Amur (2824 Km) : This river is generated from Yablonoi mountain and flows through the South east frontier of Soviet Union towards the east and is emtied into the sea of Okhatsk. The two main tributaries of the river are Sirka and Sungai.

iv) Si-Kiang – (1920 Km.) : This river is generated from Yunan Plateau and flows towards east to empty.in China Sea. The large point Kanlon of China is situated at the mouth of the river and thus the other name of the river is Kauton. This river is nevigable for its entire length. It is a commercial waterway of southern China.

Question 4.
Describe the South flowing rivers of Asia.
Answer:
The south flowing rivers are :
a) Mekong (4,909 Km) : This river is originated from Kuenlun mountain and is emptied in South China Sea.
b) Irrawaddy (2210 km) : This river is originated from Yunan Plateau and flows through Mayanmar. It emptied in Gulf of Martaban.
c) Brahmaputra (2,900 Km) : Brahnmaputra river is originated from Chemaungdung glacier and flows through India and Bangladesh. It emptied in Bay of Bengal.
d) Indus (2900 Km) : Indus is originated from Manas Sarobar of Tibet and flows through India and Pakistan. The tributaries of Indus are Jhelum, Beas, Satlej, Chinab, Ravi etc.
e) Ganga (2,510 Km) : Generating from Gangotri glacier river Ganga flows through the Vast region in India and is emptied in the Bay of Bengal. The tributaries of the river Ganga are Yamuna, Ramganga, Mahananda etc.
f) Tigris (1850 km), Euphrates (2800 km) : Tigris is originated from Kurdistan mountain , Euphrates originated from Armenian plateau and their mouth is Persian Gulf.

Question 5.
What are the causes of diversity of climate in Asia?
Answer:
The main causes of diversity of climate in Asia are :-
i) Latitude : The continent of Asia stretches from 10°S to 78°N latitude. Thus there is the vraities in insolation of the Sun. The sun rays fall vertically on the southern part of this continent through out the year. So this part esperiences hot climate through out the year. On the other hand the northern part experiences cold climate for inclining sun rays.

ii) Far away from the sea: The 1 / 3 part of this continent lies 1000 Km away from the sea. Some places lie 2500 Km away from the sea. These places experience extreme climate – the summer is too hot and the winter is too cold.

iii) Altitude : The altitude of central Asia is more due to the presence of high mountains and high lands. Therefore the temperature is comperatively low and snow falls occurs in the winter.

iv) Existing of mountains: The mountain ranges of central Asia influence the climate of Asia. These mountain ranges act as barrier to prevent the cold wind of north. On the other hand the moisture-laden wind gets obstructed by the mountain and causes rain fall.

v) Ocean current : The temperature of the north-east part of this continent remaining comperatively high in winter for the influence of warm Kuro-Shio current. Besides the dense mist found in eastern coast for the melting of warm Japan current.

vi) Wind : One-fourth of total rainfall is occured in the year for the moisture-ladan monsoon wind flows on the south or South eastern part of Asia. More over little rain fall occure in the western part of the continent for tire cyclonic wind coming from the Mideteranean sea.

Question 6.
How does the climate of Asia influence on vegetation ?
Answer:
The climate of a place influence the vegetation in this way –
i) The natural vegetation in the Equatorial region of Asia : The equatorial evergreen forest is found in Malayesia, Indonesia, Singapore for the high temperature and heavy rainfall through out the year. The trees are ebony, rosewood, palm etc.
ii) The vegitation of monsoon region of Asia. In the monsoon climate region the variation of vegitation is found for the variation of rainfall. This type of vagitation is found in Mayanmar, Vietnam, Bangladesh, India etc. The dense evergreen forest of rosewood, mehagony, deodar, bamboo is found in the region of heavy rainfall. Teak, Sal, Simul, Palash, Mango, Berry trees densely grow in the places of moderate rainfall.
iii) The vegitation of Mediterranean region of Asia : Turkey, Svria, Israel, Lebanon belong to the Mediterranean climate region and olive, cork, oak, lemon trees grow here.
iv) Moderate grassland or steppes: Thorny bushes or dwarf grass are found in the steppes region of South western. Syberia and eastern Mongolia for scanty rainfall.
v) The vegitation of moderate desert region: The grass and bushes are found in the Mongolian plateau and Gobi desert.
vi) The vegitation of manchurian region : The alpine forest of Pine, pruce, fer is found in Manchuria and north Japan.
vii) The vegitation of Taiga or Syberian climate: The rainfall is occured and the land remains snow covered in Taiga region of North Russia and north Syberia.
viii) The vegitation of China type climatic region : In the China type climatic region of Koria. South Japan. China the ever-green forest grow for hot and humid climate with heavy rainfall. Oak, campher, Camalia, Magnelia and the bamboos are the most valuable tree grown here.
ix) The vegitation of hot desert region : For the lack of water the trees and plants do not grow in Arbian desert and the desert of India and Pakistan.
x) Tundra typed vegitation : In Tundra typed climatic region of North Russia remain snow covered throughout the year. Moss, Lychen, Algae grow in this region.

Question 7.
Discuss the causes of economical prosperity of Yangtze basin.
Answer:
The causes of economical prosperity of Yangtze basin: The communication system, agriculture and industry are well developed here. The soil is very fertile. Rice, wheat, maize, potato. sugar-cane tobaco, tea. lemon are grown here with the help of irrigation. Different minerals are found here. They are coal, iron ore, copper, mineral salt, natural gas, zinc, lead, manganese etc. The labour is easily available as the river besin is densely populated. Plenty of river water, hydel power supply, highly developed communication system and location the world largest port Sanghai have made easily to export and import of manufacturing goods and therefore the Yangtze basin has prospered highly.

Question 8.
Give a short note on Tokyo industrial region of Japan.
Answer:
Tokyo industrial region is situated at the eastern part of Honshu in Kanto plain. It is the largest and greatest industrial region of Japan. 25% of total industrial goods of Japan are manufactured here.
The causes of the development

1. Plenty of coal iron ore and raw materials
2. the hydel power of the mountain region of Honshu.
3. The wool from Kanto plain.
4. Well developed communication and transport system.
5. The demand of the market.

The main industrial centres of this region are Tokyo, Yakohoma, Kawasaki, Chiba. The iron and steel factory, machinery, engineering, chemical, food processing and many other industries have been flourished here. The ship building factory, engineering and chemical industries have been set up in Yokohama.

Question 7.
What are the causes of prosperity of Tokyo-Yokohama Industrial region.
Answer:
Tokyo-Yokohama is the second largest indusrial centre of Japan. This region is situated at Kanto plain. The main industries of this region are iron and steel, engineering, oil refinery, chemical, wool and cotton textile, electronic goods, printing industries etc. Tokyo, the capital of Japan is the main city port and trade centre of this region. As the depth of nearly gulf is less, big ships can not enter here. So Yokohoma plays the role of external port of the country. The causes for the development of the industry:

1. Imported coal iron ore and raw materials:
2. Coal from local mines.
3. The hydelpower of the mountain region of central Honshu.
4. Wool from Kanto plain.

Question 10.
Give a short note on oilfields of south-west Asia.
Answer:
About 60% of the world’s total oil reserve are found in this region. This region extracts about 30% of total petrleum in the world. The major oil producing countries of this region are Soudi Arabia, Iran, IraqKuwait, Baharein etc. Saudi Arabia is the largest nation in the Arabian Peninsula. About 26% of the total reserves of the world is found in Saudi Arabia. It is maimly a hot desert. Ghawar, Abqaiq, DhahranSafaniya Manifa are main oilfields of Saudi Arabia. Masjid-i-suleman, Agha Jari, Gach Saran, Lali sre main oilfields of Iran.Kirkuk, Mosul are main oilfields of Iraq. Burgan, Magwa-All Hamadi, Aljara are main oilfields of Kuwait. Jabel Dukhan, Id-el-ljba are main oilfields of Qatar. What would be the price of petroleum in the world market, which country will sell what amount of petroleum to the export market, these are determined by the OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries).

Additional Questions and answers :

Question 1.
Asia is called ‘Continent of Extremes’-Explain
Answer:
Asia, the largest and most populous continent, comprises of one-third of the total landmass of the world. You would he surprised to know that the continent of Asia is equal to four times of Europe and one and half times of Africa. This continent is so vast, that when the sun rises in the extreme west, then the sun almost sets in extreme east. High mountain ranges, large plateaus, extensive plains and fertile river valleys bring some special features in the continent of Asia which makes it different from other continents. So, Asia is known as the ‘Continent of Extremes’.

Question 2.
Why is Asia called ‘Cradle of civilization’?
Answer:

• Asia is different from others in respect of nation, religion, caste, art and culture, human race and different things.
• A number of river-based civilizations had developed in the large fertile river valleys of Asia around 3500-5000 B.C.
• Harappa-Mohenjodaro and Indus valley civilization (at present belongs to India & Pakistan) had developed along the river Indus.
• Mesopotamian and Sumerian (at present belong to Turkey & Iran) civilizations were developed along the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys.
• Hwang-Ho river valley was the basis of Chinese civilization.
• From the long past Asia had the influence of western civilization and a rich tradition.

Question 3.
Give a short description of great plains of the North.
Answer:
Low lands of Turan : The lowland in the southwestern parts of the northern plains, surrounding the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea is known as lowland of Turan.
Siberian Plain : This plain, located in the extreme north of Asia, is formed by the deposition of alluvium by the rivers Ob. Yenisei and Lena and also by glacial action. Flood is frequent here.
Shield Region : It is formed due to gradual erosion of old plateaus in the north east of the Great northern plains.
Alluvium deposited by several rivers in the south-eastern part of Asia, their deposited alluvium have formed a number of plains like the-1) North China Plains, 2) Indus Ganga-Brahrnaputra plains, 3) Mesopotamia Plains.

Question 4.
Give a short description of Yangtze Basin.
Answer:
The Szechuan basin is formed at the source of the river Yangtze by the deposition of four tributaries. Sandstones are abundant here and so the Szechuan basin is called the Red Basin. The red Basin extends from the source of Yangtze to Ichang. The climate of this region is very comfortable. This region prospers in agriculture and is densely populated.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 7 History Book Solutions Chapter 2 Some Aspects of Indian Political History: A.D. 7th Century to 12th Century offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 7 History Chapter 2 Question Answer – Some Aspects of Indian Political History: A.D. 7th Century to 12th Century

1. Fill in the blanks : (Full mark-1)

a. The name Vanga was first used in ___________ (Aitareya Aranyak/Ain-i-Akbari/ Arthashastra).
Answer:
Aitareya Aranyak.

b. The territory of ancient Bengal was constructed with the rivers ___________ and ___________ (Bhagirathi, Padma. Meghna/Ganga, Brahmhaputra, Sindhu/Krishna, Kaveri, Godavari).
Answer: Bhagirathi, Padma, Meghna.

c. The title Sakalottorapathanatha taken by is ___________
Answer: Harshabardhan. (Sasanka/Harshabardhan/Dharmapal).

d. One of the leaders of the Kaivarta revolt was is ___________
Answer: Bhima. (Bhima/Rampala/Mahipala).

e. During the reign of ___________ invasion occured in Bengal. (Bijaysena/Ballalsena/Laksmansena) the Turkish
Answer: Lakshmansena.

f. A historian in the Sultanate period was ___________ Muhammad Bukhtiyar Khalji) (Muhammad Ghori/Minhaj-i-siraj/
Answer: Minhaj-i-Siraj.

2. Match column A with B : (Full mark-1)

A	B
Bajrabhumi	Buddhist Bihar
Lo-to-mo-chih	Modern Chiţagong
Gangaikondachola	Bakpatiraj
Gourbaha	Northern Radha
Harikel	Al-Befuni
Kitab-al-Hind	Rajendra

Answer:

A	B
Bajrabliumi	Northern Radh
Lo-to-mo-chih	Buddist Bihar
Gangaikondochola	Rajendra
Gourbaha	Bakpatiraj
Harikel	Modern Chattogram
Kitab-al-Hind	Ai-Beruni

3. Answer in brief (within 30 – 50 words) : (Full mark-3)

a. Look at a recent map of West Bengal. Which rivers of the early medieval Bengal do you see in it?
Answer:
We can find Bhagirathi, Damodar, Meyurakshi, Subarnarekha, Mahananda, Tista, Rupnarayan, Kansai, Padma and Meghna.

b. Write the economic condition of Bengal during the reign of Sasanka.
Answer:
The use of gold coins during the reign of Sasanka was common. But its decreased gradually. Artificial gold coins were also available. There was no silver coin. A depression was noticed in the field of trade and commerce. Economy became agriculture-based. The importance of towns diminished because of recession in commerce.

Gradually, the growing importance of agriculture led to society becoming more rural based. The importance of mahattara or village headman increased. Shreshtis or traders gradually lost their power or importance in the society. In that period the village chief or local leaders became as much powerful as the Shresthis.

c. What is Matsyanyay?
Answer:
Matsyanyay suggests anarchism or the lack of permanent monarchy. The powerful people tortures the weaker people as the giant fishes eat up the smaller ones. From the middle of 7 th century up to the middle of 8 th century A.D. after the death of Sasanka, this period ranging about one hundred years is considerd as a period of transition.

In this phase every Kshatriya, aristrocrat, Brahmin and merchant ruled their respective area according to their own discretion. There was no central administration in Bengal. After many years of continued anarchism the influencial people selected one named Gopal in the mid 8th century. From then the Pala rule began.

d. How did the regional states develop in 7th and 8th century A. D.?
Answer:
Sasanka failed to set up a stable dynacty. After his death the power of Gauda declined. During 7 th and 8 th century A. D. the dynasties accepted the presence of local influential people. Big land holders or warrior chiefs were given various titles like samanta, mahasamanta. or mahamandaleswar etc.

Instead of that they would provide taxes and gifts to the king or the higher authority. Even they would take part in the battle field when king needs them. Again sometimes some of them in the scope of the king’s weakness became the independent ruler in their own region.

e. Where from did the Sena kings originate? How did they established their rule in Bengal?
Answer:
The Senas hailed from Karnata region in the South India, that is areas around mysore and its surroundings. They were hereditarily Brahmins but later became Kshatriya. Samanta Sen belonging to the sena lineage left karnata for Radh, a part of Bengal line on the western bank of the Ganges.

He came at a time round the eleventh century. The Kaivarta upraining at the end of the Pala rule paved the way for the foundation of the Sena kingdom. The Sena dynasty crame to an end after the Turkish invasion in 1204 – 05 A.D.

f. How did Sultan Mahmud utilise the wealth plundered from India?
Answer:
Sultan Mahmud plundered immenes wealth from India, but he used these wealth for noble work in his kingdom. He beautifully decorated Ghazni and other cities. He set up palaces. mosques, library, gardens, tanks, canals and also a dam over river Amudaria. He also founded a university where teachers were paid and students were given scholarships.

4. Answer the question in detail within (100 – 200 words) : (Full mark-5)

a. Give the geographical location of Radha-Suhneha and Gouda region of ancient Bengal.
Answer:
Ancient Radha of Ladha was divided into two areas. Northern and Southern Radha. According to join tradition Northern Radha was called Bajjyabhumi (Bajrabhumi) and Southern Radha was known as Surbhabhumi (Suhmabhumi). River Ajoy was the mid border of both North an South Radha.

Western part of present Murshidabad district, Birbhum district, some area of santhal parganas and Northern part of Katwa sub-division of Burdwan district were the part of North Radha. Southern Radha comprises Howrah.

Hooghly and other part of Burdwan district and the area between the river Ajoy and Damodar. Southern Radha was the nearest area of Bay of Bengal. Story of Maharashtra and poetic works of Kalidas evidently showed that the area between Bhagirathi and Kansai (Kangsabati) upto sea was within this area.

Gouda : In ancient and medieval period Gouda was the important territory of Bengal. Gouda was also known as the group of people according to the writings Barahamihir (sixth century B.C.) Murshidabad, Birbhum and western part of Burdwan district covered the area of the then Gouda.

From the seventh century of onwards during the reign of Sasanka the boundary of Gouda was extended. The capital of Sasanka was Karnasubarna. The main area of Gouda located in the western bank of Bhagirathi, Murshidabad in present district.

During the reign of Sasanka, the area from Pundravardhan (North Bengal) to the coastal area of Orissa was within the territory Gouda. During eighteen-ninteenth century A.D. Gouda referred to the whole of the Pala empire.

b. How was the relation of Sasanka with the Buddhists? Give your own opinion.
Answer:
By religious faith Sasanka was Saiva or the worshipper of Shiva. In the Buddhist literature Arya manjushreemulakalpa and writings of Hiten Tsang he was entitled as a malicious of Buddhism. The allegation against Sasanka was that he murdered some Buddhist saints and ruined some holly remains of Buddhism. Sasanka was condemned in Harshacharita of Banabhatta.

On the other hand Hiuen Tsang noticed the advancement of Raktamrittika Budhist Vihara near the city of Karnasubarna, a few years after the reign of Sasanka. Fifty years after the death of Sasanka chinese traveller, I-T sing found the development of Buddhism in Bengal.

It can be possible is Sasanka held hostile attitude to Buddhism deliberately. It can be said that all the writers were free from envious attitude against Sasanka. So it can be said that their opinions are to some extent exaggerated.

c. Among whom did the Tripartite struggle take place? What were the main causes of the struggle?
Answer:
From 8th century the conflict among Palas, Gurjara, Pratihars and Rastrakutas was continued. This is called as Tripartite struggle. During the reign of Harshavardhana Kanauj became important for its geographical position in Uttarapath. It was clear that who would control Kanauj could be able to capture the Ganga valley.

The river based trade and minerals were attractive in this region. Last of all who will be able to hold this power at Kanauj, a struggle started among Palas, Gurjara-Pratihars and Rastrakutas was continued. Near about two hundred years of the struggle, the power of the three dynasties became weak.

d. Observe the chart 2.1 carefuly. Now Compare between the Pala and Sena reign briefly.
Answer:
The Pala dynasty continued form 750 – 1200 A.D. The founder of Pala dynasty was Gopal. Name of the some eminent rulers of Pala dynasty were Gopal, Dharma Pal, Dev Pal, MohiPal-I, and RamPal. The Pala rulers took part in the Tripartite struggle for this the power of the Pala kings decreased and the Sena dynasty was established in Bengal.

The Pala kings patronised Buddhism, they helped to spread of education, art and architecture. The Kaivarta upraising at the end of the Pala rule paved the way for the foundation of the Sena kingdom. The Sena dynasty began in the eleventh century A.D. and it went out during the first few years of the thirteenth century. The Sena came to Bengal from Karnata region of the South India.

Samanta Sen was the founder of Sena dynasty in Bengal. Ballal Sena and Lakshman Sena were the eminent rulers of Sena dynasty. Ballal Sen took steps to reform the society and established a conservative and orthodox brahmanical rituals and practices. At the time of Lakshman Sena the Sena dynasty crumbled due to Turkish invasion in 1204-05 A.D.

e. Explain the background of the rise of Chola dynasty in South India. which regioes belonged to the Chola dynasty?
Answer:
Cholas established their kingdom enriching the islands of Kavery and its tributories. There Vijoyalay displaced king Muttaliya and established Chola dynasty. A new city named Thanjavur or Tanjore was built as their capital.

The Pandya region of South and Pallava region of the North came under the Chola dynasty. In 985 A.D. Rajaraja-I became able to established Chola supremacy on present Kerala, Tamilnadu and on the vast area of Karnataka.

His son Rajendra-I defeated the Chalukya power of Kalyani. He took the title Gangaikonda Chola after defeating the Pala king in an expedition against the’Pala dynasty. Both Rajaraja-I and Rajendra Cholas built up skilled Navy.

f. Give a brief description of Arabia before the rise of Islam. What were the changes brought about by Islam there?
Answer:
Beyond the Arabian sea in the western side of India. lies the Arabian Sea. A major part of Arabian Peninsula is either desert or dry grassland. Mecca and Medina were the two important cities of Arabian Peninsula. The nomadic tribes of the region were known as Bedouins, They used to rear camels.

The people used to call themselves as ‘Arab’. In beginnir’s of the 6th century A.D. some Arabs took up trade as their means of livelihood. Mecca was situated at the intersection of two trade routes. Hence classes between different tribes for the possession of Meca was a regular affair. Hazrat Muhammad was also a merchant.

Hazrat Muhammed introduced a single faith to curb differences among the various Arabian tribes. So harmony gradually developed among the tribes. Muhammad’s beliefs differed from the pagan practices of the traditional residents of Mecca. In A.D. 622, Muhammed along with his followers, went to Medina. Within ten years Muhammed conquered vast areas of the Arabian land. His influence also extended to Mecca.

Class 7 History Chapter 2 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Some Aspects of Indian Political History: A.D. 7th Century to 12th Century

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
‘Suba’ means a _______
i. village
ii. small area
iii. district
iv. province
Answer:
iv. province

Question 2.
‘Arthashastra’ was written by  _________
i. Kalidasa
ii. Kautilya
iii. Abul Fazal
iv. Minhaj-i-Siraj
Answer:
ii. Kautilya

Question 3.
The triangular shaped deltaic region between the two rivers Bhagirathi and Padma was known as _____
i. Vanga
ii. Varendra
iii. Vangala
iv. Pundravardhana
Answer:
i. Vanga

Question 4.
Karnasuvarna was an important centre for _________
i. commerce
ii. administration
iii. commerce and administration
Answer:
iii. commerce and administration

Question 5.
Sasanka was condemned by _________
i. I-Tsing
ii. Xuanzang
iii. Banbhatta
Answer:
iii. Banbhatta

Question 6.
After the death of Ramapala, the Pal dynasty came to an end _________
i. within fifty years
ii. within thirty years
iii. after twenty years
iv. after fifty years
Answer:
i. within fifty years

Question 7.
The Kaiverta revolt took place during the reign of _________
i. Senas
ii. Palas
iii. Sasanka
iii. Harsabardhana
Answer:
ii. Palas

Question 8.
The capital of Lakshmanasena was _________
i. Prayag
ii. Lakshnavati
iii. Benaras
iv. Bikrampur
Answer:
iv. Bikrampur

Question 9.
Minhaj-i-Siraj was a- _________
i. scientist
ii. historian
iii. ruler
iv. invader
Answer:
ii. historian

Question 10.
Al Beruni wae a scholar in-_________
i. History and Literature
ii. History and Philosophy
iii. Philosophy and Mathematics
iv. Astrology and Mathematics
Answer:
iii. Philosophy and Mathematics

Question 11.
Mohammed Ghori wanted to- _________
i. rule India
ii. travel India,
iii. invade India
Answer:
i. rule India

Question 12.
Bakhtiyar Khalji died in -_________
i. 1126
ii. 1212
iii. 1210
iv. 1206
Answer:
iv. 1206

Question 13.
Delhi Sultanate was established by _________
i. Mohammad Ghori
ii. Qutbuddin Aibak
iii. Sultan Mahmud
iv. Muhammad Qasim
Answer:
ii. Qutbuddin Aibak

Question 14.
Second battle of Tarain was held in _________
i. A.D. 1192
ii. A.D. 1092
iii. A.D. 1190
iv. A.D. 1182
Answer:
i. A.D. 1192

Question 15.
Gurjara-Pratiharas ruled over vast areas of _________
i. Assam and Rajasthan
ii. Assam and Bengal
iii. Rajasthan and Gujrat
Answer:
iii. Rajasthan and Gujrat

Fill in the blanks : ( 1 mark for each question)

1. The word Vanga appears first in the ______
Answer:
Aitareya Aranyaka.

2. ______ was a historian of the Mughal age.
Answer:
Abul Fajal.

3. Southern Radh was called ______
Answer:
Subarnabhumi

4. Samatata was located on the eastern side of the river ______
Answer:
Meghna

5. During anarchy the ______ exploit the weak.
Answer:
mighty

6. After the death of Sasanka Karnasubarna was occupied by ______
Answer:
Bhaskarvarma

7. Use of gold coin was common during the time of is ______
Answer:
Sasanka

8. The founder of the Pala dynasty was
Answer:
Gopala

9. Originally the Senas were ______
Answer:
Brahmins

10. During the reign of Palas the ______ revolt took place.
Answer:
Kaivarta

11. Hazrat Muhammed was called the ______ of Allah or God.
Answer:
prophet

12. In A.D. 622, Muhammed along with his followers, went to ______.
Answer:
Medina

13. After the Arabs, another Muslim power, the —— invaded India.
Answer:
Turks

14. Bakhtiyar Khalji attacked Tibet but he was ______
Answer:
unsuccessful

State whether True or False: (1 mark for each question)

1. The name of Vanga is mentioned in the Arthashastra of kautilya.
Answer:
True

2. Pundravardhana was the largest among the territories of ancient bengal.
Answer:
True

3. Samatata was located in the western side of the river meghna.
Answer:
False

4. Karnasubarna was the capital of Gauda kingdom.
Answer:
True

5. The Pala dynasty came to an enf after the death of Ramapala.
Answer:
False

6. The Kaivarta king Bhima was a popular ruler.
Answer:
True

7. The kings of the Sen dynasty started to rule in Bengal in the 10th century.
Answer:
False

8. King Bhoja was a very weak ruler.
Answer:
False.

9. Mecca and Medina were the two important cities of the Arabian Peninsula.
Answer:
True

10. The migration of Hazarat Muhammad from Mecca to medina is called Hijrat.
Answer:
True

11. Sultan Mahmud wanted to rule India.
Answer:
False

12. Caliph is both the political and the religious leader of the islamic world.
Answer:
True

13. Al beruni came to India and wrote Shahnama.
Answer:
False

14. The Turks conquered Nadia after a great fight.
Answer:
False

15. Bakhtiyar Khalji attacked Tibet but he was unsuccessful.
Answer:
True.

Answer in brief (within 30 – 50 words) : (Full mark-3)

Question 1.
What is Vanga?
Answer:
The word Vanga first appeared in in the Aitareya Aranyaka of the Rig Veda. In ancient bengal, the region which was identified as Vanga was hardly a vast geographical area. Among the Janapadas of ancient Bengal Vanga was only a division.

Question 2.
What were the main regions of ancient Bengal?
Answer:
The main regions of ancient Bengal were Pundravardhana, Varendra, Vanga, Vangla, Radh, Suhma, Gauda, Samatata and Harikel. Usually a region was named after the name of inhabitants. Vanga, Gauda, Pundra etc. were the names of different clans.

Question 3.
Give a short description of Pundravardhana.
Answer:
Pundravardhana was the largest among the territories of ancient Bengal. It was spread over West Bengal as well as in some districts of Present Bangladesh like Dinajpur, Bogra, Rajsahi and Pabna. During the Gupta age Pundravardhana was a territorial division.

Question 4.
Write about the divisions of Radh.
Answer:
Ancienr Radh or Rarh had two divisions : Northern Rarh and Southern Rarh.Northern Rarh included the western part of present Murshidabad, Birbhum, some areas of Santhal Perganas and northern side of Katwa sub-division of Burdwan District. Southern Radh included the areas of present day Howrah, hooghly, the remaining areas of Burdwan district.

Question 5.
Write about the location of Samatata.
Answer:
Ancient Samatata was located on the eastern side of the river Meghna. Based on the plains of Comilla-Noakhali of present Bangladesh the ancient territory of Samatata was formed. The river meghna seperated Eamatata from the rest of bengal.

Question 6.
What was the importance of Karnasuvarna.
Answer:
Karnasuvarna was an important centre for commerve and administration. Essential goods were brought from the neighbouring village for the daily use of tte citizens. Before the reign of Sasanka, trade and commerce existed between this region and South-East Asia.

Question 7.
Was Sasanka hostile to Buddhism?
Answer:
Sasanka was condemned by Banbhatta. But a few years after the reign of Sasanka Xuanzang noticed the prosperity of Rakta-mrittika Buddhist vihara on the outskirt of the Karnasuvarna. Fifty years after the death of Sasanka, Chineese traveller I-Tsing also noticed the development of Buddhism in Bengal. So sasamka was not hostile to Buddhism.

Question 8.
What was Goudatantra?
Answer:
The administration that developed in the reign of Sasanka was called Goudatantra or Gouda system. In this system, the officials or civil servanis set up a proper system of governance. The administration started to interfere in what was earlier the responsibility of the local village community.

Question 9.
What happened to Gauda after the death of Sasanka?
Answer:
After the death of Sasanka the power of Gauda declined. Anarchy became rampat in Bengal. Various parts of bengal were then occupied initially by the king of kamarupa and and later by Jogynaga of the Nagas and the rulers of Tibet.

Question 10.
What is Tripartite struggle?
Answer:
Since the 18th century A.D. there was a conflict between the Palas, Gurjar-Pratihars and the Rastrakuts over the control of Kanauj. This is called the Tripartite struggle. The struggle continued for almost two hundred years and destroyed the three dynasties.

Question 11.
Who founded the Chola dynesty?
Answer:
The Cholas set up their kingdom on the deltaic region of Kaveri and its tributaries.Vijayalaya overthrew king Muttabaiya and founded the Chola dynasty. A new town calledTanjore was set up as the capital of the Cholas.

Question 12.
What is Caliph?
Answer:
There was a question, who would lead the Islamic kingdom after Muhammad. Main four disciples were then nominated one by one to be the leader of the Muslim community. They were called Caliph. The word ‘Caliph’ means representative or successor.

Question 13.
Why Sultan Mahmud and Muhammad Ghori attacked India?
Answer:
Sultan Mahmud invaded India because he wanted to accunulate wealth for his empire in Khorasan in central Asia. on the other hand Molammad Ghori invaded to rule India. He, in A.D. 1192, defeated the Rajput king Prithviraj Chauhan III in the second battle of Tarain.

Question 14.
What is Hijrat?
Answer:
Hazrat Muhammad’s beliefs differed from the pagan practices of the traditional residents of Mecca. In A.D. 622, Muhammad along with his followers, went to Medina. This migration from Mecca to Medina is called Hijrat.

Answer the questions in detail within (100 – 200 words) : (Full mark-5)

Question 1.
What do you know about Gauda?
Answer:
Gauda was an important region in the ancient and medieval age. Gauda was also a name of a clan. According to Varahamihira Gauda was formed with the present day Murshidabad, Birbhum and the western part of Burdwan district. In the 7th century, during the reign of Sasanka, the territory of Gouda expanded. he had his capital at Karnasuverna.

In those times the main areas of Gauda was on the western bank of river bhagirathi. During the reign of Sasanka the territoy extended from Pundravardhana to the coastal areas of Odisha. During the 8th-9th century Gauda referred to the whole of the Pala empire.

Question 2.
Write what do you know about Sasanka.
Answer:
Sasanka was a vassal of the Gupta Emperor. He became the lord of Gauda a few years before A.D.606-07. Almost 60-70 yers prior to the reign of sasanka, Gauda had already become the seat of political power. During the time of Sasanka, the importance of Gauda increased. Sasanka ruled as an independent ruler of gauda till his death.

During his reign various regional powers of Morthern India came close to each other through feud or friendship. Sasanka took part in this conflict. He expanded his kingdom to the north-west in Benaras. He occupied the whole of gauda, Megadha-Bodh Gaya and part of Odisha. He was able to enhance the glory of Gauda by engaging in comflicts with the powerful states of Northern India. This was an attribute to his great political achievement.

Additional Questions and answers

Question 1.
Give a short note on Pala Dynasty.
Answer:
The first hundred years of Pala rule was the period of extending their domination. In the later 130 years their influence gradually declined. The founder of the Pala dynasty, Gopala, included almost all of Bengal within his kingdom.

His successor, Dharamapala, took part in the ‘Tripartite Struggle’ for control of northern India. His son, Devapala expanded the frontiers of his empire quite like the other kings of north and south India. During his reign, the empire extended from the foothills of the Himalayas in the north to the Vindhyas in the south and from Kamboja in the north-west to Pragjyotishpur in the east.

The domination of the Palas started to wane after the reign of Devapala. The reason was inner conflict of the Pala rulers. Moreover, in the 9th century the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan, the Pratiharas of the western region and the rulers of Odisha conquered many parts of Bengal and Bihar.

As a result, the existence of the Palas in Bengal was at stake. Their kingdom was restricted to the limits of Magadha. However, during the time of King Mahipala I there had been an attempt to revive the former glory of the Pala reign.

Ramapala became king towards the end of the 11th century. The entire Varendra region went beyond the control of the Palas as a result of the Kaivarta revolt. Ramapala succeeded in recovering it. He was able to restore the domination of the Palas to some extent. However, the Pala dynasty came to end within fifty years after the death of Ramapala.

Question 2.
Write a short note on Kaivarta revolt.
Answer:
During the reign of the Palas the Kaivarta revolt took place. The Kaivartas were probably boatmen or fishermen. In that period the Kaivartas had influence in North Bengal. The account of the revolt can be found in the Ramcharita of Sandhyak ar Nandi. Three leaders of that revolt were Divya (Divvok), Rudok and Bhim. Divya was an official of the Pala empire during the reign of Mahipala II.

Taking advantage of the weakness of the Pala kings, he revolted. Mahipala was killed while suppressing the revolt. Divya captured Varendra and became its ruler. Not much is known about the magnitude of the revolt or the number of people supporting the revolt. Ramapala. the younger brother of Mahipala tried to defeat Divya and recover Varendra but he failed.

The Kaivarta king Bhima was also a popular ruler. At this time the authority of the Palas was limited to North Bihar and North-West of Bengal. Ramapala later defeated and killed Bhima with the help various chieftains (Samanta) of Bengal and Bihar. After that he established Pala rule in Varendra. Kamarupa of Bengal and part of Odisha. This revolt had exposed the weakness of central authority in the later part of Pala rule.

Question 3.
Write about the Sena dynasty.
Answer:
The kings of the Sena dynasty started to rule in Bengal in the 11th century. Their dynasty came to an end towards the beginning of the 13th century. The rulers of the Sena dynasty were originally from the Karnata region of South India. Originally they were Brahmins, but later became Kshatriyas.

Samantasena of the Sena lineage had left Karnata for Radh some time ago. During the rule of Samantasena and his son Hemantasena. the Senas had developed some domination over the Radh region. Vijaysena, the son of Hemantasena. expanded the territory of the Sena dynasty by occupying Radh, Gauda, eastern Bengal and Mithila.

Ballalsena, the next ruler defeated the Pala king Gobindapala. Thus Ballalsena struck the final blow on the Palas. He reformed the society and established orthodox Brahmanical rites and practices. His son and successor Lakshmanasena established his domination over Prayag. Benaras and Puri. His capital was Bikrampur in castern Bengal. Another important town of that period was Lakshmanavati (Gauda). In A.D. 1204/5 the Sena dynasty came to an end with the invasion of the Turks.

Question 4.
Write about the Cholas of South India.
Answer:
The Cholas set up their kingdom on the deltaic region of Kaveri and its tributaries. Vijayalaya overthrew King Muttabaiya, the ruler of the area. and founded the Chola dynasty, A new town called Thanjavur or Tanjore was set up as the capital of the Cholas’. The successors of Vijayalaya expanded their kingdom further. The Pandya region of the south and the Pallava region of the north came under their control. In A.D. 985 Rajaraja I was able to establish the Chola supremacy in present Kerala.

Tamil Nadu and in the vast areas of Karnataka. His son Rajendra. defeated the Chalukya power of Kalyani. He adopted the title Gangaikondachola after defeating the Pala king on the banks of the river Ganges in an expedition against the Pala dynasty. Both Rajaraja I and Rajendra I set up efficient navies. As a result, the Cholas were able to maintain control over commerce between India and the South East Asian countries.

Question 5.
Write a short note on Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni.
Answer:
Sultan Mahmud is known as an invader in the history of India. But he was not just a warrior. Although he plundered immense wealth from India, he used it for noble work in his kingdom, puring his time, his capital Ghazni and other cities were Beautifully decorated. Mahmud set up palaces, mosques, library, gardens, tanks, canals and also a dam over river Amudaria.

He also founded a university where teachers were paid and students were given scholarships. Two notable persons during his time were Al Biruni and Firdausi. Al Biruni came to India as a traveller. His book, Kitab al-Hind, is an important document in the history of India to know about this period. The poet Firdausi wrote the Shahnama.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 7 Geography Book Solutions Chapter 8 Soil Pollution offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 8 Question Answer – Soil Pollution

Match the following (Page no. 81)

A	B
1. Smoke from factories	1. Increase in urbanization
2. Excessive use of pesticides and fertilisers in agricultural fields	2. Main cause of soil pollution
3. Population growth	3. Increase fertility of soil
4. Soil pollution	4. Helps in occurance of acid rain
5. Earthworms, insects and other organisms living in soil	5. Destroys fertility of soil
6. Disposing offwaste here and there	6. Various kinds of disease

Class 7 Geography Chapter 8 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Soil Pollution

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
Increase of demand for settlement is the cause of-
i) fertility of soil decreases
ii) deforestation
iii) soil poHution
iv) acid rain
Answer:
ii) deforestation

Question 2.
Soil loses its quality because of-
i) garbage
ii) chemical fertilizers
iii) industrial wastes
iv) all are true
Answer:
iv) all are true

Question 3.
If the soil of the flower pot is polluted-
i) the plamt will die
ii) growth of the plant will stop
hii) flower will not bloom
iv) the plant will change its colour
Answer:
i) the plamt will die

Question 4.
Increase in number of vehicles due to urbanization is the cause of-
i) soil erosion
ii) pollute underground water
iii) acid rain
iv) deforestation
Answer:
iii) acid rain

Question 5.
Accident occured in Union Carbide factory in Bhopal in-
i) 1980
ii) 1990
iii) 1884
iv) 1984
Answer:
iv) 1984

Question 6.
Accident occured in Chernobyl Neuclear reactor in-
i) 2011
ii) 2009
iii) 2010
iv) 2015
Answer:
i) 2011

Question 7.
Use of paper or jute bags instead of polythene can prevent –
i) air pollution
ii) soil pollution
iii) water pollution
iv) sound pollution
Answer:
ii) soil pollution

Question 8.
Use of chemical fertilizers and pestisides excessively can cause –
i) air pollution
ii) sound pollution
iii) water pollution
iv) soil pollution
Answer:
iv) soil pollution

Fill in the blanks : (1 mark for each question)

1. Use of more _______ manure in agriculture can prevent soil pollution.
Answer:
organic

2. Planting more trees prevent _______ pollution.
Answer:
soit

3. Smoke emitted from vehicles cause _______.
Answer:
air pollution

4. Industrial wastes pollute surface and _______ water.
Answer:
underground

5. Trace of pesticides in crops may cause _________
Answer:
cancer

6. Demand of industrial products ________ on account of population growth.
Answer:
increase

7. Virus and _______ grow in garbage heap of houses, markets and hospitals.
Answer:
bacteria

8. Less amount of crops grow in the rough soil of ______.
Answer:
Purulia

9. Accident occured at _____ of Chernobil in Ukraine.
Answer:
nuclear reactor

10. The is the living place of all plants and _______.
Answer:
animals

State whether True or False : (1 mark for each question)

1. Soil is the best gift of nature.
Answer:
true

2. 80% people of the total population of this earth is living on 12 % of total land mass of the earth.
Answer:
false

3. Soil is polluted when it loses its fertility or quality.
Answer:
true

4. Indiscriminate use of soil causes soil erosion.
Answer:
true

5. Poisonus gases emitted from factories causing water pollution.
Answer:
false

6. Excavation of excessive soil for making bricks in kilns is one of the causes of soil erosion.
Answer:
true

7. DDT is one kind of chemical fertilizer.
Answer:
false

8. Soil is present at the uppermost layer of landmass.
Answer:
true

Match the column A with column B.

A	B
1) Deforestation is connected with	a) cause acid rain
2) Increase in need of food	b) thermal power plants
3) Insects and worms die	c) in Bhopał, India
4) Smokes emitted from vehicles	d) urbanization
5) In garbage heap	e) due to population growth
6) Fly ashes spread from	f) causes soil erosion
7) Union Carbide factory is situated	g) virus and bacteria grow
8) Indiscriminate use of soil	h) for soil pollution

Answer:
1. Deforestation is connected with urbanization.
2. Increase in need of food due to population growth.
3. Insects and worms die for soil pollution.
4. Smokes emitted from vehicles cause acid rain.
5. In garbage heap virus and bacteria grow.
6. Fly ashes spread from thermal power plants.
7. Union Carbide factory is situated in Bhopal, India.
8. Indiscriminate use of soil causes soil erosion.

Very Short Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
From what soil is originated?
Answer:
Soil is originated due to erosion of rocks over a long period.

Question 2.
What is soil?
Answer:
Soil is upper level of landmass.

Question 3.
When soil is polluted?
Answer:
Soil is polluted when it loses its fertility or quality.

Question 4.
What is the living place of plants and animals?
Answer:
Soil is the living place of plants and animals.

Question 5.
Why huge amount of paddy, jute and vegetables grow on the banks of the Ganga?
Answer:
The silt soil of this area is very fertile.

Question 6.
Which is not bio-degradable?
Answer:
Polythene and plastic goods are not bio-degradable.

Question 7.
How transport is responsible for air pollution?
Answer:
Smokes emited from vehicles cause air pollution.

Question 8.
What is the relation between population growth and industrialisation?
Answer:
Demand for industrial productsincrease on account of population growth.

Question 9.
When Bhoopal Gas accident occured?
Answer:
Bhoopal Gas accident occured in 1984.

Question 10.
What is the advantage of using paper or jute bags instead of polythene?
Answer:
Soil pollution can be prevented.

Question 11.
What is responsible for acid rain?
Answer:
Air pollution by poisonus gas emitted from factories is responsible for air pollution.

Question 12.
What is the cause of increase of demand for settlement?
Answer:
Population growth is the cause of increase of demand for settlement.

Short Questions & Answers : (2 marks for each question)

Question 1.
What is the result for excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides?
Answer:
Food value of crops is deminished, trace of pesticides in crops may cause cancer. Small animals, insects and worms living in soil die.

Question 2.
State the incident of Bhopal.
Answer:
In 1984 from the factory of Bhopal in India poisonous gas mixed with the air resulted too many people’s death and many were disabled for this reason.

Question 3.
How is soil polluted from the Thermal Power plants ?
Answer:
The flying ash and the part of burnt charcoal mix with soil. thus the soil is polluted.

Question 4.
What may happen if filthy oil is poured in to the flower pot?
Answer:
If dirty oil is poured at the root of the plant the plant could not be nounished from the soil. The plant will die as the soil becomes poisonous.

Question 5.
Soil hold the life — Explain.
Answer:
The best gift of nature is soil. The upper layer is of the land mass is soil. Human beings and other living things depend on soil for their habitat, food and shelter. So it can be clearly stated that soil holds life on Earth.

Question 6.
What happened in Chernobyl and Fukusima Daichi?
Answer:
Accident occured in 1986 in Chernobyl nuclear reactor in Ukraine. An other accident occured in Fukushima Daichi nuclear reactor in Japan in 2011.

Long Questions & Answers : (3 marks for each question)

Question 1.
What are the causes of soil pollution ?
Answer:
i) Pollution from industry : The poisonous waste, sewage, oily substances, metalic substances, plastic from industries are thrown out in the soil and make the soil polluted. Gasious substances mix with soil with rain water. Flyash from thermal power plant mixes up with soil and destroys soil fertility.

ii) Use of fertilizer and insecticide : Excessesive quantity of fertilizer and insecticide is used to increase the crop production. But this fertilizer closes the gaps of the soil and thus the air can not enter in soil. For this reason soil fertility reduces. The insecticides can destroy the ecofreindly insects with other insects.

iii) Plastic like garbage : The plastic is artificial organic compound which is a non-decaying substance. It can not be destroyed easily. At present plastic is used in many countries. These can block the drains and canals and destroy the fertility of soil.

iv) Over growth of population : For over growth of population the household garbage used by the people is thrown on the soil and makes it polluted.

v) Felling of trees : The forest cover of the earth is gradually decreasing due to the felling of trees unwisely. So the soil is eroded. The rainfall is decreasing. The soil pollution is occured for the lowering of soil fertility.

Question 2.
What are the harmful effects of soil pollution?
Answer:

1. The farming is effected by soil pollution.
2. Lead, murcury, zinc are mixed with soil and change the acidic and alkaline quality of the soil.
3. The useful bacteria of earth is destroyed for soil pollution.
4. Excessive use of fertilizer and insecticide changes the taste of the crops and nutrient value. Thus various diseases of malnutrition is caused. The nerves of human body, eye sight become week.
5. The pollutants from nuclear reactor mixes with soil. This chemicals accumulate the plants that grew in this soil. The cells of human body are destroyed and it causes cancer and other disease.
6. Soil pollution causes tremendous effect on living world. So the soil pollution is responsible for destroying balance of nature.

Question 3.
What are the preventive measure of soil pollution?
Answer:

1. The waste of household should be thrown away in a certain place.
2. Instead of polly bag, paper bag, sal leaves, jute bag, earthen pot should be used.
3. The use of fertilizer in the farmland should be reduced. Use of pesticide should be replaced by use of organic method.
4. The garbage should be treated by highly developed technology.
5. Respond to nature’s call we should proper toilet.
6. We should be aware at the time of using radioactive substance.
7. Inflamable garbage should be burnt.
8. The ash of thermal power station should be reused in proper way to prevent soil pollution.

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 7 Geography Book Solutions Chapter 7 Water Pollution offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 7 Question Answer – Water Pollution

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
A water bourn disease-
i) cholera
ii) jaundice
iii) Typhid
iv) all the disease
Answer:
iv) all the disease

Question 2.
The percentage of the water in world is saline sea water-
i) 97 %
ii) 99 %
iii) 3 %
iv) 66 %
Answer:
i) 97 %

Question 3.
Cause for black foot disease-
i) arsenic pollution
ii) fluoride pollution
iii) cadmium pollution
iv) mercury pollution
Answer:
i) arsenic pollution

Question 4.
Itai-Itai disease is due to-
i) arsenic pollution
ii) fluoride pollution
iii) cadmium pollution
iv) mercury pollution
Answer:
iii) cadmium pollution

Question 5.
Problems of teeth and bone is due to-
i) arsenic pollution
ii) fluoride pollution
iii) cadmium pollution
iv) mercury pollution
Answer:
ii) fluoride pollution

Question 6.
Minamata disease is due to-
i) arsenic pollution
ii) fluoride pollution
iii) cadmium pollution
iv) mercury pollution
Answer:
iv) mercury pollution

Question 7.
Liquid mercury waste was released into the sea in Japan in-
i) 1942
ii) 1932
iii) 1935
iv) 1937
Answer:
ii) 1932

Question 8.
Exhaust fumes from factory-chimneys and vehicles emiting-
i) Sulphur dioxide
ii) Nitrogen oxide
iii) Carbon dioxide
iv) all are true
Answer:
iv) all are true

Fill in the blanks : (1 mark for each question)

1. Haldia Petrochemical industry is situated at the mouth of _______ river.
Answer:
Haldi

2. Chilka Lake is situated at the state of ________.
Answer:
Odisha.

3. During the gulf war many oil wells were ignited in _______ .
Answer:
Kuwait

4. Nitrates in fertilizers can cause ________.
Answer:
cancer

5. Medical wastes from hospitals can pollute _________.
Answer:
water

6. Chlorine and Fluoride also polutes _________.
Answer:
water

7. ___________ of the earth’s surface is covered with water bodies.
Answer:
three fourths

8. A large quantity of fish has died at Kuttuner of _________.
Answer:
Kerala

9. Soaps and detergents are also sources of water _________.
Answer:
pollution

10. Warm effluents of from thermal and nuclear power plants can reduce the ___________ in an aquatic environment.
Answer:
oxygen

State whether True or False : (1 mark for each question)

1) Presence of excessive fluorine and chlorine in water is harmful for heaith.
Answer:
true

2) 90 percent of the water on earth is saline sea water.
Answer:
false

3) Major rivers of the world are mush poluted.
Answer:
true

4) Demand for fresh water remains the main problem for the people all over the world.
Answer:
true

5) Drinking water from Ganga is safe.
Answer:
false

6) Rajasthan is suffering from acute water crisis.
Answer:
true

7) The cultivation of fish at the disheries of the wetlands of East Kolkata has increased.
Answer:
false

8) Dark lesions formed on the palms or sole of the feet are called Blackfoot disease.
Answer: true

9) As a result of eutrofication the percentage of oxygen in the water decreases.
Answer:
true

10) Minamata disease san occur due to cadmium pollution.
Answer:
false

Match the following : (1 mark for each question)

Match the column A with column B.

A	B
a) Black foot disease–	i) mercury pollution
b) Itai-Itai disease–	ii) causing death of marine creature
c) Flurosis disease–	iii) cadmium pollution
d) Minamata disease–	iv) death of people and animals
e) Mineral oil pollution in Persian Gulf	v) covered with water bodies
f) Mercury pollution at Minamata bay–	vi) arsenic pollution
g) Three-fourths of the earth’s body	vii) as our mother
h) We worship Ganga	viii) fluoride pollution

Answer:
a) Black foot disease–arsenic pollution
b) Itai-Itai disease–cadmium pollution
c) Flurosis disease–fluoride pollution
d) Minamata disease–mercury pollution
e) Mineral oil pollution in Persian Gulf causing death of marine creature
f) Mercury pollution at Minamata bay–death of people and animals
g) Three-fourths of the earth’s body covered with water bodies
h) We worship Ganga as our mother

Very Short Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
What is water pollution
Answer:
When the unwanted substances and germs mix with water and make it unfit for use, it is called water, pollution.

Question 2.
How much part of the world is covered with water and how much part with land?
Answer:
The three-fourth part of the world is covered with water and one fourth is land.

Question 3.
How many part of the earth is covered with sweet water?
Answer:
One part of the world is covered with sweet water.

Question 4.
Which pollution was occured at Minamata in Japan?
Answer:
Mercury poliution was occured at Minamata in Japan.

Question 5.
What cultivation is done in the wetlands of East Kolkata?
Answer:
In the wetlands of East Kolkata the cultivation of fish is done.

Question 6.
What diseases is caused due to cadmium pollution?
Answer:
Due to the cadmium pollution Itai-Itai diseases is occured.

Question 7.
What diseases is caused due to arsenic pollution?
Answer:
Due to the arsenic pollution black foot diseases is occured.

Question 8.
What diseases is caused due to fluoride pollution?
Answer:
Due to the fluroride pollution flurosis diseases is occured.

Question 9.
What happened during the Gulf war?
Answer:
A large quantity of mineral oil polluted the Persian Gulf.

Question 10.
What happened after the formation of petro chemical industry at Haldia?
Answer:
Frequent visit of Hilsa fish at the mouth of the Haldi river has decreased.

Question 11.
Which chemical is added to for purifying water?
Answer:
Chlorine is added to for purifying water.

Question 12.
What happens if phenyl is added with the water of aquirium?
Answer:
The fishes will die if phenyl is added with the water of aquirium.

Short Questions & Answers : (2 marks for each question)

Question 1.
How did water get polluted at time of gulf war?
Answer:
At the time of gulf of war many oil wells in quait were ignited. For this a large quantity of mineral oil mixed with the water of Persian gulf. That caused the death of many sea animals.

Question 2.
What is the cause of reducing the visit of Hilsha fish at the mouth of Haldi river?
Ans. Haldia Petro Chemical industry has been set up. Thus the chemical waste of this factory mixes with the water of Haldi river that causes the pollution of water. It has reduced the visit of Hilsha fish at the mouth of Haldi river.

Question 3.
What is the cause of redusing fish cultivation at the fisheries of the wetlands of East Kolkata.
Ans.
The cause of reducing of fish cultivation at the fisheries of the wetlands of East Kolkata is water pollution. This is for using pesticides in the farmland.

Question 4.
What is Eutrophication?
Ans.
A heavy amount of weeds hyacinth grows for mixing of soap, phosphates of detergent in water of confined pond and wetland which is called Eutrophication.

Long Questions & Answers : (3 marks for each question)

Question 1.
What are the possible causes of water pollution?
Answer:
The causes of waster pollution-
i) Pollution from industry : The polythene plastic, mineral oil, amonia, cholrin, phenol copper, zinc, murcury wastes from various industries drain into water bodies and make the water polluted.
ii) Pollution from house hold: The grabage of daily household like peels of vagitables. fruits, stool-Urine, soap, ditergent, phenyle etc mix with local water bodies through ditches resulting water pollution.

iii) Water pollution from farmland : The insecticides, pesticides, fertiliser used in farmland, get mixed with pond water, river water through the rain water or canals and pollute the water.
iv) Pollution from fisheries: In the fisheries chemicals are used for the growth of fish and that pollute the water.
v) Radioactive substances: The radio active substances used in atomic reactor plants thrown intoi sea or river water and pollute water.
vi) Pollution from oil carrier ship : After accident of oil carrier ship or the time of oil mixing oil spilt in the sea water and makes it polluted.
vii) Water pollution from air pollution: The sulpher dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide accumulate in the air from the air emitted by the factory and vehicles. These pollutants mix with rain water and make the ground water polluted.
viii) Dead animals : The dead bodies of the the animals are thrown in the river water. That makes the water polluted.

Question 2.
What measure can be taken to prevent water pollution?
Answer:
The measure for preventing water pallution are :

1. The garbage should not throw out directly in the rivers, ponds or seas.
2. The sewage from factories should be thrown in the water after treatment.
3. Plastic, dead bodies, solid waste should not be thrown in the water bodies.
4. The excess use of fertiliser, pesticides insecticides in the farmland should be stopped. Instead of organic manure should be used.
5. The sewage of town of cities should be treated before throwing in the water.
6. The misuse of waste water should prevented.
7. We should not wash clothes or allow the cattles to get into the river and pond water.
8. The hot water of tharmal power station should be thrown in the river water after cooling.
9. Through the different bacteria and algae the pollution of floating mineral oil should be removed from the sea water.
10. We should be careful that the oil from ship could not spilt into the sea.
11. The stool-Urin medecinal waste of hospital should not be thrown in the water.

Question 3.
What can we do to prevent water pollution?
Answer:

1. We can prevent wasting water by stopping water tap when it is not needed.
2. We have to use such soap or shampoo which are not harmful for environment.
3. We have to throw the house hold garbage at such a place where the source of pure water is not present.
4. The vegetables, fruit, flower plants should be planted around the pond, well or beside the drainage of tube well.

Question 4.
What are the effects of water pollution in West Bengal.
Answer:
Arcenic has been found more or less many districts of West Bengal like Malda. Nadia, Hooghly, Howrah, Burdwan, North and South 24 parganas in the ground water. So the arsenie pollution is occuring. For that black wound is found in the palm and toe which is called black foot diseases. Besides anemea skin diseases lung and skin cancer have occured.

For fluride pollution the problem of teeth and bone is caused that leads to flurosis disseases. Besides for mercury pollution minamata diseases and for cadmium pollution itai-itai have occured.

As the set up of Haldia Petro chemical has caused the water pollution at the mouth of Haldi river. This leads to reducing the frequent visit of Hilsa fish at the mouth of Haldi river. The Cullivation of fish at wetlands of East Kolkata also has been reduced for the applying of insecticides. The store of ground water also decreased. As the result of drinking polluted water dyhrea. cholera, Typhoid are spreading rapidly.

Question 5.
What are the measures of purifying water?
Answer:

1. The bacterias of the water could be destroyed by boiling water at 100°C for 10 minutes.
2. Germfree water can be obtained by adding certain amount of chlorine with water.
3. Water should be covered and left for some hours. After that it will be found that the mud and sand have been sedimented at the bottom of water.
4. Water can be purified with the help of charcol, fine sand, pebbles and stones.
5. The masoor plants help to be sedimented of the dirt of water
6. Sametimes keeping in sunlight for long makes the water purified.

Question 6.
How water gets polluted from industriel source?
Answer:
Petro chemical industry, polythene and plastic industry, oil refineries, automobile industry, small and medium electrical and engineering industries, etc. generate huge quantities of wastes and effluents like ammonia, chlorine, phenol, cyanide as well as metals like zinc, mercury, lead and cadmium drain in to water bodies and pollute them.

Question 7.
How water gets polluted from industriel source?
Answer:
Households in villages and cities generate wastes like the peels and pieces of fruits and vegetables, kitchen wastes and excreta. Phenyl, soaps and detergents are also sources of water pollution. Medical wastes from hospitals and clinics, daily wastes generated from market places and wastes from cowsheds, stables and other domestic animal shelters also pollute water.

Question 8.
How water gets polluted due to air pollution?
Answer:
Exhaust fumes from factory-chimneys and vehicles emitting sulphur dioxide, oxides of Nitrogen, carbon dioxide etc. are absorbed in the air. Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide react with rainwater to make the different waterbodies acidic.

Question 9.
How water gets polluted by Arsenic contamination?
Answer:
Excessive extraction of underground aquifer creates void that is filled by air. This air reacts with arsenic to form toxic metallic compounds that contaminate water which can seriously affect one’s health when used as drinking water. The presence of excessive Fluorine and Chlorine in water is also harmful for health and pollutes water.