Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 7 History Book Solutions Chapter 7 Lifestyle and Culture: Sultanate & Mughal Era offer valuable context and analysis.
WBBSE Class 7 History Chapter 7 Question Answer – Lifestyle and Culture: Sultanate & Mughal Era
1. Fill in the blanks.
a. In the Sultanate and Mughal Period the houses houses of the common people were made of ______ (tiles and bricks/ cement and sand/ marble).
Answer:
tiles and brick
b. The couplets of Kabir are known as ______ (bhajan/katha katha/doha)
Answer:
doha
c. The sufis considered their Gurus as ______ (pir/muri/Be-shara)
Answer:
Pir.
d. ______ (kolkata/ Nabadwip/Murshidabad) was known as the main centre of the Chitanya movement.
Answer:
Nabadwip.
e. ______ (Nanak/Kabir/ Meera Bai) was the devotee of Lord krishna or Giridhari.
Answer:
Meera Bai.
f. The main feature of Din-i-ilahi was that the relation between the Mughal Emperor and the nobility was of ______.
Answer:
teacher-disciple.
g. The craftsmanship of setting gems on marble with intricate design is called ______(Chahar bag/ Pietra dura/ Terracota)
Answer:
Petra dura.
h. ______(Hanja Nama/ Tuti Nama/ Raja Nama) is the name of the Persian translation of Mahabharata.
Answer:
Rajam Nama.
i. (Daswant/ Mir Sayyid Ali/ Abdus Samad) ______ was known as ‘Sheerin Columa.’
Answer:
Abdus Samad.
j. Jaunpuri Raga was created by ______ (Baiju Baora/ Hussain Shah Sarki/ Ibrahim Shah Sarki).
Answer:
Hussain Shah Sarki,
k. The author of the ‘Sri Krishna Vijay Kavya is ______ (Kashiram Das/ Krittibas Ojha/ Maladhar Basu)
Answer:
Maladhar Basu.
l. ‘Persioan wheel’ was used for _____ (water lifting / ot bombard with a canon/ Gardening).
Answer:
Water lifting.
2. What are the matching explanation of the Statements given below:
a. Statement: The industries were established along the river basin.
Explanation 1 : No tax wes imposed for industries established beside rivers.
Explanation 2 : In the past all people lived beside rivers.
Explanation 3 : It was easier to import raw materials and export of produced materials.
Answer:
ExP-3 : It was easier to import raw materials and export of produced materials.
b. Statement : Chaitanya adopted Bengali as the means of spreading Bhakti.
Explanation 1: He only knew Bengali.
Explanation 2: In those days the language of the common people of Bengal was Bengali.
Exmplantion 3 : All books on Bhakti were written in Bengali.
Answer:
Exp-2 : In those days the language of the common people of Bengal was Bengali.
c. Statement: Chisti Sufis did not join in politics.
Explanation-1: They belived worshiping God was not possible involvement in politics.
Explanation-2: They did not understand politics
Explanation-3: They were humannists.
Answer:
Exp-3: They were humanists.
d. Statement : Akbar introduced Din-i-ilahi.
Explanation-1: He was a follower of Buddhism.
Explanation-2 : He wanted to build a group of followers.
Explanation-3: He gave up warfare.
Answer:
Exp-2: He wanted to build a group of followers.
e. Statement: The Mughal emperors were interested in building forts.
Explanation-1: Building cost of forts was less.
Explanation- 2 : Building forts was easier than palaces.
Explanation-3 : Building forts would make the empire secure.
Answer:
Exp-2 : Building forts was easier than palaces.
f. Statement: During the reign of Jahangir European painting influenced Mughal Painting.
Explanation-1 : In that period European paintings started arriving at the Mughal Court.
Explanation-2 : In that period the Mughal Painters were European.
Explanation-3 : In that period Indian artists had learnt Painting from Europe.
Answer:
Exp-1 : In that period European paintings started arriving at the Mughal Court.
g. Statement : In the medieval age Radha and Krishna were at the centre of Manipuri dance. .
Explanation-1 : The god and goddess of Indian dance were Krishna and Radha.
Explanation-2 : Vaishnava cult spread to Manipur in that period.
Explanation 3 : Chaitanya belonged to Manipur.
Answer:
Exp-2: Vaishnava cult spread to Manipur in that period.
h. Statement : In ancient india People used to write on Palm leaves.
Explanation-1 : In that Period Use of paper was not known.
Explanation-2: in that period cost of paper was high.
Explanation-3 : In that Period Indians had not invented ink to be used on paper.
Answer:
Exp-1: In that Period Use of paper was not known.
3. Answer the following questions in brief (in 30-50 words)
Question a.
Which fruits, vegetables and crops were produced in large scale in the sultanate and the Mughal Period?
Answer:
Mango, grapes, dates, rose-apple, banana, jackfruit, coconut etc. were the furits.
The main vegetables were-Brinjal, differen types of bitter-gourd. radish, potato, chilies, ginger etc.
The main crinere-wheat, rice, Barley, different types of Pulses etc.
Question b.
Who wer Bhakti Saints of Medieval India?
Answer:
Namdev, Janaesvar, Tukaram, Ramananda, Kabir, Nanak, Chitanyadev, Meera Bai, etc. were the famous Bhakti Saints of Medieval India.
Question c.
What is Silsila? What do you know about the life style of the Chisti Sufis?
Answer:
Silsila means order or group. There were two types of silsila or group in the sufismChistis and Suhrawardis. The life style of the Chisti Sufis were simple. They did not judge the people in the yardsticks of religion, wealh and Power. Chisti Sufis remained aloof from politics and the royal courts. They believed that any kind of involvement in state affairs, worship of god becomes impossible.
Question d.
How was the oath taking ceremony of Din-i-ilahi?
Answer:
Those who accepted Din-i-ilahi, took oath in this ceremony to sacrifice (Kurban) their life(Jaan), Property (Meal), religion (Din) and dignity (Namus). They had to bow feet at Badshah, as the disciples (murids) bowed to their sufi gurus (Peer). After the completion of this ceremony. Badshah presented them new turban, a medal of Sun and a Photo of Badshah to attach to the front of the turban.
Question e.
What are the special architectural characteristics of the Alai Dar waza?
Answer:
Alai Darwaza was built in the reign of Sultan Alauddin Khalji. It is an extra ordinary example of Indo-Islamic architectural art. This ‘Darwaza’ was built of red sandstone, supposing that this ‘Darwaza’ was a reflection of Alauddin’s power as Sultan. Not the message of Allah but the praises of Sultan were engraved on this Darwaza. It was an exception in this period. This was also in the Qutb complex. It became an example of the sultanate architecture.
Question f.
What is ment by ‘calligraphy’ and ‘Minitaure’?
Answer:
Art of handwriting was practiced in the Sultanate and Mughal period. In English it is called calligraphy. Then there was no printing press. Hand written books were the samples of art.
Each and every page of Tutinama, Razamnama (Persion translation at Mahabharata) etc. was decorated with fine handwriting and pictures. These pictures of small shape and size are called ‘miniature.’
Question g.
What is ‘Shivayana’? What aspect of the life style of Bengal Pesants is learnt from it?
Answer:
Literature centring with Lord shiva was written in Sultanate and Mughal period. Such writing are called ‘Shivayana’. Sivayana Poems were composed on the legends of Shiva and the household tales of Shiva and Durga. Poor Shiva-Durga were reflected in these writings. Here Shiva tries to earn by cultivation. In these writings poor peasant familes, was supposed to have been converted into Shiva and Durga family.
Question h.
Where was paper invented? Write what you know about the use of paper in medieval India.
Answer:
Paper was invented in China in the the first century AD. In thenth century Mongols of central Asia brought the paper making technology from China. Whin a short time use of paper spread in India. As a result reading and writing became easier. In the fourteenth century, it was said that paper became as cheap in India that sweet-meat seller used it as packet. It is also to be noted that at first European missionaries founded printing press in India. It took some more time to use this technology on commercial basis.
4. Answer in details : (in 100 to 120 words)
Question a.
Write about the lifestyle of the Common people in medieval India.
Answer:
Most of the people lived in the villages. The main function of agriculture was to meet the local demands. The basis of the society was a joint family. The position of women in the society and family was lower than the male mamber of the same. But men and women of a poor family worked jointly in their household work, as well as in their firms. Very basic elements were required for settlements of poor people. A well, ditch or a pond were sufficient enough for the villagers to make a habitation of their own. Trunks of trees, bunches of straw were their only nccessities to make a hut. There they found their space some how. After the payment of taxes and other government duties some share of crops was in hand of the peasants.
This was the only resource of their daily wages. The peasant families tailed day and night for some particular reasons. Very little is known about the daily life of the peasants. Festivals on some occasions were a bit exception in their monotonous life. Wrestling was a popular game at that time. Archery, javelin throwing and swimming were also popular. Rulers of Delhi and the regional states were changed in different times. But the life of the common people in sultanate and the Mughal period remained unchanged. Hard labour and Poverty these were the only thing in the life of Poor peasants artisans and labours in that period of India.
Question b.
Hoe were the people of different relegions united by Kabir’s Bhakti ideology?
Answer:
Kabir one of the Popular Bhakti Saints at 14th-15th century AD. was brought up in a Muslim Jola (weaver) family in Benaras. Some think that Kabir was one of the disciples of Ramananda. Along with monotheism of Islam, Vaisnaba, Natha-yogi and Tantrik beliefs were converged in the religions thought of Kabir. To him, all the religions were the same. All the gods were the same. In the opinion of Kabir, Rama, Hari, Gobind, Allah, Sain, Sahib were the different names of the same god. His philosophy helped very much to sattle the disunity and contradiction among the Hindus and muslims in the then society. Kabir believed that man would get his god in his mind through devotion. For this, there is no need to go to temple or Mosque. So, to him, idol worshipping, bathing in the Ganges or to observe Namaz are of no value. In the social life of that Period Kabir’s thought was most important. He was the person the show manship of religious rituals.
Question c.
Analyse the effect of the Vaishnava movement in Bengal.
Answer:
In the 16th century AD, Propagation and diffusion of the Bhakti movement in Bengal became Powerful by the efforts or Sri Chitanya and his companions. In Bengal, particulary in Rada Bengal, vaishnava religion was prevalent previously. Sri Chitanya combined that vaishavite tradition with the sprit of Bhakti Geet. As a protest against the discrimination of caste and creed and class, the vaishnava Bhakti spread like a movement. Nabadwip was the main centre of this religious movement. At that time, Non-Brahmins formed the majority of the population of the city.
The condition was the same in the villages. Long before the birth of Chaitanaya, administrative changes took place in Bengal as a result of Turkish invasion. In Hussain Shai rule the influence of the Brahmanas declined and that of the Kayasthas increased. Besides, there was also torture of rulers and officials. Common Poor People could not find any relief from this torture in traditional Islam giving up Hinduism. Besides, different types of religion and belief were Prevalent in the society.
There was also some attraction to Tantric practices. worship of their folk deities, such as Manasa, Chandi and Dharma, was in practice. But, it was not so easy to propagate Bhaktism in that atmosphere of Nabadwip. Brahmana Bhattacharays were dead against the vaishnavas. They looked down upon Bhaktism and Vaisnavism. Sri Chitanya and his followers emphasized on only one social Principle. This principle is known as Bhakti. Bhakti is spontaneous, it needs no prepatation. Sri Chitanya emphasized upon plain living and simple behaviour. There was no room for pomps, Vaishnava Bhakti became Popular for the liberal outlook of Chaitanya.
Question d.
Write a short note on Akbar’s Din-i-ilahi.
Answer:
In 1570 AD Akbar gradually stopped to affer ‘Namaz’ and other Islamic rituals publicly. Insted of it he began to observe some rituals as he liked. Once he discussed with Ulema on Islam in Fatehpur Sikri. Afterwards he called gurus of other religions and used to discuss with them on several topics on religion. At last on the basis at above discussons, he introduced a new ideology called Din-i-ilahi.
Once it was thought that Din-i-ilahi was a new religion introduced by Akbar. But he never gave up Islam. He choose the most reasonable opinion among the different interpretations at Islam. On the basis of disussion with gurus of different religons he choose some characteristics. He introduced it among his coutries. But now theory is changed. It is thought that, Din-i-ilahi was in fact a propagated ideal among some of his most loyal nobles. Akbar himself selected them. They took oath of loyalty to Badshah through some rituals. This is Din-i-ilahi. Thus Akhar organised a group of loyal followers around him. Each of them had his own religion. Din-i-ilahi was not a seperate religion.
Question e.
Discuss gardening and fort building during the reign of Mughal emperors.
Answer:
In the seventeenth century, art of garden making spread extensively in the hands of the Mughals. Grafting of plants was in use from the ancient period, it developed during this period. Some European technology came through Portuguese in this field. As a result, quality of fruits developed to some extent.
Spread of Mughal arhitecture started from Akbar’s reign. Akbar expanded the Mughal rule and the construction work side-by-side. Akbar was interested in building fort cities and palaces. For this the empire became protected, architecture also developed with it. Agra fort is its example. Forts of Ajmer, Lahore, Kashmir, Allahabad etc. were also built in Akbar’s reign. Akbar built Buland Darwaza to comemorate his viectory over Gujrat.
Question f.
What were the main features of different architectural phases in Medieval Bengal.
Answer:
Musilm rule spread in Bengal in the thirteenth century. The main thechniqe of building the original structure was according to Islamic style. Again in the sphere of artwork use of raw materials at folk styles of Bengal are seen. Use of bricks in building construction is a characteristic of the architectural style at Bengal.
Houses and most of the temples were built in sloped style. Reason behind this was there would be no water logging during excessive rain. This very style was cailed ‘bangla’. It is an example of naming a sytle after its location. The main structure of many temples were built in this style. When such two similar structures stood side-by-side, it was called ‘jod-Bangla’. Style of chal or chala (sloped roof) based temple building is also seen in Bengal. The temples were called Ek-Chala (one slope). Do chala (two slops) or sometime At-chala (eight slopes) just after the numbers of ‘chalas’ or slopes used. Sometimes arches and domes were also built on such roof according to Islamic style. Temples with more than one pinnacles on rectangular platform were built in that period. Thse were called ‘Ratna’. Temples with five pinnacles were called ‘Pancharatna.’ Terracotta (use of burnt bricks) work was done on the walls of most at the temples. In 1442-1539 AD the Indo-Islamic architecural art flourished in Bengal.
Question g.
What was the role of the Mughal emperors in the development of Mughal painting?
Answer:
Painting of portraits started in Akbar’s time. During Jahangir’s reign Portrait painting flourished. From that time European painting style influnceed Mughal Painting. Impact of realism and naturalism became Prominent. Nature, plants and animals came to the surface as object of painting. In Jahangir’s time the artists began to put their own signatures on the paintings. Form this it could be known what picutre is whose. Many of the noble bodies were enthusiastic about painting. Ladies of andar mahal were rarely painted by outsider articles. Mughal ladies like Nadira Banu, Sahifa Banu used to draw picture.
Sahajahan was also enthusiastic in Painting. Use of perspective (understanding of distance) was started in this period. Ornamentation of ‘Padshahanama’ is a famous work of this time. As art pieces, these paintings have become the materials of contemporary history. After shahjahan no development of painting is seen. During Aurangzeb’s time, works of court articles were hampered.
Question h.
Discuss how did the use and popularity of Persian language increase in medieval India.
Answer:
Persian language and literature gained huge popularity in medieval India. In India persian literature started with the Sultanate rule.
Persian was perhaps introduced in India with the advent of Turks in the tenth century AD. Persian was in use as offical language in central Asia and Iran. Long before it, Persian was also used there in literature. From this it would not be wrong to conclude that Turks knew Persiarr language. Perhaps, for this reason Turks gave importance to Persian in India.
Qutubuddin Aibak and Iltutmish were Patrons of Persion language and literature. The Khaljis, too, contributed much to the development of Persian language and literature. In this period Lahore came one of the main centres of Persian study. Persian was the most chosen language for history writing in this period, and Amir Khasru’s writing were most popular among Persian literatures and Philosophers.
Usefulness and Popularity of the Persian language in the Mughal Period : Emperor Babur was a scholar both in Turkish and Persian. During the reign of Akbar Persion language and literature started to develop gradually like Akbar emperor Jahangir was also alover of Persian language. But this tradition declined in Aurangzeb’s reign. It is belived that Aurangzeb was not kind enough towards the poets and litterateures coming from Persian. But he knew persian very well. Not only Muslims, the Hindus also used this language very well.
Question i.
What wr the changes took place in the military and agrisultural technology in the Sultanate and the Mughal age?
Answer:
Major changes took place in the filed of military technology. In the first half of the fourteenth century fire arms came to India through the hands of the Mughals. After sometime use of gun powder and morters were introduced in some regions in India. In the second half of the fifteenth century technology of guns reached India from China and Mameluk-ruled Egypt. In the earlier years of sixteenth century Portuguese spread their technology in South India.
During this time Mughals also started large scale use of guns and canons. Along with cavalry infantry and war elephants, canon-operators and gun-carrying soldiers began to take their place in the army of the kings and Badshahs. In the field at agriculture, there was the highest development in irrigation system. In South India vijaynagar rules and in North India Feroz Shah Tughlaq and in later period Mughal rulers developed irrigation system.
Class 7 History Chapter 7 Question Answer West Bengal Board – Lifestyle and Culture: Sultanate & Mughal Era
Multiple Choice Questions & Answers : (1 mark for each question)
Question 1.
In Sultanate and Mughal period sraft centerswere seen only in
i) a area
ii) some areas
iii) all areas
iv) nowhere
Answer:
ii) some areas
Question 2.
In the Gangetic plains, among the crops high demand was-
i) coconut
ii) banana
iii) grapes
iv) mangoe
it Answer:
iv) mango
Question 3.
During the reign of Jahangir, a Dutch merchant wrote that the poor hardly knewthe taste of –
i) meat
ii) fish
iii) sugar
iv) ghee
Answer:
i) meat
Question 4.
A popular sport in Sultanate and Mughal periodwas-
i) football
ii) cricket
iii) wrestling
iv) juggling
Answer:
iii) wrestling
Question 5.
Gurur mamak was the-
i) last Guru
ii) second Guru
iii) third guru
iv) first Guru
Answer:
iv) first Guru
Question 6.
meera Bai was born in a Kshatriya family in –
i) Gujrat
ii) Rajasthan
iii) varanasi
iv) Punjab
Answer:
ii) Rajasthan
Question 7.
Kavir was brought up in a Muslim-
i) farmer
ii) cobbler
iii) weaver
iv) carpenter
Answer:
iii) weaver
Question 8.
The number of dohas inciuded in Guru grantha sahib-
i) more than five hundred
ii) less than five hundred
iii) six hundred
iv) four hundreci
Answer:
i) more than five hundred
Question 9.
By the people in those days Kabir was regarded as the emblem of
i) peace
ii) truth
iii) peace and equality
iv) equality
Answer:
iii) peace and equality
Question 10.
The Chisti Sufis never judged a person on the basis of-
i) religion
ii) wealth
iii) power
iv) religion, wealth, power
Answer:
iv) religion, wealth, power
Question 11.
The Bhakti saints and the Sufis influenced-
i) economy
ii) culture
iii) politics
iv) trade
Answer:
ii) culture
Question 12.
It was not easy to preach Bhakti in the social environment of –
i) Nabadwip
ii) Murshidabad
iii) Nadia
iv) Pandua
Answer:
i) Nabadwip
Question 13.
All the Mughal emperors were very appreciative of –
i) sports
ii) wrestling
iii) architecture
iv) gardening
Answer:
iii) architecture
Question 14.
The best example of Mughal architecture is the –
i) Agra fort
ii) Jama Masjid
iii) Red fprt
iv) Taj Mahal
Answer:
iv) Taj Mahal
Question 15.
The designing of the book Hamzanama started during the reign of –
i) Humayun
ii) Akbar
iii) Babar
iv) Jahanjir
Answer:
i) Humayun
Fill in the blanks : (1 mark for each question)
1. Apart from architecture, Shah Jahan was also interested in ________.
Answer:
painting
2. Drawing an exact replica of an object is called a ________.
Answer:
Tasveer
3. Raja Man Singh Tomar of Gowalior was a great connoisseur of ________.
Answer:
music
4. Indian classical dance is basically of ________.
Answer:
six types
5. Firoj Shah Tughlaq built an observatory on a high minarate in is ________.
Answer:
Delhi
6. The t chnology of producing silk from silk worms came from ________.
Answer:
China
7. Persian wheel did not become popular among Indian peasants for its ________.
Answer:
high price
8. The whole life of Daswant was immersed in ________.
Answer:
art
9. During the time of Akbar instances can be found about the art of book ________.
Answer:
designing
10. Bara Sona Masjid built in 1526 is the biggest mosque in ________.
Answer:
Gauda
11. Sri Chaitanya organised two types of kirtan-nama kirtan and ________.
Answer:
nagar kirtan
12. Nabadwip was the center of _________ movement.
Answer:
Bhakti
13. Sufism originated in ________.
Answer:
central Asia
14. Religion was an integral part of life in medieval ________.
Answer:
India
15. After paying the revenue and vlearing other loans, the peasant still had ________ in hand.
Answer:
something
State whether True or False: (1 mark for each question)
1. In Sultanate and Mughal period majority of the people lived in village.
Answer:
true
2. In Sultanate and Mughal period sugar and perfume manufacturing was famous.
Answer:
true
3. The method of using tiles and bricks for making houses was unknown in Bengal and other areas.
Answer:
false
4. Then society was based on the single family basis.
Answer:
false
5. Wrestling was a popular sport in those days.
Answer:
true
6. very basic elements were required for settlement of poor people.
Answer:
true
7. Meera Bai was born in a Brahmin family.
H. Answer:
false
8. According to Kavir idol worship, bathing in the Ganges or offering namaz had no value.
मे Answer:
true
9. A Langar Khana was introduced by Kabir.
Answer:
false
10. Meera bai said that her Lord is none other than Giridhari Gopa!a.
Answer:
true
11. Under the Hussain Sahis the influence of the Brahmins increased.
Answer:
false
12. The Chisti Sufis used to stay connected with politics.
Answer:
false
13. One does not know whether Chaitanyaactually looked like the picture of today.
Answer:
true
14. Nagar Kirtan were sung in a ceremonial procession and covering the entire city.
Answer:
true
15. Thomas Roe was the first British ambassador to the mughal court.
Answer:
true
Match the column A with column B.
Column A | Column B |
a) All Mughal emperors | i) best example of Mughal architecture |
b) The autobiography of Jahanjir | ii) in the 13th century |
c) The Tajmahal is the | iii) took an interest in painting |
d) In the forts and palaces of Bidar | iv) on Geddess Chandi |
e) Muslim rule spread in bengal | v) Tuzuk-i Jahangir |
f) Many Badsahi ladies | vi) is of six types |
g) Indian classical dance | vii) were appreciative of architecture |
h) Chandi Mangal was written | viii) the concept of Bhakti |
i) Sri Chaitanya tried to spread | ix) Iranian style wall paintings can be seen |
Answer:
a) All Mughal emperors were appreciative of architecture.
b) The autobiography of Jahanjir Tuzuk-i Jahangir.
c) The Tajmahal is the best example of Mughal architecture.
d) In the forts and palaces of Bidar Iranian style wall paintings can be seen.
e) Muslim rule spread in bengal in the 13 th century.
f) Many Badsahi ladies took an interest in painting.
g) Indian classical dance is of six types.
h) Chandi Mangal was written on Geddess Chandi.
i) Sri Chaitanya tried to spread the concept of Bhakti.
Answer in brief (within 30 – 50 words) : (Full mark-3)
Question 1.
How Sri Chaitanya protested against Hindu and Muslim rulers?
Answer:
Sri Chaitanya and his follower Nityananda opposed the oppression of the two influencial brothers in Nabadwip, Jagai and Madhai. he also protested against the orthodox Brahmins. In a debate he defeated the Kazi, who opposed Kirtan. In short Sri Chaitanya and his followers organised protests against the oppression of Hindu and Muslim.
Question 2.
What is the evidence of Arab style of architecture in India before Sultanate?
Answer:
There is svidence of Arab style of architecture in India much earlier than the 13th century. Ruins of mosques are found in Gujrat built before the Sultanate. These indicate that the Islamic school of architecturewas introduced in India prior to the Sultanate period. The main feature of this architecture were the arch and the dome.
Question 3.
In Akbar’s reign what was epitomized in Fatehpur Sikri?
Answer:
The main architectural monuments during Akbar’s reign were the palace, mosque, mahal, and durbar (royal court) at Fatehpur Sikri. ‘Fetch’ means victory. As a victorious emperor he did not demolish anything; instead the liberal and artistic minded Akbar built Fatehpur Sikri. Various kinds of architectural styles of India had merged at Fatehpur Sikri. Akbar wae the emperor of sntire India and not a particular community, religion or region.
Question 4.
What was ‘chala’ and ‘ratna’?
Answer:
The style of having thatched roof (chala) on temples were seen in Bengal. The temple was called Ek chala (single thatched roof), Do chala (double thatched), or At chala depending upon the number of chalas or slopes on the roof. Temples built on a rectangular base with more than one spire were found in Bengal. These spires were called ‘ratna’. A temple with one spire was ‘Ak ratna mandir’. If temples had five spires were called ‘Pancha ratna mandir’.
Question 5.
What were the characteristics of the paintings of Rajasthan and Pahari regions?
Answer:
Various styles of painting are seen in Rajasthan and hilly or Pahari regions. In these paintings there has been amalgamation of the Mughal style and the regional styles. These paintings have their own value with respect to the subject of the painting and the use of colours.
Question 6.
Write about the role of Mughal emperors in music.
Answer:
Akbar was the most famousconnoisseur of music among the Mughal emperors. Scholars as well as musicians ossupied his royal court.Abul Fazal mentioned thirty six singers in his account. tansen was the most famous among them. Music was also in practice duringthe reign of Shah Jahan. Aurangzeb was extremly enthusiastic in the first ten years of his reign. But later he stopped patronizing music officialy.
Question 7.
Write a short note on Manipuri dance.
Answer:
Manipuri dance is one type of the Indian classical dance. In the 18th century the Bhakti cult had an impact on manipuri culture. As a result, their traditional dance style mingled with the spirit of Bhakti. The tradition of Manipuri Raslila flourished under Maharaja Bhagyachandra of Manipur. He also designed kumil dress for the dance.
Question 8.
Write a short note on Amir Khasru.
Answer:
Amir Khasru was born in 1252 at Patiali in Uttar Pradesh. Amir Khasru was most popular among persian literateures and philosophers. Throughout his life he kept on experimenting with different genres of Parsian poetry. He was an inventor of a new style of Persian literature called Sabak-i Hind.
Question 9.
Write about the development of Persian language during the Mughal emperors.
Answer:
During the reign of Akbar, Persian language and literature started to develop. Among the historical writings in peasian Akbarnama and Ain-i Akbari of Abul Fazl were significant. Jahqangir was also a great lover of the Persian language. During his reign Talib Amuli was a famous poet in India. The tradition continued in the reign of Shah Jahan. The tradition of translating in Persian gradually declined in the reign of Aurangzeb.
Question 10.
What is Mangal Kavya?
Answer:
Worshipping deities like Chandi, Manasa, and Dharma was traditional. During the worship, glories of gods and goddesses were sung. These songs had underlying stories. Some works of literature were writtin on those stories, They were called Mangal Kavya. Mangal means benediction. The message of the poem was by worshipping the daity on whom the poetry was composed would ensure the well being of devotee.
Question 11.
Write about the role of Akbar in spreading science.
Answer:
The Mughal emperor Akbar was very keen to spread science. In his royal court importance was given to mathematics, astronomy and geography. Abul Fazel, the historian of Akbar’s court, had written that although Akbar was not educated yet he took keen interest in science and technology. In fact he even used to do some handwork.
Additional Questions and answers
Question 1.
What is miniature?
Answer:
Miniature is small sized paintings generally fone in water colour on cloth or paper.
Question 2.
What distinguishes Kangra paintings from other paintings?
Answer:
Soft colours including cool blue and green and lyrical treatment of thems distinguishes Kangra painting from other paintings.
Question 3.
Who were the Naths?
Answer:
The Naths were the ascetics who engaged in yogic practices.
Question 4.
Why were temples built in Bengal?
Answer:
Temples were built in bengal to increase in religious faith. Powerful people wanted to demonstrate their power. Support of brahmins to to get idols placed in temples from hut. New economic opportunities to people also helped in temple setting up.
Question 5.
Who was Anantavarman?
Answer:
Anantavarman was one of themost important rulers ofthe ganga dynasty in the 12th century.
Question 6.
Define the term Katak?
Answer:
The term kathak is derived from katha, a word used in Sanskrit and other languages for the story.
Question 7.
Where did Kathak developed?
Answer:
Kathak developed in the courts of Rajasthan and Lucknow.
Question 8.
Under whose patronage did katak grow into a major art form?
Answer:
Kathak grew into a major art form under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah. He was the last Nawab of Awadh.
Question 9.
What are the chief food items of the bengalis?
Answer:
Rice and fish are chief food items of the bengalis.
Question 10.
Mention all the six dance forms thet are recognised as classical.
Answer:
- Kathak
- Bharatnatyam
- kathakali
- Odissi
- Kuchipudi
- Manipuri.
Question 11.
How did miniature painting develop under the Mughal patronage?
Answer:
The sarliest miniatures were on palm leaves or wood. The Mughal smperors especially Akbar, Jahangir and Shah jahan patronised highlt skilled painters. These painters illustrated manuscripts containing historical accounts and poetry. .
Question 12.
Who were the Pirs? What was their position in society?
Answer:
Pirs were spiritual leaders having spiritual powers. They also functioned as teachers and adjudicators. The cult of Pirs became very popular and their shrines can be found everywhere in Bengal.
Question 13.
Why was the second category of the early Bengali literature not written?
Answer:
The second category of the early Bengali literature was circulated orally. therefore it was not written down.