WBBSE Class 7 Geography Solutions Chapter 11 Continent of Europe

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 7 Geography Book Solutions Chapter 11 Continent of Europe offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 7 Geography Chapter 11 Question Answer – Continent of Europe

Write down after thinking (Page no. 125)

What this called that central place from where a large number of mountains are extended.
Answer:
The central place from where a large number of mountains are extended is called a knot. Write correct information on the basis of Drainage Map.

In your opinion the general slope of Europe is in which direction and why?
Answer:
The general slope of Europe is from south to north as threre are lofty mountains region to the south and the altitude of the mountain region gradually reduces towards the north.

In your opinion in which climatic region of Europe is the density of population maximum and in which climatic region is it the lowest and why?
Answer:
The density of population in Europe is maximim in temperate climatic region and lowest in mountain climatic region.

Class 7 Geography Chapter 11 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Continent of Europe

Multiple Choice Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
The sixth largest continent of the world is-
i) Asia
ii) Europe
iii) Africa
iv) North America
Answer:
ii) Europe

Question 2.
To the west of Europe lies-
i) Pacific Ocean
ii) Medterranean Sea
iii) Indian Ocean
iv) Atlantic Ocean
Answer:
iv) Atlantic Ocean

Question 3.
To the east of Europe lies-
i) Alps mountain
ii) Himalaya mountain
iii) Ural mountain
iv) Scandenavian mountain
Answer:
iii) Ural mountain

Question 4.
The country which is called as ‘country of lakes’-
i) Finland
ii) Belgium
iii) Denmark
iv) France
Answer:
i) Finland

Question 5.
The longest river Europe is-
i) Rhine
ii) Rhone
iii) Volga
iv) Danube
Answer:
iii) Volga

Question 6.
A tributary of river Rhine-
i) Arju
ii) Sava
iii) Rhuda
iv) Rhur
Answer:
iv) Rhur

Question 7.
The major mineral of the Rhur industrial region is –
i) petroleum
ii) coal
iii) iron ore
iv) lead
Answer:
ii) coal

Question 8.
An iron and steel industrial centre is-
i) Dortmund
ii) Achen
iii) Deutchburg
iv) Botrop
Answer:
i) Dortmund

Question 9.
Main river of the Ruhr industrial region is-
i) Danube
ii) Elbe
iii) Rhone
iv) Rhine
Answer:
iv) Rhine

Question 10.
Continental climate is found in-
i) Western Europe
ii) Mediterranean coast
iii) central and eastern Europe
iv) North-West Europe
Answer:
iii) central and eastern Europe

Question 11.
The average altitude of Ruhr region is –
i) 140 m
ii) 240 m
iii) 150 m
iv) 180 m
Answer:
ii) 240 m

Question 12.
Chatham is famous for-
i) ship repairing
ii) engineering
iii) printing and publishing
iv) dairy product
Answer:
i) ship repairing

Question 13.
Dertford is famous for-
i) chemical industry
ii) automobile manufacturing
ii) paper industry
iv) dairy product
Answer:
iii) paper industry

Question 14.
Capital city of Netherlands-
i) Rotterdam
ii) Amsterdam
iii) Harlen
iv) Groningen
Answer:
ii) Amsterdam

Question 15.
Reclamation of Polderlands sterted in in the Netherlandsin the-
i) fourteenth century
ii) tenth century
iii) nineth century
iv) eleventh century
Answer:
iv) eleventh century

Fill in the blanks : (1 mark for each question)

1. The grass land of Europe of the temperate region is called as _____.
Answer:
Steppe.

2. The longest river of the France is _____.
Answer:
Seine.

3. The climate that found in Europe is _____.

4. The highest peak of Caucasus mountain is the _____.
Answer:
Elburz.

5. The largest lake of Europe is the _____.
Answer:
Ladoga.

6. The number of countries in the continent of Europe _____.
Answer:
54.

7. The highest peak of Alps is _____.
Answer:
Mont. Blanc.

8. _____ is the main river of the Rhur industrial area.
Answer:
Rhine.

9. The river Rhine enters in the Rhur industrial region near _____city.
Answer:
Cologne.

10. The climate of Rhur industrial region is cool _____type.
Answer:
temperate.

11. This region is formed by the alluvial deposition of _____and _____.
Answer:
glacier, river.

12. The _____ farming method is being adopted for agrriculture.
Answer:
mixed.

13. London is called one of the largest _____ port.
Answer:
exporting.

14 London port is situtated at the _____ of the river Thames.
Answer:
estuary.

15. The climate of London is _____.
Answer:
humid

16. An automobile industrial centre of London basin is _____.
Answer:
Oxford.

17. Lands reclaimed from the sea are called _____.
uns :
Polderlands.

18. The largest Polderland in Netherlands is _____.
Answer:
Zuider zee.

19. To make the polderland salt free _____ is cultivated.
Answer:
hay, clover.

20. At _____ there is a huge reserve of natural gas.
Answer:
Groningen.

21. Amsterdam is well known for cutting and polishing of _____.
Answer:
diamond.

22. _____ canals are used for transportation.
Answer:
circular.

State whether True or False : ( 1 mark for each question)

1. Europe is the fifth largest continent in the world.
Answer:
False

2. To the east of Europe lies the continent of Asia.
Answer:
True

3. A great deal of physical diversity exists in Europe.
Answer:
True

4. Elburge is the highest peak of Europe.
Answer:
True.

5. There are forty five thousand lakes in Finland.
Answer:
False.

6. The longest river of Europe is Rhone.
Answer:
False.

7. Oka, Kama are the tributaries of volga.
Answer:
True.

8. Length of river Danube is 3530 km.
Answer:
False.

9. In sub-polar climate region land remains covered with ice for 6-8 months.
Answer:
True.

10. Continental climate in the central and eastern Europe.
Answer:
True.

11. Chernozem soil is found in the north of Ruhr Industrial area.
Answer:
False.

12. Coal is the main mineral Of Ruhr Industrial Region.
Answer:
True.

13. Heathrow is the main airport if London basin.
Answer:
True.

14. Lichester is famous for printing and publishing.
Answer:
False.

15. The transport system and industries are well developed in the polderland.
Answer:
True.

Match the column A with column B.

Column A	Column B
a) Polderland is situated in	i) international airport
b) There are three thousand	ii) in the north of Ruhr
c) London is an	iii) of Poland
d) Shape of London Basin	iv) the Caucasus
e) Essen is famous for	v) is like a clay saucer
f) Hamburgh port is located	vi) cold temperate zone
g) The length of river Danube	vii) polders in Netherlands
h) Vistula is the longest river	viii) is 2850 km
i) Elburz is the highest peak of	ix) is cool temperate in nature
j) The climate of Ruhr region	x) cement industry

Answer:
a) Polderland is situated in cold temperate zone.
b) There are three thousand polders in Netherlands.
c) London is an international airport.
d) Shape of London Basin is like a clay saucer.
e) Essen is famous for cement industry.
f) Hamburgh port is located in the north of Ruhr.
g) The length of river Danube is 2850 km
h) Vistula is the longest river of Poland.
i) Elburz is the highest peak of the Caucasus.
j) The climate of Ruhr region is cool temperate in nature.

Very Short Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
What is the highest peak of Europe?
Answer:
The highest peak of Europe is Elburz.

Question 2.
What is Polderland?
Answer:
The lowland of Netherland that is reclaimed from the sea is called Polderland.

Question 3.
What is the longest river of Poland?
Answer:
The longest river of Poland is Vistula.

Question 4.
What is the best international river of Europs?
Answer:
The best international river of Europe is Danube.

Question 5.
In which climate rainfall ocean in winter in Europe?
Answer:
Rainfall occurs in winter in Meditarranean sea climate.

Question 6.
Which country is called as the ‘land of fishermen’?
Answer:
Norway is called as the ‘land of fishermen’.

Question 7.
What is the mouth of the river Volga?
Answer:
The mouth of the river Volga is Caspian sea.

Question 8.
What is called as the light house of Meditarranean sea.
Answer:
The lipare volcano is called as the ‘light-house of Meditarranean sea’.

Question 9.
What is the major industry of Rhur industrial region?
Answer:
Iron and steel industry is the major industry of Rhur industrial region.

Question 10.
Where the wine industry is famous?
Answer:
Wine industry is famous in the city of Esen.

Question 11.
Where the glass industry is founded in Rhur industrial region?
Answer:
In the city of Geilsenkersen the glass industry is founded.

Question 12.
On the bank of which river the city of London located?
Answer:
On the bank of river Thames the city of London is located.

Question 13.
Of which state the city of London is the capital?
Answer:
The city of London is the capital of United Kingdom.

Question 14.
Which highland is situated to the north of London basin?
Answer:
The Chiltam highland is to the north of London basin.

Question 15.
What is the area of the London basin?
Answer:
The area of the London basin is 7,760 sq . km.

Question 16.
What is the shape of London basin?
Answer:
The shape of the London basin is like a clay saucer.

Question 17.
What is the major river of London?
Answer:
Thames is the major river of London.

Question 18.
What is the major Air-port of London?
Answer:
Heathrow is the major airport of London.

Question 19.
What is known as the port by which goods can be exported and imported?
Answer:
Retrading Port.

Question 20.
Name a ship repairing centre of London basin.
Answer:
Chathum is a ship repairing centre of London basin.

Question 21.
What is the area of London basin?
Answer:
The area of london Basin is 7,760 sq . km.

Question 22.
Write the boundary of London basin.
Answer:
Chiltam highland to the north, North Downs highlands in the south, Reading city at the west and North sea at the west and North sea at the east.

Question 23.
Name the tributaries of the river Thames.
Answer:
The tribiutaries of river Thames are Lee. Roading, Way, Male etc.

Question 24.
Why is the agriculture not developed in London basin?
Answer:
For clusteried settlement, industrialization and urbanization

Question 25.
How is the climate of London basin?
Answer:
As the London basin lies near the sea and for the influence of Westerlies rainfall occurs all the year round and the climate is wet and humid.

Question 26.
What is the cause of economic development of London Basin?
Answer:
The cause of economic development of London Basin is rapid industrialization.

Question 27.
Where are Engineering industry and information technology setup?
Answer:
The engineering industry – Gilford, Information Technology-Reading.

Question 28.
What is the meaning of Polderland?
Answer:
Low plainland, rescued from the sea.

Question 29.
How many polderlands are there in Netherlands?
Answer:
There are three thousand polders in Netherlands.

Question 30.
What are hay and clover?
Answer:
Hay and clover are one type of grass.

Question 31.
What is the major river of Netherlands?
Answer:
the river Rhine.

Question 32.
What is Green house?
Answer:
Cultivation of vegetables in glass house.

Question 33.
What is the capital of Netherlands?
Answer:
The capital of Netherland is Amsterdam.

Question 34.
Which resource is lacked in Netherlands?
Answer:
Minerals are lacked in Netherlands.

Question 35.
Which flowers are cultivated in Netherlands?
Answer:
Tulip, Cosmos, Gladinli are cultivated in Netherlands.

Question 36.
For what purpose the Polderland is formed?
Answer:
For the purpose of settlement.

Question 37.
In which continent Netherlands is situated?
Answer:
Netherland is situated in Europe.

Question 38.
What type of soil Netherlands has?
Answer:
The soil of Netherlands is alluvial and fertile.

Question 39.
What are the crops of Netherlands?
Answer:
The crops cultivated in Netherlands is wheat, oat, potato, beet, flex, vegetables etc.

Question 40.
What is the major industry of Netherland?
Answer:
Cutting and polishing diamond is the main industry of Netherlands.

Question 41.
Name some polderland of Netherlands.
Answer:
Zuider zee, Iceland, Zuidplus, Aana Paolana, Zeepe, Prínce Alexander etc.

Short Questions & Answers : (2 markśs for each question)

Question 1.
State the boundary of the continent of Europe.
Answer:
To the east of Europe thereare the continent of Asia and the Caspian sea, to the west there are Atlantic ocean and Bay of Biscay, Arctic ocean. White sea and Baltic sea lie in the north and in the south lie Strait of Gibraltor, Meditarranean sea and Black sea.

Question 2.
What is called as ‘country of lakes’ and why?
Answer:
Finland is known as ‘cuuntry of lakes’. It is because there are more than 35 thousand lakes in Finland.

Question 3.
Name the rivers originated from the Alps mountain.
Answer:
The rivers originated from the Alps mountain are Seine, Rhine, Elbe, Vistuta, Rhone, Po, Danube etc.

Question 4.
State about the minerals of Rhur industrial region.
Answer:
The major mineral of this region is coal. High grade coal like Bituminus and Anthrasite are found here. The layer of coal in this region is thick. A little bit mineral oil is also found here.

Question 5.
How is the transport system of Rhur industrial region?
Answer:
This region is connected by railways, roadways, and waterways. The rivers are connected through canals. The rivers remain navigable through out the year. The port Hamburgh, lies to the north, is helpful for the industrial development of the region.

Question 6.
How is the climate of London basin.
Answer:
As the London basin lies near the sea and for the influence of Westerlies rainfall occurs all the year round and the climate is wet and humid. Cloudy sky along with drizzle is common in London basin and the temperature in winter is 3°-5° C.

Question 7.
Write about the agriculture of the London basin.
Answer:
For unfavourable climate agriculture has not been developed in London basin but the method of mixed farming has been adopted by using highly developed machinery. Plenty of vegetables potatoes, maize, oat and fruits are grown here.

Question 8.
Describe the course of the river Thames.
Answer:
The major river of London basin is Thames. The source of the river is Cottsolds mountain and pases through the Gorring gap lies in between Chiltarn mountain and White Horse. Then it flows towards the east and falls in North sea.

Question 9.
What is Truck-Forming?
Answer:
To fulfil the demand of large number of population fruit and vegetables are produced in small farm and transported by means of truck. This is called Truck farming.

Question 10.
Describe the climate of London basin.
Answer:
London basin is locatea in the British typed climatic region. The temperature in summer remains almopst 180-200 C and in winter 30-50 C. The average rainfall is 60-75 cm. Generally the weather is cloudy along with drizzling.

Question 11.
Write about the natural vegetation of London basin.
Answer:
For clusteried settlement vegetation could not grows in London basin. In high altitude Pine, Oak, Birch, Aash, Beach are found. But this forest will be soon abolished due to urbanization.

Question 12.
Write about the industry of London basin.
Answer:
London basinis located by the side of Thames river: Many industrials have been flourished at the both river bank. The city Reading is famous for biscuit and information technology. For air craft and its machinaries the cities Reading Hamil, Hampsted are famous. Lichestar and Esex are known for Dairy product and Flower. Chathum is famous for ship repairing, Watchford is for printing factory.

Question 13.
Name the cities and trade centre of London basin.
Answer:
London is the major city, port and trade centre of this region. Not only the people’s of London but also the people of entire country are connected with London. Heathrow is the international airport of the city of London. London is the main trade centre of silk, tea, rubber, in the world. London is one of the Retrading port in the world. Besides, Reading, Luton, Chestar, Rochester Gilford are the famous cities and trade centres of London basin.

Question 14.
How is the entire poldarland divided into? What are they?
Answer:
According to use polderland is divided into three parts – north and north-east, Nurd Holland and dortrichot at due west and central part and zuid Holland in the south.

Question 15.
Describe the climate of Polderland.
Answer:
Polderland is situated in torried zone. The average temperature is 16^{\circ C and 3^{\circ C in winter. Due to influence of westerlies the rainfall occurs through out the year. The average annual rainfall is 70 cm.

Question 16.
Describe the vegetation and agriculture of Polderlands.
Answer:
Due to lacking of land the vegetation do not grow. According to climate Oak, Birch have grown. Wheat, Oat, Potato, Barley, Mustard and flowers like Tulip, Cosmos, Gladinli are grown here. Tulip of Netherland is world famous.

Question 17.
Name the industrial centre and cities of Polderlands.
Answer:
The major industries of Polderland are textile industry, leather industry, Electronic industry, Iron and Steel industry, Ship industry, Diamond cutting industry are world famous. The valuable cities are Amsterdam, the capital city, trade centre, Ana point, Roterdam, Groninjen, Harlem, Leden, Isumuidam, The Heg etc.’

Long Questions & Answers : (3 marks for each question)

Question 1.
What do you know about the rivers of Europe?
Answer:
i) The rivers generated from Alps – The rivers that are generated from Alps are Seine, Rhine, Elbe, Vistula etc. The seine is originated from Alps and falls English channel. The tributories are Dais and Marne. The Elbe and Rhine generated from Alps, fall in the Nortrh sea. The tributaries of Elbe are Haven and Arju, Rhur and Nipa are the tributaries of Rhine. The river Vistula is also generated from Alps mountain and falls in Baltic sea. The tributaries are Rhuda, Needa and Chiagu.

The rivers generated from Alps, flow towards the south are Rhone, Po and Danube. Rhone falls to the gulf of lions. The main tributary of the Rhone is Seine. The river Po falls in the Adriatic sea. The tributary of this river is Tisino. The mouth of the river Danube is Black sea. The main tributaries of Danube is Brava and Sava. It is the greatest international river.

ii) The rivers generated from Voldai mountain – The major river is Volga. It is the longest river of Europe. The other important rivers are Don, Nieper and a Neister. The source of the three rivers are Voldai mountain and mouth is the Black sea. West Dayina and Nieman flow to the south ward and fall in Baltic sea. North Dayina and Oneaa flow to the northward and fall in North sea.

Question 2.
Mention the climate of Europe.
Answer:
The climate of Europe is temperate. It varries from place to place. According to changing in temperature and rainfall the climate of Europe can be divided into some types.
i. Tundra climate – Tundra vegetation :- The north Europe, comprising Norway, Sweeden, Finland and north Russia, enjoy better cold throughout the year. The land remains snow covered for 9-10 months in the year. Only 2-3 months in summer the land remains ice free. So small flower plants are grown then.

ii. Sub polalr climate sub polar vegetation – This type climte is the feature of some part of Sweden, Finland, Norway and Russia. No remarkable plants or trees grow as the land remains snow covered for 6-8 months. Some coniferous trees like Lirch, Fir, Birch, Alder grow here. The temperature remains 10° C here in summer and form -25° to -35° in winter.

iii. West European climate – temperate Deciduous Forest – This type of climate is found in North-west Europe comprising United Kingdom, Western France, Western part of Germany, Holland, Denmark, Belgium. With the soft wood the deciduous forest is also grown here. Oak, Mapple, Alder, Willow are the main trees of the forest. The temperature in summer is 15-20° C and in winter it is 5° C. The rain fall is 100-150 cm.

iv. Mediterranean climate – Mediterranean forest – This type of climate is found in southern Europe comprising the states of Italy, Spain, France, Greece etc. The trees likde olive, fig, cork, oak etc. are grown in this forest. Orange and grapes are found plentyful here.

v. Continental climate :- Steppi grassland – Continental climate is observed in Russia and Ukraine. As the rainfall is scanty the grassland is formed. Willow, Mapple, Plum trees are grown here. The temperature in summer is 20°-22° C and in winter remains below the ice point.

Question 3.
State the factors of development of Europe.
Answer:

1. The location at the centre in the northern hemisphere makes easy to communicate with all continents.
2. For the location of water bodies in three sides, the climate is moderate.
3. The warm gulf stream make the ports of the north-west ice free.
4. Abundent growth of coniferous forest makes the soft wood available which is responsible for the growth of paper and lumbering industry.
5. The plentyful minerals, hydel power, atomic power developed communication system helped Europe to be flourished in industry.
6. Commercial fishing, developed agriculture mixed farming, cattle rearing is the major occupation of Europe.
   mperature in summer is 20°-22° C and in winter remains below the ice point.

Question 4.
What are the causes of industrial development of Ruhr region?
Answer:

1. High grade coal: There is never lack of raw meterials and coal for abandance of high grade coal.
2. Well developed transportation system – for highly developed roadways, railways and waterways the industry has been flourished here.
3. The plentiful iron ore : – Iron ore is not found in the Ruhr industrial region but the neighbouring areas produces plentiful iron ore, Lorren lies in the frontier of Luxemburgh in France is famous for iron ore.
4. Densely populated region – As the region is densely populated the labour is easily available and the labours are skilled by nature.
5. Sufficient capital and developed technology – In case of technology the state Germany is the best in Europe. It is one of the richest country of the world. So the capital and developed technology is plentiful which are needed for the development of industry.

Question 5.
Which industry is developed in which places in Ruhr industrial region?
Answer:
i) Iron and steel industry – The iron and steel industry has been setup at Duisbergh, Mulhyne. Esen, Dortmund, Boklum, Geilsenkersen Ham, Hatingen. For the development of iron and steel industry Esen is known as the queen of Ruhr industrial region.
ii) Engineering industry – The name of the industrial centres of Engineering industry are Dortmund, Boklum, Esen, Duisbergh, Geilsenkersen, Hatn, Hagen, Gladbach. Rail Engine automobile, Machineries are produced here.
iii) Chemical industry – Duisbergh, Hetm, Batrop, Reckling, Hegdgen, Gladbach are famous for chemical industry.
iv) Textile indusrty – Textile industry are flourished in Esen, Mochen, Gladbach, Achen, Dentchburg, Botrop etc. Gladbach is known as the Manchester of Germany.
v) Cement Industry – Cement industry is setup at Esen and Geilsenkersen.
vi) Other industries – a) Electrical industry is developed in Achen, Bokhum, Dortmund. b) Geilsenkersen is famous for glass industry. c) Food processing industry has been setup at Dusseldorf and Deutchburg. d) Dortmund is famous for wine factory.

Question 6.
Evaluate the city of London as a port.
Answer:
London is a great and important port of United Kingdom. London port stretches along the both side of the Thames river 88 km. inward frin the sea. Road ways railways are stretched from the city to all direction. One third of total import and one forth of total export of England are done through this port. London port is located in such a place that the trade with India, south-east Asia,Australia, west Asia, north and south America is done through this port. This port is known as the international market of many goods. For these purposes the port of London imports many goods from east and west at fair prices and exports those to the different countries of the world. So it is called Retrading port.

Question 7.
Write about the relief and the rivers of Ruhr industrial region.
Answer:
The relief of the Ruhr industrial region is almost plain and a little bit rugged in nature. Having formed by the alluvial deposition of glaciers and rivers the region consists of small hillocks. The average height of the icgion is almost 240 m. The major river of this region is Rhine. This river enters the Ruhr industrial region near the city of colon and flows along the western boundary. The tributaries of this river are Ruhr, Lipa, Emsur and Upar. The fertile soil is found at the bank of this river and Chernozem soil is found in the south and Podzol soil in the north.

Question 8.
How is the climate and vegetation of Ruhr industrial region?
Answer:
The climate of Ruhr industrial region is cool temperate by nature. The temperature in summer is moderate and winter is cool. The temperature in summer remains 150-200 C and in winter 20-50 C. The average rainfall is 50-70 cm. Teh rainfall occurs for the influence of westerlies. Snow fall occurs in winter. Presently, the forest cover has been reduced here for agriculture, industry and settlement. To prevent the industrial pollution some measure has been taken for increasing forests. Pine, Birch, Oak, Fir trees are found in this forests.

Additional Questions and answers

Question 1.
Write about physical environment of London Baein.
Answer:
The London Basin is situated in the lowlying plainland bordered by two mountains called Chiltern and North Downs, laid out on both sides of the river Thames which flows through the south-east of United Kingdom. The capital city of United Kingdom, London, is situated in this basin shaped region, so it is named London Basin.

The river Thames almost bisects the London Basin as it flows from the west to east. No highlands are found near the mouth of Thames or to the east of the London Basin. But at the source of Thames, mainly in the north, west and south, there are three highlands called Chiltern, White Horse and North Downs. In the past, the central part of these highlands subsided to form this low land. Thereafter, deposition of alluvium by Thames and its tributaries gave the London Basin its present shape.

Question 2.
How a Polderland comes into being?
Answer:
Marshy land or parts of shallow seas are first enclosed with concrete dams on all sides. Inside the dams, there are rings of canals to drain the water. After that, musky water is pumped into the enclosure. As the sediment settles down, the water is pumped out. Thereafter, the alluvium dries up and then the land is left for a few days to become salt free. After that, the land is used to cultivate different kinds of grasses (Hey, clover etc.) for fodder and also for livestock rearing with a view to make this land cultivable in future. When the land finally becomes favourable for cultivation different crops and flowers such as sugar, beet, oat, sunflower. tulip etc. are cultivated.

Question 3.
How a Polderland comes into being?
Answer:
Polderland is actually low land reclaimed from under the sea. Polderland is formed in the deltaic interfluves of Issel, Mass and Rhine rivers. The whole Polderland is classified into three parts. Those are-Groningen, Freezeland and Ovarisel in the north and north-east, Nurd Holland and Dortrechot in the west and central parts and Zuid Holland in the south. Some parts of this region is located at least 10 feet below the sea level. If stagnation of rain water occurs, it is pumped out to the draining canals. Most of the places here are covered with marine clays.

The Rhine and its tributaries such as Lake, Val, Mas etc. flow through this region. Alluvial soil is found along the banks of these rivers, Polderland is located in the cold temperate zone. But the warm North Atlantic drift has a moderating influence on the climate. Winters are hence not so cold and summers are not too hot. The westerlies bring rainfall throughout the year. But the amount of rainfall is meagre. Average annual rainfall is 70 cm. Here trees like Oak, Birch and grasslands are very common.