WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal

Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 9 Geography Book Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal offer valuable context and analysis.

WBBSE Class 9 Geography Chapter 8 Question Answer – West Bengal

Very Short Questions and Answers : (1 mark for each question)

Question 1.
Which is the highest peak of West Bengal?
Answer:
Sandakhphu (3630 m).

Question 2.
What is the total area of West Bengal?
Answer:
88752 sq.km.

Question 3.
Name two snowfed rivers of West Bengal.
Answer:
Teesta, Mahananda.

Question 4.
What is the meaning of ‘Dooars’?
Answer:
‘Duar’ or Door.

Question 5.
To which side of the Teesta river does the Terai plain lie?
Answer:
Western side.

Question 6.
Which is the longest river of North Bengal?
Answer:
Mahananda.

Question 7.
What is the combined flow of Dwarkeshwar and Shilai rivers called?
Answer:
Rupnarayan.

Question 8.
What is the combined flow of the Kangsabati and Keleghai called?
Answer:
Haldi.

Question 9.
Which area in West Bengal receives maximum rainfall?
Answer:
Buxaduar of Alipurduar.

Question 10.
Which is the hottest district in West Bengal?
Answer:
Bankura.

Question 11.
Which wind influences West Bengal’s climate most?
Answer:
Monsoon wind.

Question 12.
Which is the newly formed district of West Bengal?
Answer:
Alipurduar.

Question 13.
Which district in West Bengal occupies the largest area?
Answer:
South 24 Parganas.

Question 14.
Balurghat is the headquarters of which district?
Answer:
South Dinajpur.

Question 15.
Which position does West Bengal hold in India in terms of paddy cultivation?
Answer:
First.

Question 16.
Which city is called ‘City of Joy’?
Answer:
Kolkata.

Question 17.
The Sevoke bridge spans across which river?
Answer:
River Teesta.

Question 18.
Which district accounts for maximum forest cover in West Bengal?
Answer:
Darjeeling.

Question 19.
Which is the most famous animal of Jaldapara national park?
Answer:
horned rhinoceros.

Question 20.
Name two commercial crops grown in West Bengal.
Answer:
Tea and jute.

Question 21.
What is the capital of West Bengal?
Answer:
Kolkata.

Question 22.
How many districts does West Bengal have?
Answer:
20 districts.

Question 23.
What is the percentage of West Bengal’s area with respect to that of India?
Answer:
2.69%

Question 24.
Name a river that flows over the western plateau area.
Answer:
Damodar.

Question 25.
In which part of West Bengal is the Himalayas located?
Answer:
The northern side of West Bengal.

Question 26.
What is the meaning of ‘Tal’?
Answer:
Lake.

Question 27.
Name the tributary of Teesta river.
Answer:
Rangpo.

Question 28.
In West Bengal, when does western disturbances occur?
Answer:
Winter.

Question 29.
What is the colour of mountainous soil?
Answer:
Black or grey.

Question 30.
Which city is called the ‘Ruhr of India’?
Answer:
Durgapur.

Question 31.
Name two rivers of the Sundarbans.
Answer:
Matla and Bidyadhari.

Question 32.
In which year was Alipurduar formed?
Answer:
2014

Question 33.
What is the capital of Jharkhand?
Answer:
Ranchi.

Question 34.
What is the capital of Assam?
Answer:
Dispur.

Question 35.
In which district is Bolpur located?
Answer:
Birbhum district.

Question 36.
In which district is Panchet hill located?
Answer:
Bankura.

Question 37.
Name two tributaries of the Damodar river.
Answer:
Konar and Barakar.

Question 38.
Name two tributaries of the Bhagirathi.
Answer:
Mayurakshi and Ajay.

Question 39.
Which two districts in West Bengal have laterite soil?
Answer:
Birbhum and Bankura.

Question 40.
How many towns are located in West Bengal according to the 2011 census?
Answer:
138.

Question 41.
Name one jute research institute of West Bengal.
Answer:
Nilgunge near Barrackpore.

Question 42.
Which two types of plantation crops are grown in West Bengal?
Answer:
Tea and cinchona.

Question 43.
Name two food crops grown in West Bengal.
Answer:
Paddy and wheat.

Question 44.
Name two fibre crops grown in West Bengal.
Answer:
Jute and shon.

Question 45.
Name two areas of fish processing industry.
Answer:
Shankarpur and Jaunput.

Question 46.
Name two areas of milk processing industry.
Answer:
Dankuni and Asansol.

Question 47.
Name the two centres of mineral water processing in West Bengal.
Answer:
Kalyani and Berhampore.

Question 48.
Name the two food parks of West Bengal.
Answer:
Shankarpur and Kakdwip.

Question 49.
Which city is called the ‘Glasgow of India’?
Answer:
Howrah.

Question 50.
Which is the ‘commercial hub’ of north Bengal?
Answer:
Siliguri.

Question 51.
Name a tributary of Damodar.
Answer:
Mundeswari.

Question 52.
Name the associate port of Kolkata.
Answer:
Haldia.

Question 53.
Which river bisects the mountainous area of north Bengal?
Answer:
Teesta.

Question 54.
In which year was Midnapore classified into two administrative divisions?
Answer:
January 1, 2002.

Question 55.
Name two trees of the western plateau region.
Answer:
Arjun and shimul.

Question 56.
Krishnanagar lies in which district?
Answer:
Nadia.

Question 57.
Name two trees belonging to the plain region.
Answer:
Mango and jamun.

Question 58.
Where did the name ‘Sundarban’ originate from?
Answer:
Sundari tree.

Question 59.
Which district in West Bengal is called the ‘Queen of hill stations’?
Answer:
Darjeeling.

Question 60.
In which district is the Susunia hill located?
Answer:
Bankura.

Short Questions and Answers : (2 marks for each question)

Question 1.
What were the earlier administrative divisions of West Bengal?
Answer:
The three earlier administrative divisions of West Bengal were–

Presidency division
Burdwan division
Jalpaiguri division.

Question 2.
What are the physical divisions of West Bengal?
Answer:
With respect to physical features, West Bengal is divided into 3 parts-

Northern Hilly region
Western Plateau region, and
Plain region.

Question 3.
What is ‘Tal’?
Answer:
In the southern part of Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri district, there are scattered wet lands and lowlands which are locally called ‘Tals’. They are located in the northern part of the Kalindi river.

Question 4.
What is ‘Barendrabhumi’?
Answer:
In the eastern part of Malda and South Dinajpur, the gently undulating highland formed of laterite soil and older sediments is known as ‘Barendrabhumi’.

Question 5.
What is ‘Diara’?
Answer:
In the southern part of Malda district, along the river banks of the Ganga, the land made up of fertile silty soil is called ‘Diara’.

Question 6.
Where is the Rarh plain located?
Answer:
Apart from the area composed of fresh river sediment, i.e., the western part of Bhagirathi-Hooghly river, the whole area of Birbhum, Bankura, western part of Murshidabad, West Midnapore and eastern part of Burdwan district, which is composed of red soil is called the Rarh plain.

Question 7.
Where is the active delta of West Bengal found?
Answer:
The active delta is usually found in the southern and eastern parts of South 24 Parganas and northern part of North 24 Parganas. Here the process of delta formation is still going on.

Question 8.
How many seasons are observed in West Bengal?
Answer:
There are 4 seasons in West Bengal. They are-summer, monsoon, autumn and winter.

Question 9.
What do you mean by western disturbance?
Answer:
During winter, cyclonic storms originating from the Mediterranean region, cause low pressure cyclones in northwest india. This cyclonic weather also partly affects the pleasant winter climate of West Bengal by causing little rainfall and stormy weather. Such weather phenomenon causes a strong wind to blow which is called western disturbance.

Question 10.
What is ‘Aswin’ storm?
Answer:
Generally, West Bengal does not experience rainfall during autumn. However, sometimes the cyclones formed in the Bay of Bengal cause thunderstorms. This is known as ‘Aswin’ storm.

Question 11.
What is ‘Kal Baisakhi’?
Answer:
During early summer months, West Bengal and its adjoining areas are affected by thunderstorms and even hail storms, especially in the late afternoons. The winds causing these, originate from the northwest. Such storms are called ‘Kal Baisakhi’ or ‘Nor’westers’.

Question 12.
What is ‘Bagri’ area?
Answer:
The plain areas of Murshidabad and Nadia districts, where the Ganga and Bhagirathi rivers complete their sedimentation process is known as the ‘Bagri’ area. This area is also called Moribund Delta.

Question 13.
What is groundwater?
Answer:
Groundwater refers to water present underground. When rainwater seeps through the soil layers and gets accumulated under the ground, it is called groundwater.

Question 14.
Where does snowfall occur in West Bengal?
Answer:
The northern part of West Bengal, i.e., the Himalayan mountainous region experiences snowfall due to higher altitude, as the temperature decreases to below freezing point.

Question 15.
West Bengal is famous for the cultivation of which crops?
Answer:
West Bengal is famous for the cultivation of crops such as paddy, jute, tea, etc.

Question 16.
What type of soil is found in the plains of West Bengal?
Answer:
In the plain regions of West Bengal, river-borne fertile silt and silty loam soils are found.

Question 17.
Where is saline soil found in West Bengal?
Answer:
Saline soil is found in the active delta (Sundarban) region of the southern part of West Bengal.

Question 18.
Which districts of West Bengal are well known for paddy cultivation?
Answer:
Burdwan, Nadia, Murshidabad, Hooghly, North and South 24 Parganas, East and West Midnapore districts of West Bengal are best known for paddy cultivation.

Question 19.
Which is the best place for tea cultivation in West Bengal?
Answer:
In the northern parts of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts and some places of North Dinajpur, tea is well-cultivated.

Question 20.
What is a city?
Answer:
A city is a place where the minimum population is at least 5000 and the population density is more than 4000 per sq.km and at least 75% of the total population is engaged in non-agricultural activities. For example, Asansol.

Question 21.
What is a megalopolis?
Answer:
The Greek word ‘Megas’ means big. Megalopolis means a big city. It has a population of more than 10 lakhs. For example, Kolkata.

Question 22.
How many types of paddy are cultivated in West Bengal on the basis of seasons?
Answer:
Three types of paddy are cultivated in West Bengal based on the seasons in which they are cultivated-

Aman Paddy (July – November)
Aus Paddy (April – August)
Boro Paddy (November – March)

Question 23.
What are the two main characteristic features of agriculture in West Bengal?
Answer:
The two main characteristics of agriculture in West Bengal are-

Agriculture is dependent on monsoon rains.
Agriculture is labour-intensive.

Question 24.
What are the types of irrigation methods practiced in West Bengal?
Answer:
Irrigation methods in West Bengal are carried out through wells, tubewells and canals.

Question 25.
What is information technology industry?
Answer:
Information technology refers to the storage, sending, receiving, coding, decoding and editing of data with the help of computer and telecommunication.

Question 26.
On the basis of seasons, into how many types can the crops of West Bengal be divided?
Answer:
On the basis of seasons, the crops of West Bengal can be classified into two types

Winter rabi crops (like wheat, potatoes, etc.), and
Rainy kharif crops (paddy, jute).

Question 27.
State the major companies associated with the food processing industry of West Bengal.
Answer:
The major food processing companies are Mother Dairy, Haldiram’s, Anmol Biscuit Limited, Raja Biscuit, K. C. Das and Sons, etc.

Question 28.
Mention some of the tourist places in Kolkata.
Answer:
The tourist places of Kolkata are-Indian Museum, Victoria Memorial Hall, Birla Planetarium, Science City, etc.

Question 29.
Who established the city of Kolkata and when?
Answer:
Kolkata was founded by Job Charnock in 1690. The city was founded by combining the 3 villages of Kolikata, Sutanuti and Gobindapur.

Question 30.
Name the high-yielding variety of jute seeds.
Answer:
The high yielding varieties of jute seeds are-Chaitali, Basudev, Sobujsona D-154, JRC-1108, etc.

Question 31.
Mention some tea-producing areas of Darjeeling.
Answer:
Happy Valley, Sukhiapokhri, Kurseong, Makaibari, Bijanbari, etc., are some of the notable tea-producing areas of Darjeeling.

Question 32.
Name some of the tea-producing areas of Dooars and Terai region.
Answer:
Mal, Jayanti, Chalsa, Nagarkata, Madarihat, Kumargram, etc., are some of the tea producing areas of the Dooars and Terai region.

Question 33.
Where and when was the first jute mill established in West Bengal?
Answer:
The first jute mill was established in Rishra of Hooghly district of West Bengal.

Question 34.
When and where was the first cotton mill established in Kolkata?
Answer:
The first cotton mill was first established in 1818 in Ghusuri of Howrah.

Question 35.
Why is Teesta called the ‘River of Threat’?
Answer:
Teesta is the main river of North Bengal. It is extremely swift-flowing in this mountainous area, but when it enters the plain, the river current decreases. This river gets flooded when it is in spate during the monsoons. The river overflows its banks and floods its adjacent plain lands to a great extent thereby causing much loss to the life and property of the people being there. This is the reason why Teesta is called the ‘River of Threat’.

Question 36.
What is Bhabar?
Answer:
The sand, silt, pebbles brought down by the rivers from the Himalayan mountains get deposited in the foothill zone giving it a gentle slope. Such a feature is known as the Terai in North Bengal. The rocky boundary of the Terai region which is covered by forests in known as Bhabar.

Question 37.
What is Mahananda Corridor?
Answer:
The southern part of Jalpaiguri district, southern part of Cooch Behar district, North and South Dinajpur districts and Malda district together forms the plain region of North Bengal. The major area of North Dinajpur is known as the ‘Mahananda Corridor’. This is the mountainous part of river Mahananda. This corridor connects the plains of Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar.

Question 38.
Why is Bhagirathi-Hooghly river called the ‘Lifeline of West Bengal’?
Answer:
The Bhagirathi-Hooghly river is the most significant river of West Bengal. Many tributaries join this river on both banks. This has resulted in the formation of a great plain and delta in the southern part of West Bengal. This is a fertile land ideal for cultivation of crops.

River Hooghly has an important role to play in supplying water to the industries located on either banks, supplying drinking and domestic water to the towns and cities, supplying water for irrigation to the agricultural fields, even acting as waterways (river transport). This is the reason why it is called the ‘Lifeline of West Bengal.

Question 39.
Mention two harmful effects of overexploitation of groundwater.
Answer:
Over-exploitation of groundwater has many harmful effects. Some of these effects are as follows-

continuous lowering of water level (both pre-monsoon and postmonsoon)
lowering of pump sets, causing low efficiency and higher cost of operation.

Question 40.
State the characteristics of mangrove forests.
Answer:
Some of the characteristics of mangrove forests are as follows-

Stilted roots are a special feature of the trees of mangrove forests to prevent them from falling under the influence of tidal waters.
Pneumatophores are present on the stilted roots which stay above the water level, so the trees can carry out their respiration process.
They breathe in a special way.
The trees are evergreen in nature.

Question 41.
What is outsourcing?
Answer:
The process of carrying out work in a comparatively cheaper way and to increase the standard and skill of a company, by an overseas organisation is called outsourcing. Since the service cost is less in India, much of the work from America and Europe is sent here (in the form of data) which is processed and sent back, Kolkata is a leading provider of outsourcing.

Short Questions and Answers : (3 marks for each question)

Question 1.
Discuss the factors leading to the development of steel industry in West Bengal.
Answer:
The main factors that have led to the development of Iron and Steel Industry in West Bengal are as follows –
1. Geographical factors:

Accessibility to raw materials: Iron ore (Jharkhand), coal (Raniganj), limestone (Bankura), etc., are important raw materials for iron and steel industry.
Accessibility to water: Water of river Damodar is easily accessible to the it on and steel industry.
Supplement of energy: DVC (Damodar Valley Corporation) helps in hydroelectric and thermal power generation which facilitates the iron and steel industry.

2. Economic factors:

Availability of labour: Cheap and skilled labour is available in the outskirts of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar and Durgapur.
Well-developed communication system: This industrial centres are connected with Eastern Railway and Grand Trunk Road for import of machine and export of materials.
Demand or market: The demand of the Durgapur-Asansol and the Kolkata industrial beats lead to industrial development.

Question 2.
Write a note on the location of West Bengal.
Answer:
West Bengal is an eastern state of india. in terms of area, West Bengal holds the 14th position among the 29 states in india. The south-north expansion of the state is 21° 38’ N to 27° 10’ N latitute and the longitudinal expanse is 85° 50’ East to 89° 50‘ East. The Tropic of Cancer passes across Nadia, Burdwan, Bankura and Puruila districts. From north to south, West Bengal extends for about 650km, and from west to east, it extends up to 325km.

Question 3.
Discuss the problems and prospects of the iron and steel industry of West Bengal.
Answer:
Problems of iron and steel industry:
The problems of iron and steel industry are:

lack of modern technology,
lack of important machines and equipments,
unavailability of adequate skilled labour.

Prospects of iron and steel industry: In West Bengal, after independence, the increase in the rate of demand for steel is more than that of its production. Steel is exported to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, etc., from West Bengal. The prospects of the iron and steel industry in West Bengal is quite commendable. Supply of iron and steel will increase with the completion of the undergoing projects for construction of iron and steel industries.

Question 4.
Discuss the causes of development of jute industries of West Bengal.
Answer:
The causes of development of jute industry are as follows –
1. Geographical causes:

Availability of raw materials: Jute, which is the primary raw material of the jute industry, is available in plenty in West Bengal.
Favourable climate: The climate of West Bengal is ideal for growing jute, and this has helped in the development of the jute industry in this state.
Avallability of power sources: Easy availability of power in West Bengal has contributed much to the growth of the jute industry here.

2. Economic causes:

Developed communication system: West Bengal is well-connected to the rest of India through roads, railways and waterways. This plays an important role in the development of the jute industry.
WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 1

Availability of labour: Availability of cheap labour from West Bengal and its neighbouring states like Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha have helped in the development of the jute industry.

Port facility: The port at Kolkata in West Bengal facilitates export of jute products and import of necessary equipments, which further helps in the development of the jute industry.

Question 5.
Discuss the problems and prospects of jute industry of West Bengal.
Answer:
Problems of the jute industry are as follows-

Availability of substitute material in the market: Cotton bags, plastic bags, etc., are now available in the market and so the demand for jute materials has decreased.
Obsolete machinery: The jute machines are very old and are being used since the British period. Thus the production is very low and takes a lot of time.
High rate of export tax: As the Government has to pay very high export tax, price of the jute product increases.

Prospects of jute industry: The jute industry has faced many problems. These may be solved by developing jute cultivation, using modern machineries etc. Jute products are reasonable, earn lots of foreign reserves and has no harmful effects on the environment. Hence, nationalization of jute products will open up new prospects for its development.

Question 6.
Discuss the causes of development of in tea industry in West Bengal.
Answer:
The causes of development of tea industry are as follows-
1. Geographical causes:

Availability of raw materials: Tea is available in plenty in West Bengal.
Availability of power sources: The power sources necessary for the development of the tea industry are easily available in West Bengal.
Favourable climate: The climate of West Bengal is ideal for growing tea, and this has helped in the development of the tea industry in this state.
Abundance of water resources: Water is abundantly available for the development of the tea industry in West Bengal.

2. Economic causes:

Developed transportation system: The transportation system in West Bengal is well-developed, and this facilitates the growth of tea industry here.
Availability of labour: West Bengal, being highly populated, faces no shortage of labour for working in the tea industries.
Ready market: The tea industry has a high market demand, which has consequently helped in the growth of this industry.

Question 7.
Discuss the problems and prospects of tea industry in West Bengal.
Answer:
The problems of tea industry are as follows-

Unhealthy tea gardens: The gardens are very old, and hence the production of tea is quite low.
Substitute beverages: The availability of substitute drinks has decreased the demand of tea and hence its production.
Lack of skilled labour: Though labour is available in plenty for tea industry in West Bengal, the lack of skilled labour poses a major problem.
Lack of modern technology: The quality of the tea industry in West Bengal is suffering due to the lack of the use of modern technology.

Prospects of tea industry: West Bengal holds second position in terms of tea production in India. Obsolete machineries, high production cost causes hindrance to the development of industry. Expansion and development of tea gardens will help to develop the tea industry of West Bengal.

Question 8.
Discuss the development of food processing industry in West Bengal.
Answer:
Food processing industry is one of the oldest industries in the history of mankind. At present, various food processing industries have developed in Kolkata, Barasat, Malda, Shankarpur, Burdwan, Dumdum, etc.
Causes of development of food processing industry:

1. Supply of high quality raw materials: Varieties of agricultural crops (grains, vegetables), animal and sea food are the raw materials of food processing industry. The adequate supply of these raw materials have helped in the development of the industry.

2. Increased purchasing power of people: The price of food products increases on processing. So, to buy these products, the purchasing power of the people of the area, where food processing industries are located, should be high. West Bengal is one such area.

3. Development of technology: Food products are perishable. To maintain quality of the products, high technology is required, which is available in West Bengal.
WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 2

4. Development of transport system: The process of gathering of fish, meat, fruit which rot fast have to be produced in the processing house with the help of good transport system which is available in the West Bengal.

5. Food habits: Demand for processed food is high in West Bengal. This makes it a flourishing centre for food processing industry.

6. Government policy: Government policies are quite favourable towards food processing industries in West Bengal.

Question 9.
Discuss the problem and prospects of the food processing industry.
Answer:
Increasing demand in the food processing industry has led to different problems in the industry. They are-

Perishable crops: The main problems of this industry are-mismanagement in the process of crop cultivation, crop collection and sorting.
Lack of modern technology: The modern technology that the developed countries use for the food processing industry is not available in West Bengal.
Lack of crop preservation: in West Bengal, the lack of proper crop preservation techniques decreases industrial demand.

Prospects of food processing industries: The food processing industry is gaining importance. Adequate government help, food park, cold storages, plans by the centre, awareness regarding preservation, control of pollution will help the growth of food processing industry.

Question 10.
Which factors have led to the development of the tourism industry in West Bengal?
Answer:
The two main factors that led to the development of the tourism industry are
1. physical factors,
2 . cultural factors.

1. Physical factors: The physical factors include-

Hilly region: The pleasant weather and picturesque sceneries of hilly regions attract tourists from all over the world. So the tourism in hilly regions have developed. For example, the hilly region of Darjeeling.
Sea beach: The moderate weather of the sea beaches also attracts tourists. For example, the sea beach at Digha.
Plateau area: Tourist spots have developed in the plateau areas or red soil areas in West Bengal. For example, Bankura, Birbhum.
Forest: Abundance of various species of animals and plants in the forest regions have also turned them into popular tourist destinations. For example, North and South 24 Parganas, Sundarbans.

2. Cultural factors: The cultural factors responsible for the development of tourist spots in West Bengal are-

Historical places: Places of historical importance in West Bengal attract tourists from all over the world. For example, Palashi.
Religious places: Many tourist spots have developed in and around religious centres in West Bengal. For example, Belur Math in Howrah district.

Question 11.
Discuss the causes of development of the Haldia port.
Answer:
The causes of development of the Haldia Port are as follows–

As a support to help the Kolkata port: The importance of the port at Kolkata has decreased since the navigability of river Hooghly has decreased (due to siltation). As a result, big ships are not able to enter the port. This is the reason why the port of Haldia has been established at the junction of Hooghly and Haldi rivers.
Easy availability of land: Easy availability of land has facilitated infrastructural development of the Haldia port.
Fulfilling the demand for trade and commerce: The import and export of raw materials and products in the Haldia port fulfills the demand for trade and commerce.

Question 12.
Discuss the utilisation of water bodies, rivers, canals, wells, etc.
Answer:
1. Agriculture: The state of West Bengal is agriculture oriented. Irrigational practices depend mainly on rivers, canals, etc.

2. Transport: The river Bhagirathi-Hooghly is an important component of West Bengal’s transport system.

3. Drinking water and other household work: The purified water is utilised for regular work.

4. Industrial sector: Water from rivers, canals, etc. contribute mostly to the development of the industrial sector. For example, many industries have developed on the banks of the river Hooghly.
WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 3

5. Plantation: The water helps in social afforestation and agricultural afforestation. Huge amounts of water is used for planting trees in the western plateau regions.

6. Generation of electricity: The production of hydroelectricity is done by river dams. For example, the hydroelectricity is produced in Mython, Panchet, Tiliya dam on the river Damodar.

Question 13.
Discuss the disadvantages of excessive utilisation of surface water.
Answer:
The disadvantages of excessive utilisation of surface water are as follows-

Missing of chemicals: Washing clothes in the rivers and canals cause chemical reaction in the water. This process creates pollution in the water which cannot be treated naturally.
Water polluted by the effluents of factories: Water pollution occurs due to the mixing of toxic chemical materials which are released from factories and industries.
Hampering agricultural productivity: The polluted water makes the land alkaline, and agricultural production is thus decreased.
Water scarcity: Water scarcity is a result of excessive use of surface water.

Question 14
Delineate the multifarious uses of groundwater in West Bengal.
Answer:

Agriculture: Groundwater is used in areas where there are no rivers or other water bodies.
Drinking water: Groundwater is mainly used for drinking purposes.
Domestic purposes: The domestic or household work like cooking, washing clothes, cleaning rooms, etc., are done by using groundwater.

Question 15.
What are the disadvantages of excessive use of groundwater?
Answer:
1. Arsenic contamination: The excessive use of groundwater results in deposition of tritrates, fluoride etc., in the groundwater and it causes diseases like black foot and cancer. In West Bengal, Nadia, Murshidabad, North and South Dinajpur, Burdwan, Howrah, Hooghly districts are affected by arsenic pollution.

2. Increase of salinity: The excessive use of groundwater increases the salinity of water. The districts of Nadia and Burdwan face this problem and there is scarcity of drinking water here as a result.

Question 16.
Discuss the impact of seasonal change on human life.
Answer:
The impact of seasonal change is observed not only on human body and mind, but also in the livelihood and economy of the region.

Increase of diseases: Several diseases are caused due to seasonal change. For example, cold and cough during rainy season, chicken pox in spring, etc., are seasonal diseases.

Impact on body and mind: Seasonal change affects human body and mind heavily. For example, extreme hot weather. brings tiredness in the human body and excessive cold temperature causes lethargy.

Change in cultivation: The seasonal change have caused a change in the process of cultivation. For example, vegetables grow well in winter. Winters are ideal for cultivating ‘Rabi’ crops and rainy season for ‘Kharif’ crops.

Change in diet: The diet of human beings changes according to the season, because people consume seasonal fruits and vegetables available in the market.

Impact on festivals and tourism: Festivals, ‘melas’, tourism, etc., change in accordance with the change of seasons. For example, Durga Puja is held in autumn, picnics are held in winter, etc.

Change in biological processes: The duration of days and nights vary according to different seasons. Thus, the biological clock of human body changes accordingly.

Question 17.
What is the significance of the geographical location of West Bengal?
Answer:
West Bengal is located in the eastern side of India. The Himalayas are located to the north and Bay of Bengal to the south of West Bengal. The geographical location of West Bengal is significant in many ways-

The cold wind from the northern part are not able to reach India because of the location of Himalaya which acts as a barrier in the north. It also protects us from foreign invasion.
The location of the Bay of Bengal protects us from enemies and also helps in international trade. The Kolkata and Haldia ports play a major role in carrying out trade via sea.
The seasonal variation and biodiversity are a result of the geographical location of West Bengal.

Question 18.
Why is Howrah called the ‘Glasgow of India’?
Answer:
The headquarters of Howrah district is Howrah. The second largest city of this state, Howrah is located opposite Kolkata on the western bank of the Hooghly river. Howrah is an important town of the Hooghly industrial region.

The jute industry, engineering industry, cotton textile and other industries are located here. A large number of engineering industries are situated here like the Glasgow city of England, so the city is called the “Glasgow of India’.

Question 19.
Why is Durgapur called the ‘Steel City’?
Answer:
Durgapur is one of the modern industrial cities in West Bengal. Here the engineering industries are highly developed. The Durgapur Steel Plant, Alloy Steel, Central Mechanical Research Institute are located here. In Durgapur, ‘stainless steel’ is made by mixing chromium and nickel. With the help of the joint venture of Canada and Japan, alloy steel is manufactured. The variety of steel projects has made Durgapur a ‘Steel City’.

Question 20.
Why is Siliguri called the ‘Gateway of Northeast India’?
Answer:
Siliguri is the headquarters of Darjeeling district. The NH 31 and NH 24 pass through this town. The NH 31 is connected with Bihar, West Bengal and Assam. The eastern, north eastern railways and Bagdogra airport are located here, which are connected to Kolkata, Patna and Guwahati. This is why Siliguri is known as the ‘Gateway of Northeast India’.

Question 21.
Why is river Damodar called the ‘Sorrow of Bengal’?
Answer:
Damodar is the main river of western plateau and the Rarh region. The excess rain water falling on the river causes the river to overflow its banks leading to floods. A huge loss of life and property is the outcome of these floods, especially for the people residing along the banks of the river. This is why river Damodar is called the ‘Sorrow of Bengal’.

Question 22.
Why are ‘khanris’/creeks found in the Sunderban region of West Bengal?
Answer:
When the tides approach from the Bay of Bengal, much water reaches the innermost parts of the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans and the river causes flood in the delta region. The wide mouth of a river is called ‘Khanri’ or creek. Many such ‘Khanris’ (big and small) have formed as a result of action of tide and ebb.

These ‘khanris’ or creeks merge with each other and the interim lands give rise to islands. These ‘khanris’ are connected with big rivers ultimately, the mouths of which are much wide, but gradually narrow down towards the interior of the land.

Question 23
Why is ground water level of western plateau not high?
Answer:
The groundwater level of Purulia, Bankura, West Midnapore, Birbhum is not high because-

The rainfall is very low in the plateau area, so the level of ground water remains low.
The slope of the area is from west to east, so it does not allow the water to stand and infiltrate below.
The land is made of hard rocks so the infiltration of water is very low.

Question 24.
Discuss the problems and prospects of information technology industry in West Bengal?
Answer:
Problems of information technology industry:

Land problem: Land problem exists in Kolkata and its surrounding areas where the industries are to come up. Land is either scarcely available or prices are too high.
Lack of infrastructure: The lack of infrastructure increases the problem of this industry.

Prospects of information technology industry:

1 acre- 25 acre land have been handed over to 41 companies in Rajarhat.
The ‘Look East’ policy has helped in the growth of the industry.
The SEZ have been formed for this industry.

Question 25.
Discuss the problems and prospects of tourism industry in West Bengal.
Answer:
Problems of tourism industry in West Bengal:

Lack of plans: The infrastructure of the industry is very under-developed. The roads, houses and connectivity are in dismal condition.
Lack of security: The main problem of the industry is lack of proper security.
Lack of maintenance: Historical statues, buildings are ill maintained.

Prospects of tourism industry in West Bengal:

Tourism fair: Foreign tourists are interested in tourism fairs that are held here.
New tourists spots: New tourist spots are being explored for development of more tourist destinations.
Infrastructural development: New hotels, resort are being constructed to facilitate the growth of industries in this state. The infrastructural development with government aid will help the industry to develop further.

Question 26.
What influence does ‘EI Nino’ have on arrival of monsoons in West Bengal?
Answer:
Meaning: ‘El Nino’ is a local term meaning ‘Jesus Christ’.
Concept: The warm current moving towards the south on certain years, in the Pacific Ocean, along eastern Peru, western part of Ecuador, etc., is called El Nino.

Effect on the Monsoon wind in West Bengal: In the years which are affected by El Nino, the southwest monsoon winds become less active although its direct influence is not fully established. However, a link always exists between the occurrence of the El Nino phenomena and the prevalence of draught conditions in India.

Since the southwest monsoons blow over West Bengal, India and south east Asia in general, El Nino influences the climate of West Bengal too. It is commonly seen that EI Nino years coincide with draught conditions in West Bengal.

Write the differences between the following-

Question 1.
Climate of Hilly region and Plateau region
Answer:
The differences between the climate of hilly regions and that of plateau regions are as follows-

Points of difference	Climate of Hilly Region	Climate of Plateau Region
1. Temperature	Average summer temperature: 16°C Average winter temperature: 2°C	Average summer temperature: 40°C Average winter temperature: 10°-12°C
2. Rainfall	Annual rainfall in these regions is greater than 400 cm.	Annual rainfall in these regions is between 100-150 cm.
3. Nature	Wet and cold temperate climate prevails in these regions.	Dry and extreme type of climate prevails in these regions.

Question 2.
Relief of Hilly region and Plateau region
Answer:
The differences between the relief of hilly regions and relief of plateau regions are as follows-

Points of difference	Relief of Hilly Region	Relief of Plateau Region
1. Location	The northern side of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, constitutes the hilly region.	The western plateau is found in Purulia district, Bankura, Burdwan, West Midnapore and Birbhum districts.
2. Characteristics	Mountain, canyon, high slopes are the main features of hilly regions.	Undulating highlands, erosional plateaus, small hills are the features of this region.
3. Slope	It slopes from north to south.	It slopes from west to east and southeast.

Question 3.
Climate in Hilly regions and Coastal regions
Answer:
The differences between climate in hilly regions and climate in coastal regions are as follows-

Points of difference	Climate in Hilly Region	Climate in Coastal Region
1. Temperature	Average summer temperature: 16° C Average winter temperature: 2°C	Average summer temperature: 30°C Average winter temperature: 25°C
2. Rainfall	Annual rainfall is 400 cm in these regions.	Annual rainfall is 200 cm in these regions.
3. Cyclone	In this climate, cylones generally do not occur.	In this climate, cyclones occur during autumn.

Question 4.
Rivers in Hilly regions and Plateau regions
Answer:
The differences between rivers in hilly regions and rivers in plateau regions are as follows-

Points of difference	Rivers in Hilly Regions	Rivers in Plateau Regions
1. Source	Rivers are snowfed. E.g., Teesta river.	Rivers are rainfed. E.g., Ajay river.
2. Direction/Path of Flow	These rivers flow from north to south.	These rivers flow from west to east.
3. Availability of water	Water is available throughout the year.	Water is available only in rainy season.

Question 5.
Rivers of North Bengal and South Bengal
Answer:
The differences between rivers of North Bengal and rivers of South Bengal are as follows-

Points of difference	Rivers of North Bengal	Rivers of South Bengal
1. Source of water	Rivers are snowfed. E.g., Teesta, Torsa, etc.	Rivers are rainfed. E.g., Damodar, Ajay, etc.
2. Direction/Path of flow	The rivers flow across the hilly and plain regions.	The rivers flow in the plateau and plain regions.
3. Availability of water	Rivers in this region are perennial.	Rivers in this region are seasonal.

Give reasons for the following:

Question 1.
The rivers of the western plateau region of West Bengal have no water during the dry season.
Answer:
The famous rivers of the western plateau region are the Damodar, Ajay, Mayurakshi, Kangsabati etc. The rivers have no water in the dry season because-

Rainfed river: Most of the rivers of the plateau area are fed by rain water, and so it has water only during the rainy season.
High temperature: The temperature of the summer season is about 40°C and hence the evaporation ratio is also very high.
Impact of dams: Various dams and reservoirs have been built in this area, for example, on Damodar, Kangsabati, etc. in the lower courses of the river, the amount of water is reduced as a result of this.

Question 2.
Man is responsible for the reduction of the amount of groundwater.
Answer:
The accumulation of water in the permeable rock beds is called groundwater. This groundwater level is decreasing day by day as a result of its withdrawal and exploitation by man for various purposes. Some of them are-

Supply of drinking water: Since population is increasing at a fast pace, the groundwater level is gradually lowering as a result of its withdrawal from wells, tubewells, etc.
Urbanisation: Increasing urbanisation has led to increased concretisation (of roads, pavements, buildings etc.) and decrease in open spaces. Hence the rain water is not able to infiltrate or seep in below the ground. As a result of this, groundwater resources are depleting day by day.
Agriculture: Since cultivation is done throughout the year, even during the dry season (with the help of irrigation-mostly relying on groundwater), the groundwater resources are depleted.

Question 3.
The plain area of West Bengal is ideal for paddy and jute cultivation.
Answer:
In the plain area of West Bengal comprising North and South Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, Burdwan, Hooghly, North and South 24 Parganas, etc., districts production of jute and paddy are quite high.

The conducive factors for cultivation of these two crops are-

Plain land: Plain and flat land is needed for the cultivation of paddy and jute. Thus, plain areas are better for cultivation than the hilly and plateau regions.
Fertile soil: The fertile silty soil is ideal for cultivation of paddy and jute and this is found in these places (including the Gangetic plain of West Bengal).
Labour: Easy availability of cheap labour is important for cultivation of paddy and jute. Since the plains are densely populated, labour is abundant and readily available.

Question 4.
The importance of the Kolkata port is declining gradually.
Answer:
Kolkata was considered as one of the best ports in india. However, its importance is declining due to the following reasons-

1. The decrease in navigability of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly river: The regular deposition of sediments (silt and sand) has decreased the navigability of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly river. Thus, the entry of big ships is becoming difficult in Kolkata port.

2. The meandering nature of the rivers: Numerous big and small meanders exist on the Hooghly river (from its mouth to Kolkata port). This causes difficulties for the ships to enter.

3. Other causes: Since other ports like Paradip, Visakhapatnam, Haldia, etc., have been established, the hinterland of Kolkata port has decreased. Moreover, excessive taxes, labour dissatisfaction, etc., also contribute to the diminishing importance of the port of Kolkata.

Question 5.
A comfortable climate prevails in the northern hilly region.
Answer:
During the summer season in West Bengal, the temperature is high in almost every region. The temperature of the nothern hilly region is comparatively much lower and pleasant and therefore comfortable. The temperature decreases at the rate of 6.4°C 100 m increase in altitude. The altitude of Darjeeling region is 2000 metre and hence the temperature is naturally low. The temperature here during the summer season is 15°-18° and thus the weather is pleasant in summer.

Question 6.
Durgapur is called the ‘Ruhr of India’.
Answer:
Ruhr is a small tributary river of river Rhine of Germany. Industries have developed in this area based on coal found in abundance here. The whole region is called the Ruhr Industrial Region. In West Bengal, coal is found in the Damodar river valley of Burdwan district. The iron and steel industry, cement, engineering industry,etc. have developed here based on coal. That is why, Durgapur is called the ‘Ruhr of India’.

Question 7.
Western plateau is rich in mineral resources.
Answer:
The western plateau is rich in mineral resources. Iron ore, coal, fireclay, china clay, dolomite, limestone, quartz, apatite, wolfram, manganese, and graphite are found here. This region is ancient and is an extension of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The coal deposits belonging to the Gondwana age are found in the Damodar valley region.

Question 8.
Agriculture in the Terai region is not developed.
Answer:
The Terai region comprises parts of the subdivisions of Siliguri, Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar. The area is made up of unconsolidated sediments. The average altitude of the area ranges from 75m to 150m above sea level. Teesta, Torsa, Jaldhaka, Raidak, Sankosh, Mahananda, etc., deposit cobbles, pebbles and other finer sediments here. As such, the region is not suitable for agriculture. On the other hand, the humid conditions are not favourable for cultivation here. However, tobacco and small quantities of paddy and various types of fruits are cultivated here.

Question 9.
The Terai region of West Bengal is also known as the ‘Dooars’ or ‘Duars’.
Answer:
The southern sloping region, in the foothills of the Himalayas is known as ‘Terai’. The area is covered by pebbles and wetlands. ‘Terai’ means wet land. The eastern side of the Terai region along with the northern part of Alipurduar is known as the ‘Dooars’ or ‘Duars’. The word ‘Dooars’ originates from the word ‘Door’. The ‘Dooars’ region is basically the entrance (door) to the plains of West Bengal and the mountainous Bhutan region. It is actually the ‘door’ to Bhutan.

Question 10.
Floods are frequent in the ‘Tal’ area.
Answer:
The area to the left bank of Kalinda river is called ‘Tal’. The western side of Malda, Cooch Behar, North Dinajpur districts is known as the ‘Tal’ area. In this lowland area the rivers flow very slowly and they often change their courses. For example, Mahananda, Kalindi, Jaldhaka, Torsa, etc. Since these rivers have shallow depths, they overflow their banks during the rainy season.

Question 11.
Agriculture is well-developed in the Gangetic delta.
Answer:
The Gangetic delta region is famous for agriculture. Most of the people here depend on agriculture for their livelihood. The reasons for development of agriculture here are-

1. Extensive plain area: The delta region is flat and plain and so it is favourable for agricultural practice as well as irrigation facilities.

2. Fertile silty soil: The area is made up of silty sedimentary soil which is fertile and therefore favourable for agriculture.

3. Appropriate temperature and rainfall: The temperature and rainfall of the tropical area is appropriate. Paddy, jute, and vegetables are cultivated here.

4. High density of population: The high density of population provides abundant labour required for agricultural practice and the demand for crops is also high. That is the reason why agricultural productivity is high here.

Question 12.
The Gangetic delta region has a high density of population.
Answer:
The Gangetic delta is one of the world’s most densely populated regions. The causes of high density of population are-

Plain relief: The plain relief is ideal for agriculture as well as transport and communication.
Moderate climate: The moderate climate and proper rainfall are the causes of high density of population here.
Fertile sedimentary soil: The soil of delta region is made up of sedimentary soil (silt) which is suitable for agriculture.
Development of transport: The area is covered by a good network of railways, roads (State and National Highway).
Job opportunities: The area is developed both in agriculture and industry and so job opportunities are plenty here.

Question 13.
The Sundarbans is called a backward or underdeveloped region.
Answer:
The Sundarbans is called a backwarded or underdeveloped region because-
1. Agricultural problem: The area is comprised of saline soil. Besides, outdated and traditional methods of cultivation are prevalent here which are not favourable for agriculture.

2. Lack of mineral resources: Mineral resources have not been found in this region. Thus industries based on these minerals have not developed here.

3. Underdeveloped transport: The area is riverine in nature and so roadway and railway facilities are underdeveloped here. Boats and steamers are the main modes of transport here.

4. Lack of electricity: Many small islands here are devoid of electricity. Thus, even small industries have not developed here.

5. Natural hazards: Oceanic cyclone, tsunami, flood, breaking of dams causing floods, etc., are the main problems of this area. They cause much loss to life and property in this region.

Question 14.
The Sundarban area has low population.
Answer:
The Sundarban area has low population because-

The agricultural land available is very small.
The soil is saline and so agricultural production is low.
Irrigation facility is low in this region.
Transport and communication system are outdated and underdeveloped. Proper transport system is lacking here.
There is no industry in this area.
Natural hazards like cyclone, floods are the main problems.
Insects, snakes and wild animals like tigers are the main causes of the low population.

Question 15.
Agriculture is of much importance in West Bengal.
Answer:
The importance of agriculture in the economy of West Bengal is unlimited-
1. Source of employment: About 70% people are engaged in agriculture. Around 53-55% of the labourers are engaged in agriculture either directly or indirectly. Agriculture thus provides ample job opportunities to the people of the state.

2. Agriculture oriented industry: Tea, jute, food processing industries are agro-based industries. The industry depends on agriculture for its development.

3. Foreign exchange: The two major agricultural crops of West Bengal are tea and jute. The export of these two crops helps in earning foreign exchange.

4. Prosperity of the fertiliser industry: Various fertilisers are used for production of crops and this has led to the prosperity of this industry.

Question 16.
Agriculture faces several problems in West Bengal.
Answer:
Although agriculture in West Bengal has great importance, yet it is faced with several problems-

Much of the land could not be brought under irrigation yet and so agricultural productivity in certain areas is hampered.
Agriculture is mainly dependent on monsoon winds. Any fluctuation in the wind pattern causes loss of crops.
High quality seeds are not used everywhere and hence agricultural productivity is low.
Old agricultural methods like ploughs, sickles and animals are still used. Modern implements are not used.
The capital investment is very low.
The market price of produced crops is very low. Many farmers commit suicide out of frustration.

Question 17.
West Bengal is known as a riverine or riparious state.
Answer:
West Bengal is a riverine or riparious state with many rivers, tributaries, sub-tributaries, etc. They all have created a drainage network. The sources of these rivers are the Himalaya range and western plateau or Chota Nagpur Plateau. The rivers fall into the Bay of Bengal. It will not be wrong to call West Bengal a gift of the Ganga, Bhagirathi and their tributaries. Hence it is called a riverine or a riparious state.

Question 18.
Kangsabati is called the ‘Sorrow of Midnapore’.
Answer:
River Kangsabati has its sources in the Ajodhya Hills and flows through Bankura, West Midnapore and East Midnapore districts. It meets river Haldi in Malda and enters the Bay of Bengal. Since the gradient is very low in East Midnapore district, flooding occurs as a result of heavy rainfall in this region. Since these floods result in massive destruction of life and property here, Kangsabati is called the ‘Sorrow of Midnapore’.

Question 19.
Kolkata and Howrah are called ‘Twin Cities’.
Answer:
The two main and significant cities of West Bengal-Kolkata and Howrah, are located on either banks of river Hooghly. Kolkata is located on the eastern bank and is the capital of West Bengal, while Howrah which is the main industrial city lies just on its opposite bank.

These two cities are connected by two bridges which have been built over river Hooghly, known as the Howrah Bridge (Rabindra Setu) and Vidyasagar Bridge/Setu. Kolkata is the centre of trade and commerce, politics and culture. On the other hand, Howrah is known as the ‘Glasgow of India’ and stands out as an important industrial centre. These two cities are dependent on each other and this is the reason why they are called ‘Twin Cities’.

Long Questions and Answers : (5 marks for each question)

Question 1.
Write a note on the administrative divisions of West Bengal.
Answer:
West Bengal is divided into 20 districts. The districts are divided into sub-divisions and blocks. Earlier, the districts were also divided into administrative divisions of Presidency, Burdwan and Jalpaiguri. The districts and their headquarters are as follows- WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 4

Question 2.
Describe the restructuring of West Bengal after independence of India.
Answer:
There was no state known by the name of West Bengal before India’s independence on August 15, 1947. At that time, undivided Bengal was known as ‘Bangadesh’. The different stages of evolution of the administrative regions of West Bengal from the previous Bangadesh are as follows-

1. In 1947 when India was divided, Bengal was divided too. One-third of the land area of Bengal formed West Bengal, while the rest went on to form East Pakistan. The Boundary Commission was formed in 1947 under the leadership of the English lawyer Radcliff Brown. He marked the boundary between West Bengal and Bangladesh.

2. Religion was the major basis of the partition of Bengal. The majority non-Muslins formed West Bengal and Bangladesh was formed where Muslim community was the majority. At that point of time in 1947, the total area comprising West Bengal was 78,000 sqkm.

3. The Islampur sector of Bihar was annexed to the district of West Dinajpur of West Bengal in 1947.

4. The French colonies of Chandannagar, Gaurhati was included in West Bengal.

5. The Mahananda Corridor was formed after including the Bengali-speaking region of eastern Purnea district of Bihar (in accordance with the law of re-construction of states).

6. A self-governed region of Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Board (‘Parshad’) was formed including the hilly region of Darjeeling district of West Bengal in 1988.

7. In 1986, the 24 Parganas district of West Bengal was divided into two-North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas.

8. In 1992, the district of West Dinajpur was divided as North Dinajur and South Dinajpur. The corridor named ‘Teen Bigha’ was leased to Bangladesh, that included the district of Cooch Behar, the bordering regions of Makaliganj and Kuchilbari.

9. In 2002, the district of Midnapore was divided into two-West Midnapore and East Midnapore.

10. The latest development/change in the administrative boundary of West Bengal was the creation of Alipurduar district (by breaking a part of Jalpaiguri district) on June 25, 2014.

Question 3.
Give an account of the relief features of West Bengal.
Answer:
The relief features of West Bengal are very diverse.
WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 6

Northern Hilly Region:
Location: The whole of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts are the sub-divisions of Siliguri and the area is a hilly region.

Characteristics:

The area is a part of eastern Himalayas.
The average height is 2600-2700m.
The area has several canyons and is inaccessible in general.

WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 7

The western side of Teesta river has the Himalayan mountain ranges-

Singalila mountain range,
Darjeeling-Kurseong range.

Three main peaks of Singalila mountain range are located in Darjeeling district. They areSandakphu (3630 m), Phalut (3596 m), Sabargram (3543m ). In Darjeeling-Kurseong mountain range the highest peak is Tiger Hill (2573 m). The eastern side of Teesta river has Jayanti Hill and Dooars, where the peak Rishila (3121m) is located.

Western Plateau Region:
Location: The whole district of Purulia, West Midnapore, Bankura, Burdwan, and the western part of Birbhum district, is an undulating land and this is the plateau area.

Characteristics:

In west the height is 600m and in east the height is 100m.
The soil of the area is rocky and full of pebbles.

Hills: The area has many low hills, e.g., the Ayodhya Hill, Baghmundi Hill, Panchet Hill of Purulia district. Biharinath Hill, Susunia Hill of Bankura district, Mama Bhagne Hill of Birbhum district are located here. The highest peak of the plateau region is Gorgaburu Hill (677m).

Plain Region:
Location: Except the Northern hilly region and western plateau region, the whole area is a plain region.

Characteristics:

The region is not very high.
The region is not continuous.

Division: The region is divided into four parts, namely-
1. Plain region of North Bengal: Northern plain region lies in the middle of the northern hilly region and southern part of Ganga river. The slope of the region is from north to south. Terai region is the foothill of Himalayan range and the Ganga Brahmaputra doab region is known by different names in different areas.

For depositional work, that is, siltation and thereby helps in the process of delta formation. An island called ‘Purbasha’ has recently been created here. example, the low regions of Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar, South Dinajpur is known as ‘Tal’, the old sediment soil in the east of the Malda district is called ‘Barendra’ land and the western part is known as ‘Diara’.

2. Rarh plain: The eastern side of Birbhum, Bankura, Burdwan, West Midnapore district, major part of Howrah, Hooghly, north-central part of East Midnapore is called Rarh Plain. The slope of the area is from west to east.

3. Delta plain: Nadia, North and South 24 Parganas and Howrah, Hooghly and the eastern low lands of Murshidabad district is called the delta region.

4. Sandy coastal plain: The sandy coastal plain is located along the Bay of Bengal in East Midnapore. The slope of the area is from north to south.

Question 4.
Describe the rivers of West Bengal.
Answer:
Rivers of West Bengal: The rivers are divided on the basis of source, direction of flow, amount of water carried, type of delta, etc.

Rivers of North Bengal,
Middle Ganga and ts tributaries,
Rivers of western plateau area and Rarh area,
Southern Sunderban region and its rivers,
Rivers of the sandy area.

1. Rivers of North Bengal: The rivers of North Bengal are snowfed. They flow from north to south. The rivers are Teesta, Jaldhaka, Mahananda, Sankosh, Raidak, Torsa, etc.

2. Middle Ganga and its tributaries: The river is divided into two parts, one is Hooghly river in West Bengal and other is Padma in Bangladesh. The tributaries of Ganga are ichamati, Churni, Jalangi, etc.

3. Western Plateau and Rarh region and its rivers: The rivers are rainfed. The slope of the land is from west to east and southeast. The rivers of this region are-Damodar, Dwarkeshwar, Silabati, Kangsabati, Ajay, Mayurakshi, Dwarka, etc.

4. Rivers of Sundarbans: Saptamukhi, Matla, Raimangal, Bidyadhari, etc., are the rivers of Sundarbans.

5. Rivers of sandy area of Kanthi: The rivers of this region are of tidal nature. Rasulpur and Champa are the rivers of the sandy area of Kanthi.

WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 8

Question 5.
Describe the relief and rivers of the plateau area of West Bengal.
Answer:
Relief features of the plateau area:

Purulia district, western part of West Midnapore, Bankura, Burdwan and undulative areas of Birbhum are all parts of the western plateau region.
From the geological point of view this area is a part of the plateau region. This ancient part of west Bengal is made up of old igneous and metamorphic rock.
The western part is higher than the eastern part. The highest peak of this area is Gorgaburu (677m). The land slopes from west to east.
The plateau area is covered with hard rocks. For example, Ayodhya hill, Baghmundi Hill.
Gorgaburu is the highest peak of the Ayodhya Hill. Panchet Hill and Bhandari Hill are in the southern part of this district.
Belpahari in West Midnapore, and Susunia Hill (440m), are located in the western plateau.

Rivers of the plateau area:

The rivers are the tributaries of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly river.
The rivers originate from Chota Nagpur plateau region.
The rivers are rainfed and so they remain dry except during the rainy season.

The major rivers of this region are-

Damodar: It originates from the Khamarpat hill of Palamau district in Jharkhand and joins river Hooghly downstream.
Kasai or Kangsabati: It originates from the hills of Purulia district and flows to the southeast to meet river Hooghly later on. Kumari Nadi is a tributary of this river.
Dwarakeswer and Shilai or Silabati: These two rivers combine near Ghatal in West Midnapore and then is known Rupnarayan. It then meets river Hooghly near Gaonkhali in East Midnapore.
Others: The other important rivers of this region are Mayurakshi, Ajay, Dwarka, Brahmani, Bakreswar, Kopai, Subarnarekha, etc.

Question 6.
Give an account of the landforms of the various plains of West Bengal.
Answer:
The whole of West Bengal is comprised of plains except the mountainous region of the north and the plateau region in the west. These vast plain can be divided into four types of landforms-

Plains of North Bengal,
Rarh plains,
Deltaic plains and
Sandy coastal plains.

Plains of North Bengal: The plain region lying between the river Ganga in the south and the Darjeeling region in the north is known as the plains of North Bengal. This region can be classified into-

Terai or Dooars plains, and
Ganga-Brahmaputra doab plain.

1. Terai and Dooars Plain:

This region comprises most part of southern Jalpaiguri district and Siligrui.
The Himalayan mountains meet the plain here with gentle slope and create almost a plain-like landform.
Heaps of pebbles and rocks and westlands are seen scattered all around.
This land slopes from north to south. This region receives heavy rainfall, and hence remains wet.

2. Ganga-Brahmaputra Doab Plain: The plain lying between the Ganga and Brahmapurta may be classified as-

Tal: The lowlying area between rivers Kalindi and Mahananda is known as ‘Tal’. Numerous wetlands and marshes are seen here.
Barind or Barind Tract: The area encompassing the eastern part of South Dinajpur district and the eastern part of Malda district is undulating and made up.
of ancient silt. This region is known as Barind tract.
Diara: This lowlying area composed of new silt, to the south of river Kalindi flowing along the southwestern part of Malda district is called ‘Diara’.

Rarh Plain:

The vast expanse of plains lying between Bhagirathi-Hooghly to the east and the plateau region to the west is known as ‘Rarh’ region.
It comprises the plains of the district of West and East Midnapore, Bankura, Burdwan, Birbhum etc.
The Rarh plains have been formed as a result of deposition of silt of rivers Damodar, Ajay, Mayurakshi.
The highest elevation of this region is in the west (75m) and lowest in the east (10m) and thus it has a general slope from west to east.
The region is composed of silt.
Small hills are seen scattered here and there.
To the south of the Rarh plains, Digha and Kanthi are present in the sandy area of East Midnapore.

Deltaic Plain: It comprises the plains of the districts of Nadia, North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas and Kolkata. This area can be divided into further groups on the basis of structural differences-

1. Moribund delta: The northernmost part of the delta is known as the Moribund delta. This is because the rivers here do not deposit silt and so the process of delta formation no longer exists here. The landforms here comprise some ox-bow lakes, creeks and wetlands.

2. Mature delta: This region stretches from the southern part of the Moribund delta to the northern part of the Sundarban region. It comprises Kolkata, the southern part of North 24 Parganas and northern part of South 24 Parganas. The rivers flowing here deposit some amount of silt when the rivers are flooded.

3. Active delta: The southern part of South 24 Parganas is a part of the active delta. This region is called active since the rivers of the Sundarbans are still carrying out the depositional work, that is, siltation and thereby helps in the process of deltaformation. An island called ‘Purbasha’ has recently been created here.

Question 7.
Give an account of the landforms and rivers of the Rarh plain and the Gangetic delta.
Answer:
Rarh Plain:
1. Landforms: The extensive plains composed of reddish soil and stretching between the Bhairathi-Hooghly river to its east and the plateau region to its west, is known as ‘Rarh’ region. The plains of the districts of East and West Midnapore, Bankura, Burdwan, etc., are all parts of this region.

This region has been formed as result of deposition of silt by the rivers Ajay, Damodar, Mayurakshi, etc. The average elevation of this area is higher in the west (75m) and lower in the east (10m). As such, the slope of the land is from west to east.

2. Rivers: Most of the rivers in this region have their sources in the Chota Nagpur Plateau to its west and they either flow to the east or southeast, following the slope of the land. For example, the Damodar river originates from the Khamarpat hills of Palamau district of Jharkhand and meets the Bhagirathi-Hooghly to its east.

A branch of river Damodar, known as Mundeswari meets the Rupnarayan river. Later on, the Dwarakeswar and Silabati rivers, after flowing towards the southeast, are known as Rupnarayan and meets the Hooghly river. Other notable rivers of this region include Kangsabati, Ajay, Bakreswar, Mayurakshi, Dwaraka, etc.

Gangetic Delta:
1. Landforms: The plains of Kolkata and the districts of Nadia, North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly and Murshidabad fall under the delta plains.

This region has been divided into 3 parts on the basis of structural differences-

Moribund delta: The rivers in this region does not deposit any silt and therefore the process of delta formation has stopped here. The districts of Nadia and Murshidabad come under this region.
Mature delta: Kolkata, northern parts of North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas comprise this area. The rivers here deposit some amount of silt during floods.
Active delta: The process of delta formation is very much active here because the rivers deposit silt in large amounts. Recently an island called ‘Purbasha’ has been created here.

2. Rivers: The major river of this delta region is the Bhagirathi-Hooghly and its important tributaries are Ichamati, Churni, Jalangi, etc. These rivers flow from north to south over the deltaic plains. Besides, many rivers of the Sunderbans are fed by tidal waters, such as, Raimangal, Matla, Gosaba, Bidyadhari, etc.

Question 8.
Write a note on the characteristics of the climate of West Bengal. In which region of West Bengal are winter clothes required even in summer?
Answer:
Characteristics of the climate:
1. Change of seasons: The main characteristics of the climate of West Bengal is season change. Summer, monsoon, autumn and winter are the four main seasons of West Bengal. Before the arrival of winter, the dewy season is observed, while spring marks the beginning of summer.

2. Extensive impact of Tropical Monsoon wind: In summer the hot southwestern monsoon winds and in winter the dry northeastern monsoon winds blow over the state. These two winds bring hot and humid summers and cold and dry winters in West Bengal.

3. Opposite direction of winds: In West Bengal, the direction of wind in summer is opposite to the direction of wind in winter.

4. Wet summer and dry winter: Generally rainfall occurs in summer so the summer is basically wet and humid. In winter, rainfall is little in amount (due to northern disturbances) and so the winter is dry.

5. Northern region is rainfall prone: As a result of the Southwest monsoon winds West Bengal receives heavy rainfall in its northern Himalayan region. The hilly regions of West Bengal receives an average rainfall of 400 cm annually.

6. Entire West Bengal except the mountainous regions has moderate type of climate: As North Bengal is a mountainous area, summers are pleasant but winters are bitterly cold. In the rest of West Bengal the annual range of temperature is not very high. Pleasant climate prevails in the plains and coastal regions. The western plateau area (especially Purulia) experiences night.

Question 9.
Discuss the main climatic factors of West Bengal. What are the characteristics of the rivers of the Sundarbans?
Answer:
The main climatic factors of West Bengal:
1. Tropic of Cancer: Since the Tropic of Cancer (23% 1/2N°) passes over West Bengal, the state (except the mountainous region of Darjeeling) is warm in nature.

2. Monsoon winds: The moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds blow over West Bengal during the rainy season causing widespread rainfall. Again, the dry northeast monsoon winds blow over the state causing no rainfall. These winds are cold since they arrive from mountainous areas. Thus, West Bengal experiences cold weather devoid of rainfall during the winter months.

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3. Altitude of the land: There is an inverse relationship between altitude and temperature. With every 1000 metre of ascent, the temperature drops at the rate of 6.4C and hence the temperature lowers with increase in altitude. Since the Himalayan mountain regions are greater in altitude as compared to the plains, they have much lower temperature.

4. Location of the Bay of Bengal: Since the Bay of Bengal lies to the south of West Bengal, it has a moderate climate with no extreme temperature.

5. Location of the Himalayan mountains: The Himalayas are aligned from west to east across the northern part of the state. On one hand, it is responsible for causing rainfall (relief or orographic rainfall), while on the other, it acts as a barrier and prevents the cold winds (northeast monsoon winds) from blowing over the state during the winter months.

The characteristics of the rivers of Sundarbans: Most of the rivers of Sunderbans are fed by tidal waters. For example, Saptamukhi, Matla, Raimangal, Bidyadhari, etc. The characteristis of these rivers are-

They are perennial and have water throughout the year since they are tidal in nature.
The river water is saline.
They have short courses.
Creeks are seen in these rivers.
The rivers have wide mouths.
All the rivers fall into the Bay of Bengal.

Question 10.
Give an account of the climatic characteristics of the different seasons in West Bengal.
Answer:
Climate of West Bengal: Although the Government of India has demarcated four types of climate in West Bengal, viz., summer, monsoon, autumn and winter, the autumn season just before the onset of winter and the dewy season just before the onset of summer are also noticeable.

Different Seasons:

1. Summer:
Duration: It lasts from March to May. As the sun moves towards the Tropic of Cancer from the Equator, the temperature in West Bengal gradually increases.

2. Characteristics:

About 30°C is the standard normal temperature of West Bengal, but in the plateau region in the west, temperature reaches 45°C. Purulia district experiences the maximum temperature and dry hot winds called ‘loo’ are rampant during this season here.

Since the mountainous areas have high altitude, temperatures are low here and the coastal regions also experience moderate/maritime climate. The temperature in the mountainous area of Darjeeling is 12-18°C.

Thunderstorms accompanied with lightning called ‘Kalbaishakhi’ are a common feature which usually occur during afternoons in the summer season. Rainfall is often accompanied with hailstorms.

2. Rainy season:
Duration: It lasts from June to September. The rainy season usually convenes from early June. It establishes itself in West Bengal with heavy rainfall, starting from the second week of June with the entry of moisture-laden southwest monsoon wind in West Bengal.

Characteristics:

Under the influence of the moisture-laden monsoon winds, highest amount rainfall is experienced in the mountainous region of the north (an average of about 400cm.
The rainfall amount gradually decreases towards the south. In the plains of North Bengal it is 200-250 cm, and in the delta region it is 150-200cm. But the coastal regions receive a comparatively higher amount if rain.
The average rainfall amount in the rainy season is 175cm in West Bengal.
Highest amount of rainfall is recorded in the Buxaduar region (535 cm) and the least amount in Purulia district (75cm). Compared to the summer season, the temperature is quite low during this time.

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3. Autumn:
Duration: It lasts from October November. Autumn arrives when the sun moves from the Equator to the Tropic of Capricorn, i.e., from the end September and the beginning of October.

Characteristics:

The southwest mo soon winds retreat from West Beng which results in decreasing amount rainfall
The average temperature about 30°C.
During the retreatin monsoon season, thunderstorms having their origin in the Bay of Bengal are common feature during this period These thunderstorms are known a ‘Aswin’ storms.

4. Winter:
(1) Duration: It lasts from December t February. The sun is directly overhead the Tropic of Capricorn during this time

Characteristics:

Cold and dry northeast monsoon winds begin to blow during this period.
The temerature o West Bengal is much lower during this time (E.g., it is 4°C-7°C in the mountainous regions and from 16°C-10°C in the southern and western parts of the state).
Rainfall does not occur and the weather is stable.
Occasionally slight rainfall occurs under the influence of low depressions in northwest India. These are known ‘Western Disturbances’.

Question 11.
Explain the influence of monsoon winds on the climate of West Bengal.
Answer:
Influence of monsoon winds on the climate of West Bengal: Two different types of winds blow over West Bengal-

The humid southwest monsoon wind that blows during summer,
The dry northeast monsoon wind that blows during winter. These two winds are mainly responsible for regulating the climate of West Bengal.

1. The climate of West Bengal can be divided into 4 seasons according to the onset and retreat of these two wind systems-

premonsoon or summer season,
monsoon or rainy season when the southwest monsoon winds are active,
retreat of the southwest monsoon winds or autumn season, and
onset of northeast monsoon winds or winter season.

2. Not only the demarcation of seasons, the climatic characteristics of West Bengal are also influenced by the nature of monsoon winds.

3. The northeast monsoon winds blow from the north towards the south during winter (from December to February). Since these winds are cold, the temperature drops in West Bengal and it is known as the winter season. Rainfall does not occur in this period as these winds are dry.

4. The northeast monsoon winds start retreating from West Bengal from the end of February and the southwest monsoon winds arrive during the interim period (from March to May). As a result, the temperature rises, and this period is known as the summer season.

5. The southwest monsoon wind blows over West Bengal from June to September. Since this wind is moisture-laden, the sky is overcast and rainfall occurs. This season is called the rainy/monsoon season.

6. With the retreat of the southwest monsoon winds, the sky is clear and temperature gradually decreases.

Question 12.
Give a classification of soils in West Bengal and describe them in brief.
Answer:
According to the famous soil scientist Jenny, soil is formed by the combined effect of climate, biosphere, relief, parental rock and time. The classification of soil has been shown below-
WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 11
1. Soil of hilly region:
Location: It is mostly found in the districts of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar, etc.

Characteristics:

This is a type of podsol soil,
brown in colour,
soil fertility is medium.

Crops produced: Tea, orange, cinchona, etc.

2. Terai soil:
Location: It is found in the foothills of the Himalayas.
Characteristics:

Pebbly soil,
grey in colour,
soil fertility is medium.

Crops produced: Paddy, wheat, tea, potato are cultivated.

3. Soil of plateau region:
Location: It is mostly found in Purulia, Bankura, Birbhum, Burdwan, West Midnapore, Malda and South Dinajpur.

Characteristics:

Generally laterite soil, which is red in colour and hard as brick,
soil is infertile,
water absorbing capacity is low,
soil is of two types-laterite soil, red soil.

Crops produced: Tea, corn, etc.

4. Soil of the plain region:
Location: It is mostly found in North and South Dinajpur, Murshidabad, Nadia, North and South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly etc.

Characteristics:

Soil is fertile,
usually silty in nature.

Crops produced: Paddy, wheat, jute, sugarcane, etc.

5. Coastal soil:
Location: It is found in the Sunderbans and Kanthi coastal region.

Characteristics:

Soil is saline,
black in colour,
water-retaining capacity is low,
soil is infertile.

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Question 13.
Describe the natural vegetation of West Bengal.
Answer:
The monsoon winds blow over West Bengal and the climate is tropical monsoon type. The natural vegetation is directly influenced by the climate.
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Vegetation of Northern Hilly Region:
Location: Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri districts.

Evergreen trees: These trees grow between an altitude of 100m and 1500m from the foothills. The main trees of this category are-sal, segun, shishu, garjan, bamboo, cane, etc.
Temperate coniferous forest: These trees are found between 1500m and 3000m of altitude. The important trees of this region are oak, maple, pine, spruce, deodar, birch, etc.
Alpine trees: These trees grow between 3000m and 4000m of altitude. The mostly found trees are-silver pine, rhododendron etc.

Vegetation of Northern Dooars Region:
1. Location: Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts fall under the Dooars vegetation area.
2. Characteristics:

The trees are typical to hilly regions.
The forests are concentrated in the foothills of the mountains.

3. Main trees: Sal, segun, khair, cane, bamboo, etc.

Vegetation of Western Plateau Region:
1. Location: Purulia, Bankura, West Midnapore districts.
2. Characteristics:

The area has low rainfall.
The area is covered by laterite soil.

3. Main trees: Arjun, shimul, sal, palash, mahua, etc.

Vegetation of Plain Region:
1. Location: North and South Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad, North and South 24 Parganas, East and West Midnapore, Burdwan, Howrah and Birbhum districts.

2. Characteristics:

The forests are dispersed in nature.
The forests have been mostly cleared because of population and agriculture.

3. Main trees: Banyan, mango, tamarind, bel, jamun, asathwa, jackfruit, etc.

Vegetation of Delta Region:
1. Location: North and South 24 Parganas, the coastal areas of the Bay of Bengal.
2. Characteristics:

The trees grow in the saline soil.
The trees are of mangrove type.

3. Main trees: Sundari, garan, geoa, hetal, hogla, keora, surja shisir, etc.

WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 14

Question 14.
What are the characteristics of agriculture in West Bengal?
Answer:
Characteristics of agriculture of West Bengal: West Bengal is a monsoon-dependent state. The impact of monsoon is great on agricultural practices in West Bengal. The agricultural characteristics of West Bengal are-

1. Monsoon-dependent agriculture:

Most of the cultivation is largely dependent on the southwest monsoon winds.
The kharif crops are cultivated as per the monsoon rains.
The cultivation is incertain because of the uncertainty of the monsoon rains.

2. Intensive agriculture:

Intensive agriculture is practised because the population density is high.
Intensive agriculture is practised because the demand for food is also very high. A single piece of land is thus cultivated more than once to produce various crops.

3. Labour-intensive agriculture:

The agriculture of West Bengal is labourintensive since use of machines is minimal.
The farmers cultivate their fields with outdated implements like ploughs and bullocks.

4. Livelihood-based agriculture:

The agricultural practises of West Bengal are for the livelihood of the people.
The cultivated crops are used by the farmers themselves since surplus is very less.

5. Crop rotation system: The crop rotation system is followed to retain the fertility of the soil.

6. Importance of paddy cultivation:

Since rice is the staple food of the people of West Bengal, paddy is cultivated in abundance.
Moreover, the fertile silty soil of the delta regions as well as the warm and humid climate is conducive for paddy cultivation.

7. Development of irrigation and cultivation of rabi crops:

In winter, rabi crops are cultivated with the help of irrigation.
The productivity of rabi crops is increased with the help of irrigation by wells, tubewells, and canals. The capacity of irrigation has been increased which facilitates productivity.

8. Decrease in importance of jute cultivation:

Demand for jute products in the international market is low and thus the state is now faced with a crisis in the jute industry.
Since the price of jute has decreased, the farmers are not interested in cultivating jute anymore.

9. Increase in the importance of tea cultivation: The production and sale of tea has increased in West Bengal in recent times. The tea gardens have increased in numbers in North Dinajpur and Purulia district as a result.

10. Production of silk and indigo:

The price of silk has increased in the world market over the past few years.
Silk and indigo are now raised on a large scale in the districts of Malda, Murshidabad, North and South Dinajpur.

11. Increase in the production of oil seeds:

Since the production of mustard and ‘rai’ oil seeds are low in West Bengal. They have to be imported from the northern states of India, as a result of which fluctuation of price occurs.
At present, much stress is laid on increased production of oil seeds.

12. Production of fishing and poultry farming besides crop cultivation: Since the main food of West Bengal comprises fish, egg, meat, etc., poultry-farming is gaining importance along with pisciculture together with cultivation of crops.

13. Agricultural development programmes: The development of agriculture has increased with the help of 5 year plans and 3-tier Panchayat Management System.

14. Forecast of Green Revolution: The crop cultivation in West Bengal has increased as result of the Green Revolution in Punjab and Haryana (where cultivation is done using ‘modern measures).

Question 15.
Give an account of the main agricultural crops of West Bengal.
Answer:
The main agricultural crops of West Bengal: The fertile silty soil is found almost everywhere in West Bengal except the hilly and plateau regions. This soil has great influence on agricultural productivity in West Bengal.

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1. Paddy: West Bengal holds the first position in terms of production of paddy in India. About 91% of food grains in West Bengal is comprised of paddy.

Areas of paddy production: Burdwan, Murshidabad, Birbhum, Bankura, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly, South 24 Parganas, East Midnapore, Bihar, Cooch Behar, North Dinajpur, etc.

Types of paddy: On the basis of seasons, the paddy produced are of three types-

Aman
Aus and
Boro.

Aman paddy: The cultivation of this type of paddy is done from July to November. Paddy is cultivated in Birbhum and Burdwan districts.
Aus paddy: The cultivation of this type of paddy is done from April to August.
Boro paddy: The cultivation of this type of paddy is done from November to April.

2. Jute: West Bengal is one of the most important centres of jute production in India. Jute is the most important cash crop here. So, jute cultivation influences the economy of West Bengal in a large scale.
Areas of jute production: Howrah, Hooghly, North and South Dinajpur, Murshidabad, Malda are the major jute producing areas of West Bengal.

3. Tea: West Bengal holds the second position in the production of tea, and is quite consistent in its productivity. Tea cultivation is largely practised in the hilly slopes of the northern regions.
Areas of tea cultivation: Best quality tea is produced in Darjeeling in West Bengal. Important tea producing centres of Darjeeling are Happy Valley, Kurseong, Makaibari, Bijanbari etc. Tea is also produced in the foot, hills of Himalayas of the Dooars region. The areas where tea is cultivated are Mal, Binaguri, Madarihat, Chalsha, Naxalbari, Kumargram, Nagarkata etc.

Type of Crops	Main Crops
1. Food grains	Paddy, wheat, corn, lentils, etc.
2. Plantation crops	Tea, cinchona, indigo, etc.
3. Fibre crops	Jute, ‘shon’, mesta, etc.
4. Fruits	Mango, jackfruit, papaya, banana, litchi, pineapple, guava, etc.
5. Vegetables	Potato, onions, stripped gourd, cauliflower, cabbage, brinjal, ridge gourd, etc.
6. Other crops	Coconut, pan/betel leaf, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tobacco, oil seeds, etc.

Question 16.
Give an account of rice-producing regions of West Bengal. What are the conducive factors for the cultivation of paddy/rice?
Answer:
The staple diet of most of the people of West Bengal is rice. intensive cultivation is practised here since the land is not enough to support the large population. Again, the same piece of land is utilised for growing different types of paddy like ‘Aus’, ‘Aman’ and ‘Boro’, according to the seasons. Moreover, high-yielding variety of seeds are cultivated to reap maximun productivity from the lard, viz., ‘Jaya’, ‘Ratna’, ‘Padma’, etc.

Regions in West Bengal where paddy is cultivated: Large quantities o. addy are produced from the districts of Burdwan, West Midnapore, Murshidabad, Birbhum, East Midnapore, South 24 Parganas, North Dinajpur, Purulia, Malda, South Dinajpur, Cooch Behar, Jalpaiguri, etc.

WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 17
Congenial Environment for cultivation of paddy: Both natural and artificial/man-made factors are responsible for producing paddy.

1. Natural/Physical factors:
Rainfall: High amount of rainfall is needed during paddy cultivation. An annual rainfall of 150-200cm is suitable. However, if it rains below 100cm, irrigation is necessary. Thus, paddy cultivation in West Bengal mainly depends on rainfall.

2. Temperature: About 10°C-20° C temperature is needed from planting the sapling to opening of the leaves. 35°C-37°C temperature is needed during the harvesting time.

3. Soil: Fertile silty or alluvial soil is needed for paddy cultivation. Besides, loamy, clayey, sandy, laterite and soils of the ‘Terai’ and hilly soils are also suitable for paddy cultivation.

4. Land: Though all types of land are suitable, plains which are flat are ideal for paddy cultivation. This is the reason why riverine flood plains are ideal.

2. Man-made factors:

Labour: Being a labour-intensive cultivation, the densely populated regions produce more paddy.
Transport: Since rapid and developed modes of transport are needed, areas having such facilities are ideal.
Demand: Demand is particularly high in the densely populated region and paddy cultivation has gained much importance here.

Question 17.
Mention the tea-producing regions of West Bengal and underline the conducive factors for tea cultivation.
Answer:
Tea is a mild beverage and is a commercial/ cash crop. The plantations are mostly located in tropical and sub-tropical regions. West Bengal ranks second in the production of tea in india.

Main tea-producing regions of West Bengal: Best quality flavoured tea is produced in the Darjeeling district. Along the hilly slopes ranging between 90m to 2000m in altitude, terraces have been made for tea plantations. The most important tea producers here are Happy Valley, Kurseong, Makaibari, Mobaibari, Mohorgan, etc. Some tea plantations are seen in Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri of the Dooars region of West Bengal and the foothills of the Himalayas in the district of Alipurduar.

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Conducive factors for cultivation of tea: They can be grouped into two-
1. Physical environment: The important factors are-

Relief: This is an important factor for the cultivation of tea. Sloping land where water does not stand is required and that is why hill slopes are ideal locations. Since these soil areas are prone to erosion, terraces are prepared along the contours for tea plantations.

Climate: Hot and wet climate having a high amount of rainfall is necessary since they influence the flavour, colour and taste of tea. Rainfall ranging between 150cm and 200cm, and average annual temperature of
20°C-30°C and summer temperature of 27° C, is ideal for tea cultivation. Snowfall is harmful for tea plantations.

Soil: Fertile, acidic, iron and manganese-bearing soils are ideal for tea cultivation. However, sufficient amounts of nitrogen, zinc and potassium are also needed.

2. Man-made factors: Some of the important artificial/man-made factors are-

Capital: The capital is needed for maintenance of tea gardens, labour wages, implements, fertilisers, pesticides etc.
Labour: Skilled workers are required to pick tea-leaves. Large number of laboures are required for the tea processing work.
Transport: Developed transport system is essential for exporting after processing it (since tea plantations are located in hilly areas).
Others: Besides the above factors, advanced technology, demand for tea, administrative facilities, market etc., also influence production of tea.

Question 18.
What are the reasons for development of industries in West Bengal?
Answer:
Reasons for development of industries in West Bengal: Among all human activities, industrial development is the most prominent one. When the raw materials are processed into utility items for the benefit of mankind, the process is known as industry. The factors causing industrial development may be grouped into two types-

geographical and
economic factors.

1. Geographical factors: The geographical factors behind improvement of industries in West Bengal are as follows-
(1) Importance of raw materials: Raw material is the most important factor for industrial development. Certain characteristics of raw materials are important, viz.,

nature of utility of raw materials,
perishability of raw materials,
use of alternative raw materials.

(2) Availability of power/energy: Energy is required to run the equipments for processing the raw materials. Thermal power and hydroelectricity are the two most widely used powers.

(3) Congenial climate: Certain industries need specific climatic conditions. For example, dry climate for leather industry, sunny climate for film industry, humid climate for textile industry etc.

(4) Supply of water: Large amount of water is required for any industry. This is the reason why jute mills are located on either banks of river Hooghly.

2. Economic factors: The most important factors are-

(1) Advanced transport system: Since the raw materials have to be brought to the industrial sites and the finished products to be taken to the domestic markets as well as for export, transport system plays a vital role. Developed transport network and accessibility are therefore important factors for industrial development.

(2) Availability of labour: Labour is essential for industrial development. Lack of skilled labour in Australia has therefore hampered industrial development there.

(3) Huge capital: This is needed for acquiring land for industries, bringing equipments, wages for labourers and procuring raw materials.

(4) Demand and market: If there is no demand for a particular commodity, production of that commodity is not required. This is the reason why demand and accessible markets are important factors for development of industries.

(5) Political stability: The industrialists can invest in establishing industries if there is political stability instead of frequent change of power in any country/state.

Question 19.
Give an account of the main industries of West Bengal.
Answer:
Main industries of West Bengal: Although West Bengal is mainly an agricultural state, industries have also flourished here. The main industries of West Bengal are-iron and steel, jute and tea, food-processing, cotton textile, tourism, information technology (IT), etc.
WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 20

1. Iron and steel industry: The first iron and steel industry was established in Kulti (Burdwan) in 1870. Another one was established in Burnpur in 1918. The Durgapur industrial beit has developed due to the abundant availability of iron ore, coal, water, electricity, labour, etc., in this region.

2. Jute industry: West Bengal is known in india for the production of jute. The first jute industry was established in 1855 in Rishra (Hooghly district). At present, there are about 59 jute mills located on either side of river Hooghly.

3. Cotton textile industry: Cultivation of cotton does not take place in West Bengal, but based on import, the cotton textile industry has developed here. The first cotton-textile industry was established in Ghusuri (Howrah district). Other centres are in Serampore, Shyamnagar, Sodepur, etc.

4. Tea industry: This is an important industry of West Bengal. The first tea industry was established in 1834. The tea estates were established in Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar, etc., centered around the tea gardens there.

5. Food processing industry: The processing of fish, eggs, meat, vegetables etc., is done for ready-to-eat products to be consumed by making the people. Due to great demand, the food-processing industry has developed in West Bengal.

6. Tourism industry: Any centre for entertainment is considered to be a tourism spot. Tourism industry has developed around various centres like religions places, hilly areas, sea beaches, educational centres, big cities, historical places, etc. The important tourist places of West Bengal are-Kolkata (Victoria Memorial, Alipore Zoo, etc.), Sundarbans, Digha, Darjeeling, etc.

7. Information technology industry: This industry has developed in West Bengal and holds an important position in the state. The Electronics Complex (Software Park) of Salt Lake near Kolkata is famous and further development of this industry is taking place here.

Question 20.
What are the main cities and towns of West Bengal? Give an account of Kolkata as the capital of the state.
Answer:
The main cities of West Bengal: The census of India has designated those places as cities which have the following criteria-a population of more than 5000, population density of more than 400 persons per 5q km, and at least 75% of the people engaged in nonagricultural activities.

The major cities of West Bengal include-Kolkata, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Siliguri, Alipurduar, Cooch Behar, Durgapur, Krishnanagar, Bolpur, Raniganj, English Bazar, Midnapore, Bankura, Malda, Burdwan, Asansol, Haldia, Berhampore, Purulia, Shantipur, Chakdah, Ranaghat, Nabadweep, Balurghat, Chandannagar, Barrackpore, Howrah, Alipore, Barasat, Kalyani, Bongaon, Basirhat, etc.

Kolkata as a capital: Kolkata is the capital city of West Bengal. Thus it is of much importance in this state.

1. Location: The capital of West Bengal, Kolkata is situated on the left bank of river Hooghly about 130km inland from the mouth of river Ganga. This is one of the most significant cities in India.

2. Year of establishment: Job Charnock, the governor of the East India Company established the city of Kolkata on August 24, 1690. The three villages of Sutanuti, Govindapur and Kalikata were united to form this city. Kolkata was the capital of India under the British rule till 1911.

3. Importance of the city of Kolkata: Kolkata is a very important city. Some of the important features of Kolkata are as follows-

1. Commercial capital: Having an area of about 183 sq km, Kolkata is India’s main commercial centre and the capital of West Bengal.
WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 25
2. City of Palaces: Kolkata boasts of having quite a number of beautiful palaces and heritage buildings (likeMarble Palace of Rajen Mullick in north Kolkata, Rabindranath Tagore’s house in Jorasanko, Palace of Sovabazar, etc.). This is why Kolkata is known as the ‘City of Palaces’.

3. Population: Kolkata is one of the most important cities of India and the city’s population is about 4496694 (2011), and the population density is about 24252 persons per sq km (2011).

4. ‘City of Joy’: As per the book entitled ‘City of Joy’ by the famous author Dominique Lapiere, the people of Kolkata are ever-happy in spite of all the sufferings endured by them. That is why it is called the ‘City of Joy’.

5. Centre of education, culture, trade and commerce: Kolkata is the main centre of education, culture, trade and commerce of east and northeast India.

6. Industrial centre: Many industries have developed with Kolkata as its centre, like, jute industry, engineering industry, textile industry, paper industry etc.

7. Centre of communication: Kolkata is the headquarter of the eastern and southeastern railways. Dumdum, the only international airport of east India, is in Kolkata. National Highway numbers 2,34,35 and 6 all pass through Kolkata.

8. Others: Others significant features of Kolkata are-

The only underground metro railway in eastern India is located here.
Kolkata is the main port of West Bengal.
The popular tourist spots of Kolkata are-Museum, Alipore Zoo, Victoria Memorial Hall, Birla Planetorium, Science City, etc.

Question 21.
Mention the major ports of West Bengal and state the importance of Kolkata port.
Answer:
Major ports of West Bengal: The term ‘port’ has been derived from the latin word ‘parte’ meaning ‘entrance door’. In other words, a port means a place where entry is made between land and sea and also from sea to land through which transport or flow of goods and passengers is made.

The major ports of West Bengal are Kolkata (located on the left bank of river Hooghly) and Haldia. They are riverine ports.

Importance of Kolkata port: Kolkata is a riverine port. About 130km inland from the Bay of Bengal, it is located on the left bank of river Hooghly. The hinterland of Kolkata port covers an area of about 13 lakh sq km. Kolkata port plays a vital role in the economic development of West Bengal.

1. Control over trade: Kolkata port has a very significant role in the economy of West Bengal and even northeast India as well as Nepal and Bhutan. The exports and imports of this vast region are all handled by this port.

2. Earning foreign exchange: Since international trade is carried out through this port, the city earns foreign exchange.

3. Aid to industries: Products of West Bengal like jute products, coal, tea (from Assam, Darjeeling), iron-ore (from Bihar and Odisha), mica, etc., are all exported from this port.

4. Aid to agriculture: Fertilisers, pesticides, equipments, etc., required for agricultural practices are imported through this port.

5. Employment opportunities: Lakhs of people are either directly or indirectly influenced by this port for getting employment opportunities in the agricultural, industrial, trade and commerce sectors, etc. Besides, a large number of people also get employment as labourers within the port area itself.

6. Development of transport: Taking advantage of the Kolkata port, a good network of roads, railways and water transport have developed not only in West Bengal, but also throughout northeast India.

7. Import of food crops: Since West Bengal is not totally self-dependent on food crops produced in the state, a lot has to be imported through the Kolkata port. These are the reasons why the port of Kolkata is such a significant port among all other ports of West Bengal.

Question 22.
Discuss the rise and fall of the port of Kolkata.
Answer:
Reasons for the rise or development of Kolkata port: The conducive factors leading to the development of this port are-
1. Import of industrial raw materials: The port of Kolkata was established in the nineteenth century during the British period. They established it on the banks of river Hooghly in order to facilitate transport of industrial raw materials, defence equipments, etc., to India.

2. Navigability of Bhagirathi-Hooghly river: Since the depth of the river is more and navigability of this river is quite high, ships could ply smoothly through this river to the sea.

3. Resource-rich hinterland: The Kolkata port has a huge hinterland encompassing almost the whole of eastern India. This region has rich natural resources like tea, jute, rice, etc., (agricultural) as well as coal, iron ore, mica, etc., (minerals), along with forest-based resources. Besides, the established industries of tea, jute, engineering, cement, paper, etc., have made this region densely populated.

4. Densely populated city: Kolkata being a densely populated metropolis, labour required for port activities are easily available.

5. Developed transport system: Kolkata is linked to all parts of eastern India through a well-developed transport network like southeastem railway, national highways (like NH 6 and NH 34) etc.

6. Conducive physical environment: The areas in and around Kolkata have the advantage of having flat places and delta, congenial moderate climate, etc., which are all conducive to the development of a port.

7. Location of centre of trade: Kolkata being the main industrial and trade centre of eastern India, has naturally developed as a port.

Reasons for the downfall of Kolkata port: This port is gradually losing its significance due to the following factors-

Decrease in navigability of Kolkata port: Due to continuous siltation of the river bed over a long period of time, the river bed has risen and therefore navigability has decreased. As a result, ships cannot ply much inland from the sea through this river.
Meandering nature of river: The numerous meanders of the river hinder the smooth plying of big ships inland.
Presence of huge sand-bars in the river: The river has about 14-15 big sand bars stretching from the mouth of the river to Kolkata port. This is why big foreign ships cannot enter Kolkata port without the guidance of other smaller ships.
Lack of space/infrastructure in the port: Due to space crunch, many ships cannot be anchored at the same time. Lack of jetties also hamper uploading and downloading of larger quantities of materials from the ships.

Question 23.
Give an account of the cottage industry of West Bengal.
Answer:
The goods that are produced by the members of the household with little capital and ordinary equipments are known as cottage industry

Cottage industries in West Bengal: Lakhs of people in West Bengal are engaged in minor or small-scaie industries or cottage industries and the role of those industries have a major contribution especially in the rural economy. The various industries here include-

1. Cotton textile industry (‘Tant’): A majority of the people engaged in cottageindustries work in this ‘Tant’ industry. In West Bengal about 6,66,514 people are engaged in this industry either on a fulltime or part-time basis. These textiles are usually woven by hand-driven machines or gadpets. Shantipur and Phulia of Nadia district and Dhanekhali, Bankura and Bishnupur of Hooghly district are famous for this type of industry.
. WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 21

2. Clay industry: Kumartull of Kolkata is famous for making clay-idols, Krishnanagar for clay-dolls, Bankura and Bishnupur for terracotta products. Moreover, almost everywhere in the state of West Bengal, clay utensils, pots, etc., are made (especially in the villages) and many people are engaged in it.

3. ‘Bidi’ industry: ‘Bidi’ is made by filling in tobacco into the dried ‘kendu’ leaves which are collected from the forests. A large number of people of West Bengal depend on ‘bidi’ making for their livelihood. Aurangabad, Raghunathganj of Murshidabad district, North and South 24 Parganas and Purulia district abound in such ‘bidi’ making industry.

4. Mat industry: The sticks used for making mats are actually a type of aquatic plant. This industry is famous in West and East Midnapore districts.

5. Jute products: Many articles like threads, ropes, carpets, mattresses, bags and other decorative items for households are produced from jute in the villages of West Bengal. Kaliganj of Nadia district is well known for weaving of jute fibres and dyeing them.

6. Wooden furniture: Many carpenters of West Bengal are engaged in making beds, wardrobes, chairs, tables, benches, doors, windows, etc.

7. Articles made from iron: Articles like sickle, hammer, axe, spade, plough and other household items are made from iron.

8. Others: Besides these, many industries like molasses-making, silk industry, bamboo products, making of musical instruments, toys as well as articles made of brass and bronze, machines used in rice mills, etc., are scattered all over West Bengal.

Question 24.
Discuss the importance of small-scale industries in West Bengal.
Answer:
Small-scale industries are a grade higher than cottage industries. The total financial investment ranges from Rs. 75 lakhs to 1.5 crores involving construction of small factories, machines, etc. The small-scale industries are very significant in West Bengal.

1. Financial investment: Investments in small scale industries are of medium range. However, the overall financial investment is quite large indicating the importance of such industries.

2. Employment: Mary people are employed in small-scale industries which have led to the economic development of West Bengal. About 20 lakh people are engaged in the leather industry alone.

3. Huge exports: A large market has developed for the products of the small scale industries both in India and abroad. Thus, a huge amount of foreign exchange is earned from this industry, Items like leather goods, silk, cotton textile, gold jewellery, ceramic products, etc., are especially exported.

4. Development of domestic trade and commerce: As a result of the flourishing small-scale industries, domestic or internal trade and commerce have increased, leading to economic development of the country.

5. Increase in infrastructure: Development of roads, electricity, water supply and other infrastructural facilities develope around any area where small-scale industries are developing.

Question 25.
Discuss the various tourism sites of West Bengal.
Answer:
Traveling from one place to another either for business, for leisure or for entertainment purposes is called tourism. Tourist guides, agencies etc, are part of the tourism industry.
WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 22

Center District

Nature of Tourism	Center	District	Places of attraction
1. Town or city	Kolkata	Kolkata	Victoria Memorial, Alipore Zoo, Museum, etc.
	Jhargram	West Midnapore	Salbani, ihargram, Rajbari,etc.
	Chandannagar	Hooghly	Laldighi, Aliadurg, French Museum, house of Rashbehari Bose, etc.
2. Mountain Hills	a. Darjeeling	Darjeeling	Rock garden, Tea gardens, Kangchenjunga, Tiger Hilis, etc.
	b. Ayodhya Hills	Purulia	Tribal house, Sitakunda, Chhau dance, etc.
	c. Susunia Hill	Bankura	Bishalakshmi temple, Gandheswari river, etc.
3. Sea beaches	a. Digha	East Midnapore	Sea beach, Amaravati Park, Snake Park, etc.
	b. Shankarpur	East Midnapore	Sea beach, crabs, fishing port, etc.
	c. Bakkhali	South 24 Parganas	Henry island, temple of Banadevi, etc.

WBBSE Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 West Bengal 23

Question 26.
Discuss the importance of West Bengal as a state.
Answer:
West Bengal has immense importance as a state-

West Bengal comprises about 2.7% of the total area of India.
Pertaining to the length of international border, West Bengal ranks second in India.
It has international border with Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan.
Population-wise West Bengal ranks fourth in position and comprises about 4% of the total population of India.
West Bengal has the second highest population density (1029 persons per sq km) after Bihar.
Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal, is the second largest city in India (population wise).
It is the only state in India where both mountains (Himalayas) and seas are found.

Question 27.
Write about the neighbouring countries and states of West Bengal.
Answer:
Neighbouring Countries:
1. Nepal: It is located to the northwest of West Bengal with a total area of about 1,477,181 sq.km. The capital of Nepal is Kathmandu. The world’s highest peak, Mt. Everest (8,848m) is located in Nepal. The main river here is Kaligandaki.

2. Bhutan: Bhutan is located to the north of West Bengal with an area of about 46,500 sq.km. Its capital is Thimphu. The highest peak is Kulu Kangri and the longest river is Manas.

3. Bangladesh: Bangladesh is located on the eastern side of West Bengal. Its area is 1,48,309sq km. Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. The highest peak in Bangladesh is Keokradong and longest river is Padma Meghna.

Neighbouring states:
1. Bihar: Bihar is located to the west of West Bengal. The area is 94,163 sq km. Its capital is Patna. Besides the main river Ganga, other rivers are Kosi, Gandak, Son, etc.

2. Jharkhand: It is located on the western side of West Bengal. The area is 79,714 sq km. Its capital is Ranchi. The main river is Mayurakshi. This state is called the mineral resource store of India.

3. Assam: It is located to the east of West Bengal. Its total area is 78,523 sq km. Its capital is Dispur. The main river is Brahmaputra. The famous Majuli island has developed in this river.

4. Odisha: It is located in the southwestern side of West Bengal with an area of 1,55,782 sq km. Its capital is Bhubaneshwar. The main river is Mahanadi. Puri is a famous religious city and tourist centre of Odisha.

5. Sikkim: It is located on the northern part of West Bengal covering an area of 7,229 sq km. Its capital is Gangtok. The highest peak is the Kangchenjunga and the longest river is Teesta.

Question 28.
What do you mean by tourism industry? What are the causes of development of the tourism industry?
Answer:
Tourism industry: When people travel from one place to another for entertainment, leisure, business and educational purposes and attain satisfaction, it is called tourism. When development of infrastructural facilities like roads, hotels, resorts, etc., are made for such purposes, it is then considered as an industry. While the tourists benefit, many people get employment in this industry. About 12 lakh foreign tourists and more than 2 crores of other tourists visited West Bengal during 2011-12.

The reasons of development of tourism industry in West Bengal:

1. Diversity in physical environment: The lofty and majestic Himalayan mountains in the north and the beautiful Bay of Bengal to the south, the physical features of the western plateau provide an exquisite variety of natural or scenic beauty in West Bengal which has led to the development of tourism industry here.

2. Historical and cultural centres: The historical and cultural centres like Murshidabad, Kolkata, etc., attract tourists from different part of the world.

3. Transport facility: All the major tourist centres are connected with a good network of roads, railways, airways, water ways, air conditioned buses, helicopters, steamers, etc. These have benefited the tourists to travel from one place to another.

4. Development of hotel and resorts: New hotels and resorts have come up in historical places. Eco-resorts and tree houses are attracting tourists in the Terai and Dooars in the north and Sundarbans in the southern part of the state.

5. Tourist guides: The tourist guides make people aware of conservation of the Sundarbans area, importance of historical places and conservation of heritage sites, etc. They aid in the development of the tourism industry.

6. Local festivals: Sharadiya Festival of Kolkata, Poushmela of Santiniketan, Jagadhatri Puja of Chandannagar, Kolkata’s New Year celebration, etc., have led to development of the tourism industry.

Question 29.
What is Information Technology industry? What are the causes of development of IT industry in West Bengal?
Answer:
Collection of data, their analysis, research, change, modification by using computers and telecommunication is called the IT industry.

Main industries :

Production of software,
Telephone,
Data collection and its preservation or storage,
Exchange of data and information.

The causes of development of IT industry:

1. Human resource: Human resource is the main resource of this industry. The main human resources include brilliant students of Mathematics, English etc. Knowledge of software, hardware, etc., imparted to students from the school level have contributed to the development of this industry.

2. Vocational centres: In West Bengal, vocational training related to Information Technology is imparted in quite a number of reputed institutions. Many skilled workers are the products of these institutions.

3. Outsourcing: Most of the IT work comes from foreign countries. Thus, work of foreign countries can be done sitting at home in West Bengal itself. The profit earned by foreign countries is very large since the work is done at much cheaper rate.

4. Investment: The big companies like IBM, ICS, Infosys, Wipro, Siemens invest much capital in this industry. Besides them, other organisations have also come forward to invest nowadays.

5. Infrastructural development: The infrastructure and other amenities of Rajarhat, Salt Lake, Siliguri, Kalyani, etc., have been

WBBSE Class 9 Geography Chapter 8 Question Answer – West Bengal

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