Detailed explanations in West Bengal Board Class 10 Life Science Book Solutions Chapter 5D Biodiversity and Conservation offer valuable context and analysis.
WBBSE Class 10 Life Science Chapter 5D Question Answer – Biodiversity and Conservation
Short Snswer Type Questions : 2 Marks
Question 1.
What are the objectives of conservation.
Answer:
The objective behind conservation of living resources are as follows :
- To maintain essential ecological processes and life supporting system.
- To preserve the diversity of species or the range of genetic material found in the world’s organisms.
- To ensure sustainable utilisation of species and ecosystems which support millions of rural communities as well as major industries.
Question 2.
How are forests useful for the protection of wall?
Answer:
Forests protect land by :
- preventing soil erosion by wind and water and
- by checking the velocity of wind or raindrops striking the ground and reducing dislodging of the soil particles.
- The root systems firmly hold the soil.
Question 3.
State the role of forest in retaining sub-soil water.
Answer:
Role of forests in retaining sub-soil water :
(i) Forests add humus to soil which absorbs water during rains. It does not allow it to evaporate or run of quickly.
Question 4.
What steps are required for conservation of forest.
Answer:
Steps for conservation of forests :
- Discourage the use of firewood, by providing alternative sources of energy like biogas etc.
- Limit felling of trees for timber, combined with tree plantation.
- Adopting modern forest management practices like optimization of silviculture, use of irrigation, fertilizers, bacterial and mycorrhizal inoculation, control of weeds, breeding of new varities and use of biotechnology.
Question 5.
Distinguish between the following :
Answer:
Question 6.
What is biodiversity?
Answer:
The variety of living organisms in an ecosystem is called biodiversity. The exact number of species in the world is not known. The taxonomists have described about 1.4 million species. But taxonomists estimate that there are 4 to 31 million more species. Much of these species are unnoticed.
Question 7.
What is MAB?
Answer:
Man and biosphere programme is an international biological programme of UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation) which was started in 1971 but was introduced in India in 1986. MAB has studied human environment, impact of human interference and pollution on biotic and abotic environment and conservation strategies for the present as well as future.
Question 8.
What do you mean by hotspots of biodiversity?
Answer:
The concept of hotspots was developed by Norman Myers in 1988. These areas are rich in species diversity with high endemism and priority areas for in situ conservation because these areas are under constant threat. Endemism is the situation where particular species confined to a particular area and not found anywhere else. The key criteria for determining a hot spot are
(i) Number of endemic species.
(ii) Degree of threat which is measured in terms of habitat loss.
Question 9.
Name the hotspots present in the Indian territory?
Answer:
There are four hotspots in India.
- East Himalaya : India’s Hotspot -1
- Indo-Burma : India’s Hotspot -2
- Western Ghats and Sri lanka : India’s Hotspot -3
- Sundaland : India’s Hotspot -4
Question 10.
Write about the causes of destruction of biodiversity?
Answer:
Causes of destruction of biodiversity :
The biodiversity is threatened all over the world. Acid rain, pollution, urban development and agriculture are present everywhere. The expanding human populations destroy the habitat. It is the main threats to biological diversity.
Humans are exploiting about 40% net primary production on the earth. They convert the natural areas into agricultural land. They destroy the native species. The loss of habitat destroys thousands of native plants and animals.
Long Answer Type Questions : 5 Marks
Question 1.
How is the preservation of wildlife important for human progress?
Answer:
- Economic value : Provide diverse variety of food materials.
- In argiculature : Wildlife provides variations. Using these in breeding programmes man has been able to produce high yielding and disease resistant varieties of crop plants.
- In animal husbandry and fishery : Breeding of high yielding disease and stres resistance breeds of animals and better quality fishes has been possible by introduction and hybridization.
- In modern medicine and surgery : Selection and development of strains of anibiotic producing microoganisms. Identification of medicines and drug producing plants like Cinchona and Rauwolfia.
- Development of biofertilizers : Use of Nostoc, Anabaena and Azospirllium has been possible as a result of study of naturally growing microorganisms.
- Biological control of pests and pathogens: Cactoblatis cactorum used to control growth of cacti in Australia, has been possible through identification of wildly occuring insects.
Question 2.
What are the needs for conservation?
Answer:
- Maintenance of balance of nature
- Economic value
- Scientific value
- Aesthetic value – enjoyment of the beauty of nature
- Culural value
- Protection of our civilization
- Evolutionary responsibility
Question 3.
What are the strategies for conservation of wildlife?
Answer:
i. Forest fires-natural and man-made
ii. Hunting as sport e.g. disappearance of Dodo a unique bird of Mauritius and Cheetah from India.
iii. Deforestation and habitat destruction: Due to the conversion of habitat of wildlife for human settlement, crop lands, grazing grounds, plantation, mining, dams reservoirs, harbours.
iv. Introduction of exotic species: Causes competition, predation, habitat destruction, transmission of diseases, e.g. introduction of goats and rabbits in the Islands of Pacific and Indian Ocean have destroyed habitats of plants, birds and reptiles.
v. Over-exploitation of natural resources: Killing of animals for hides and skin, meat and flesh, aphrodisiacs and decoration pieces. Collection of rare plants of wild origin for pharmaceuticals, perfumes, cosmetics and for museum collections. Students inadvertently destroy rare plants and insects during excursions for collections.
Question 4.
Write the importances of biodiversity?
Answer:
Importance of the following biodiversity :
- Forests hold back flood waters and recycle CO2 and nutrients.
- Insects pollinate crops and control insect pests.
- The subterranean organisms promote soil fertility through decomposition.
- Many of these undescribed species will provide new food crops, petroleum substitutes, new fibres and pharmaceuticals. All of these functions require large healthy populations.
- Large populalions promote the genetic diversity.
This diversity is required for the survival of the species in the changing environment. The genetic diversity is lost forever. The zoologists are trying to save endangered species. But they are able to save only a tiny portion of genetic pool.
Question 5.
What are the causes for the extinction of wildlife?
Answer:
Causes for the extinction of wildlife :
Natural calamities : Many species of wildlife have become depleted or extinct because of natural calamities, such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, fire and epidemics.
Depriving of natural habitat: A major cause of the extinction of wildlife is human activity. Conversion of vast areas of grasslands and forests into agricultural lands have deprived wildlife of their natural habitats.
Deforestation : Wherever civilization advances, forests are destroyed. Forests were cleared to obtain building material, fuel or land for agriculture.
Hunting : Hunting for sport or for animal products led to large scale endangerment and extinction of many species of animals. Tigers and leopards were killed for their skins, rhinoceros for their horns, elephants for their tusks, musk deer for the perfumed pods under their bellies, black bears for their gall bladder, alligators for their skin used in the making of fancy luggage and shoes and snakes for making belts and purses. Fantastic price are obtained in the underground markets.
Question 6.
Write about in situ conservation.
Answer:
In situ conservation : It is conservation and protection of the whole ecosystem and its biodiversity at all levels in order to protect the threatened species. Two alternate methods are being used to save biodiverstiy, hotspots and protected areas.
Hotspots : They are areas with high density of biodiversity or mega diversity which are also the most threatened ones. Ecologically hotspots are determined by four factors.
- Number of species/species diversity.
- Degree of endemism.
- Degree of threat to habitat due to its degradation and fragmentation.
- Degree of exploitation.
Myers (1988) initially identified 12 hotspots with 14% of plant species in an area of only 0.2%. Four more hotspots were added by Myers (1991). Today the number of hotspots identified by ecologists is 34 , covering an area less than 2% of land surface with about 20% of human population living there. India has three hotspots Indo-Burma, Himalayas and Western Ghats – Sri Lanka. India is even otherwise a country of mega diversity with 2.4% of land area and having 8.1% ‘of global diversity. Major centres of biodiversity are Agasthyamalai hills, Silent valley and Amambalam reserve. There is high degree of endemism as well as richness of species of flowering plants, amphibians, reptiles, some mammals and butterflies. Indo-Burma hotspot extends from Bhutan to Myanmar covering most of north-east. Valleys of this region are rich in endemic species, it has been an active centre of evolution of flowering plants, being rich in primitive angiosperm genera (e.g., Magnolia, Betula) and primitive angiosperm families (e.g., magnoliaceae, winteraceae).
Protected areas : They are ecological/biogeographical areas where biological diversity along with natural and cultural resources is protected, maintained and managed through legal or other effective measures. They are delimited on the basis of biological diversity, e.g. cold desert (Ladakh and Spiti), hot desert (Thar), wetland (Assam), saline swampy area (Sundarbans) etc. Protected areas include national parks, sanctuaries and biosphere reserves.
National parks: They are areas maintained by government and reserved for betterment of wildlife. Cultivation, grazing, forestry and habitat manipulation are not allowed.
Sanctuaries : They are tracts of land with or without lake where wild animals/ fauna can take refuge without being hunted. Other activities like collection of forest products, harvesting of timber, private ownership of land, tilling of land etc. are allowed. India has 448 wildlife sanctuaries.
Biosphere reserves : They are multipurpose protected areas which are meant for preserving genetic diversity in representative ecosystems of various natural biomes and unique biological communities by protecting wild populations, traditional life style of tribals and domesticated plant/animal genetic resources. Creation of biosphere reserve was initiated in 1975 under MAB programme of UNESCO. Till May 2002,408 biosphere reserves had been established in 94 countries. In India, 14 potential sites were identified in 1979 by Core Advisory Group. They are also notified as national parks. Each biosphere reserve has
Core or Natural Zone : No human activity is allowed. The area is undisturbed and has legally protected ecosystem.
Buffer Zone : It surrounds the core area. Limited human activity is allowed like resource use strategies, research and education.
Transition Zone (Manipulation Zone) : It is the outermost or peripheral part of biosphere reserve where an active cooperation is present between reserve management and local people for activities like settlements, cropping, recreation, forestry and other economic uses without disturbing ecology. Transition zone has different parts like forestry, agriculture, tourism and restoration regions. Restoration region is degraded area which is selected for restoration to near natural form.
Importance of biosphere reserves includes :
- Restoration – Biosphere reserves help in restoration of degraded ecosystems and habitats.
- Conservation – They are means of conserving genetic resources, species, ecosystems and landscapes without uprooting the local people.
- Development – They ensure culturally, socially and ecologically sustainable economic development.
- Monitoring – There is a regular monitoring of development and conservation progress.
- Education and research – Each biosphere reserve supports education of information about research, restoration, conservation and development aspects at the national and global levels.
Sacred forests and lakes – Sacred forests (= sacred groves) are forest patches around places of worship which are held in high esteem by tribal communities. They are the most undisturbed forest patches (island of pristine forests), which are often surrounded by highly degraded landscapes. They are found in several parts of India, e.g.- Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan. Not a single branch is allowed to be cut from these forests. As a result many endemic species which are rare or have become extinct elsewhere can be seen to flourish here.
Question 7.
Write about ex situ conservation :
Answer:
Ex situ conservation : It is conservation of threatened plants/animals in places outside their natural homes. Ex situ conservation includes offsite collections and gene banks. The two are also a source of genetic material for breeders and genetic engineers.
Offsite collections : They are live collections of wild and domesticated species in botanical gardens, zoological parks, wildlife safari parks, arboreta (approx arboretums = arboretums) etc. Currently, there are more than 1500 botanical gardens and arboreta (gardens with trees and shrubs) having more than 80,000 species. Many of them have seed banks, tissue culture facilities and other in situ technologies.The number of zoos/ zoological parks is more than 800 . They have about 3000 species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Most of them have well managed captive breeding programmes. As a result many animals which have become extinct in the wild continue to be maintained in zoological parks.
Gene banks : They are institutes that maintain stocks of viable seeds (seed banks), live growing plants (orchards), tissue culture and frozen germplasm with the whole range of genetic variability.
Seed banks : Seeds are of two types, orthodox and recalcitrant. Orthodox seeds are those seeds which can tolerate reduction in moisture content (upto 5%), anaerobic conditions and low temperature of -10° to -20°C or even lower for prolonged periods, e.g. cereals, legumes. At intervals the seeds are allowed to germinate, form plants and develop fresh seeds for storage. Recalcitrant seeds are those seeds which get killed on reduction of moisture and exposure to low temperature, e.g., tea, cocoa, jackfruit, coconut. They can be stored for shorter duration after treatment with fungicides in rooms having humid air and normal oxygen.
Orchards : Plants with recalcitrant seeds are grown in orchards where all possible strains and varieties are maintained, e.g. litchi, oil palm, rubber tree etc. .
Tissue culture – It is carried out through callus formation, embryoids, pollen grain culture and shoot tip culture for those plants which are either seedless, have recalcitrant seeds, variable seed progeny or where clone is to be maintained. The method is useful in maintaining a large number of genotypes in small area, rapid multiplication of even endangered species and for hybrid rescue. Shoot tip culture maintains virus free plants. It is used for international exchange of germplasm in vegetatively multiplied cultivars, e.g., banana, potato.
Cryopreservation : Preservation at -196°C (liquid nitrogen) can maintain tissue culture, embryos, animal cells/tissues, spermatozoa indefinitely. The cryopreserved material is revived through special technique when required.
Question 8.
Give a list of some important wild animal on india.
Answer:
Question 9.
List some National Parks of India
Answer:
Question 10.
Compare National park, sanctuary and biosphere reserve.
Answer:
National park | Sanctuary | Biosphere reserve |
1. Hitched to the habitat for particular wild animal species like tiger, lion, angul, rhino etc. | Generally species-oriented as Citrus, pitcher plant, Great Indian Bustard. | Not hitched to anyone, two or more species, but to the whole ecosystem i.e. totality of all forms of life i.e., ecosystem oriented. |
2. India, the size range is 0.04 to 3162 sq. km. Most common (in about 40%) is 100 to 500. km. In 15% is 500 to 1000sq. km. | Size range.is 0.61 to 7818 sq. km. Most common (in about 40%) is 100 to 500 sq. km. In 25% is 500 to 1000 sq. km. | Size range over 5670 sq. km. |
3. Boundaries circumscribed by legislation. | Boundries not sacrosanct. | Boundaries circumscribed by legislation. |
4. Except the buffer zone, no biotic interference. | Limited biotic interference. | Except of buffer zone, no biotic interference. |
5. Tourism permissible. | Tourism permissible. | Tourism normally not permissible |
6. Research and scientific management lacking | Lacking | Managed |
7. So far no attention to genepools and conservation. | So far no attention. | Attention given |
Question 11.
Give a list of some important sanctuaries in India.
Answer:
Name, location and area (in sq. km.) | Important animals found |
1. Annamalai Sanctuary, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), 958 | Elephant, tiger, panther, gaur, sambhar, spotted deer, sloth bear, wild dog, barking deer. |
2. Jaldapara Sanctuary, Madarihat (West Bengal), 1,155 | Rhino, elephant, tiger, leopard, gaur, deer, sambhar, different kinds of birds. |
3. Keoladeo Ghana Bird Sanctuary, Bharatpur (Rajastnan) (Earlier it was once the duck shooting ground of a king), 29 | Siberian crane, storks, egrets, herons, spoon bill etc. Drier parts of this marshy sanctuary have spotted deer, black buck, sambhar, wild boar, blue bull, python. This sanctuary is famous for aquatic birds. |
4. Sultanpur Lake Bird Sanctuary, Gurgaon (Haryana), 12 | Crane, sarus, spotbill, duck, drake, green pigeon, wild boar, crocodile, python. |
5. Bir Moti Bagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Patiala (Punjab), 8.3 Mandi (Himachal Pradesh), 213 | Nilgai, wild boar, hog deer, black buck, blue bull, jackal, peafowl, partridge, sparrow, myna, pigeon, dove. |
6. Shikari Devi Sanctuary, | Black bear, snow leopard, flying fox, barking deer, musk deer, chakor, partridge. |
7. Dachigam Sanctuary Srinagar, (Jammu and Kashmir), 89 |
Hangul or Kashmiri stag, musk deer, snow leopard, black bear, brown bear. |
8. Mudumalai 11. wildlife Sanctuary
Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu), 520 |
Elephant, gaur, sambhar, chital, barking deer, mouse deer, four homed antelope, langur, giant squirrel, flying squirrel, wild dog, wild cat, civet, sloth bear, porcupine, python, rat, snake, monitor lizard, flying lizard. |
9. Nagarjuna Sagar Sanctuary Guntur, Kamool and Nalgonda (Andhra Pradesh), 3, 568 km | Tiger, panther, wild boar, chital, nilgai, sambhar, black buck, fox, jackal, wolf, crocodile. |
10. Periyar Sanctuary, Idduki (Kerala), 777 km | Elephants, gaur, leopard, sloth bear, sambhar, bison, black · langur, hornbill, egret. It is famous for elephants. |
11. Chilka Lake Bird Sanctuary, Balagaon (Odisha) (Largest brackish water lagoon in Asia), 900 km | An oasis of birds like water fowls ducks, crane’s, golden plovers, sand pipers, flamingoes. |
12. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, Kamrup (Assam) | Tiger, panther, rhino, gaur, wild buffalo, sambhar, swamp deer, golden Tangur, wild dog, wild boar. |
Question 12.
Make a list of some Biosphere reserves in India.
Answer:
Biosphere Reserve | State |
1. Nilgiri (First biosphere reserve established in India (1986)] | Karrnnataka |
2. Nanda Devi(1988) | Uttaranchal |
3. Gulf of Mannar | Tamil Nadu |
4. Agasthyamalai | Kerela. |
5. Sundarbans | West Bengal |
6. Panchmari | M.P |
7. Manas | Assam |
8. Kanchenjunga | Sikkim |
9. Nokrek (Tura range) | Meghalaya |
10. Great Nicobar | Andaman and Nicobar |
11. Similipal | Odisha |
12. Dibru Saikhowa | Assam |
13. Dehang Debang | Arunachal Pradesh |
14. Achanakmar – Amarkantak | Chhattisgarh |
Question 13.
State the environmental problems of Sundarban.
Answer:
The threats to the mangrove eco-system are arising partly due to biotic pressure from the surrounding environment and partly due to human induced or natural changes in the upper catchments. These can be outlined as below
- Reduced flow of sweet water into Sundarban mangrove system
- Extension of non-forestry land use into mangrove forest
- Straying of tiger into villages along the western boundary of Sundarban
- Demand for small timber and fuel wood for local consumption
- Poaching of tiger, spotted deer, wild boar, marine turtles, horse shoe crab etc
- Uncontrolled collection of prawn seedlings
- Uncontrolled fishing in the water of reserve forests
- Continuous trampling of river/creek banks by fishermen and prawn seed collectors
- Chemical pollution through marine paints and hydrocarbons
- Long international border along the Eastern boundary of Indian Sundarban
- Organizational and infrastructure deficiencies
Question 14.
What do you mean by JFM?
Answer:
Joint Forest Management often abbreviated as JFM is the official and popular term in India for partnerships in forest movement involving both the state-forest departments and local communities. The policies and objectives of Joint Forest Movement are detailed in the Indian comprehensive National Forest Policy of 1988 and the Joint Forest Movement Guidelines of 1990 of the Government of India.
Although schemes vary from state to state and are known by different names in different Indian languages. Usually a village committee known as the Forest Protection Committee (FPC) and the Forest Department enter into a JFM agreement. Villagers agree to assist in the safeguarding of forest resources through protection from fire, grazing, and illegal harvesting in exchange for which they receive non-timber forest products and a share of the revenue from the sale of timber products.
Question 15.
What do you mean by PBR?
Answer:
People’s Biodiversity Register (PBR) : One of the mandates of the biodiversity board is to prepare biodiversity registers for each LSG involving the local communities. Biodiversity registers are being prepared with the help of the local people and hence referred as People’s Biodiversity Register (PBR).
Preparation of biodiversity register is an attempt to realize the biodiversity at
local self government level, states and the whole country. Identification of biological resources and documentation is one of the prerequisites for the Register preparation which can lead to new discoveries and development of new commercial products, patenting of such products, equitable distribution of benefits, if any, and through this paving the way for a new economic order in the country through biodiversity conservation.
PBR is not simply a register with names of species and their distribution in a given area. It is a comprehensive data base recording people’s traditional knowledge and insight of the status, uses, history, ongoing changes and forces driving these changes on the biological diversity resources of their own localities. This will also provide information on the current utilization patterns of biodiversity, its economic benefits to the local communities. The registers form a baseline data for future management strategies required for the sustainable utilization of biodiversity in a decentralized manner. Further, it helps equitable sharing of benefits arising out of commercial utilization of biodiversity resources and knowledge on their uses. The biodiversity register offers conservation, protection of IPR and the traditional knowledge.
Multiple Choice Questions : 1 Mark
Question 1.
Rare endangered and endemic taxa can be found intact and flourishing in
(a) sacred groves
(b) tropical forest
(c) oases
(d) buffer zone of biosphere reserve.
Answer:
(a) sacred groves
Question 2.
Antilope cervicapra/Black Buck is
(a) vulnerable
(b) endangered
(c) critically endangered
(d) extinct in the wild.
Answer:
(a) vulnerable
Question 3.
Susceptibility to extinction is due to
(a) large body size
(b) small population
(c) high trophic level
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these
Question 4.
World Conservation Union maintains
(a) red data book
(b) red list
(c) pink list
(d) both (a) and (b)
Answer:
(d) both (a) and (b)
Question 5.
Keoladeo Ghana National Park is situated in
(a) Bihar
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) West Bengal
Answer:
(b) Rajasthan
Question 6.
First biosphere reserve was established in 1986 at
(a) Nilgiri
(b) Nanda Devi
(c) Rann of Kutch
(d) Sundarbans
Answer:
(a) Nilgiri
Question 7.
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve is found in
(a) Uttaranchal
(b) Assam
(c) Himachal Pardesh
(d) Andhra Pardesh.
Answer:
(a) Uttaranchal
Question 8.
Symbol of WWF is
(a) Tiger
(b) Rhododendron
(c) White bear
(d) Giant panda.
Answer:
(d) Giant panda.
Question 9.
National Forest Policy was enunciated in
(a) 1972
(b) 1978
(c) 1982
(d) 1988
Answer:
(d) 1988
Question 10.
Social Forestry Programme was started in
(a) 1970
(b) 1976
(c) 1968
(d) 1985
Answer:
(b) 1976
Question 11.
Forest destruction results in
(a) loss of wild life
(b) floods and drought
(c) soil erosion
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these
Question 12.
Tiger is not a resident in which one of the following National park?
(a) Sundarbans
(b) Gir
(c) Jim Corbett
(d) Ranthambhor
Answer:
(b) Gir
Question 13.
Chipko movement was launched for the protection of
(a) forests
(b) livestock
(c) wetlands
(d) grasslands
Answer:
(a) forests
Question 14.
Which one of the following is a pair of endangered species?
(a) Garden lizard and Mexican poppy
(b) rhesus monkey and sal tree
(c) Indian peacock and carrot grass
(d) hornbill and Indian aconite
Answer:
(d) hornbill and Indian aconite
Question 15.
If the Bengal tiger becomes extinct
(a) hyenas and wolves will become scarce
(b) the wild areas will be safe for man and domestic animals
(c) its gene pool will be lost for ever
(d) the populations of beautiful animals like deers will get stabilized.
Answer:
(d) the populations of beautiful animals like deers will get stabilized.
Question 16.
One of the ex situ conservation methods for endangered species is
(a) wildlife sanctuaries
(b) biosphere reserves
(c) cryopreservation
(d) national parks
Answer:
(c) cryopreservation
Question 17.
Biosphere reserves differ from national parks and wildlife sanctuaries because in the former
(a) human beings are not allowed to enter
(b) people are an integral part of the system
(c) plants are paid greater attention than the animals
(d) living organisms are brought from all over the world and preserved for posterity
Answer:
(b) people are an integral part of the system
Question 18.
Red Data Book is concerned with
(a) red pigmentation of plants
(b) red algae
(c) endangered species
(d) exotic species
Answer:
(c) endangered species
Question 19.
The chipko movement for conservation of forests was started in 1972 in
(a) North Kanara district
(b) Silent Valley
(c) Sundarbans
(d) Tehri-Garhwal
Answer:
(d) Tehri-Garhwal
Question 20.
Which of the following plant is an endangered species in India?
(a) Lycopodium sp.
(b) Pinus roxburghii
(c) Hydrua
(d) Cedrus deodara.
Answer:
(a) Lycopodium sp.
Question 21.
Under the umbrella of social forestry a system has been launched in which agriculture and forestry are involved. Select the name of the system
(a) block cutting system
(b) jhum cultivation system
(c) taungya system
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) taungya system
Question 22.
Which of the following birds is on the verge of extinction in India?
(a) Peacock
(b) Pintail ducks
(c) Hornbill
(d) Great Indian Bustard
Answer:
(d) Great Indian Bustard
Question 23.
Germplasm conservation at liquid N2 temperature is
(a) stratification
(b) cryopreservation
(c) scarification
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) cryopreservation
Question 24.
Which one of the following the first national park in India?
(a) Kanha national park
(b) Periyar national park
(c) Corbett national park
(d) Bandipur national park
Answer:
(a) Kanha national park
Question 25.
Deforestation causes
(a) water pollution
(b) soil erosion
(c) noise pollution
(d) soil pollution
Answer:
(b) soil erosion
Question 26.
Which national park is the new home of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros ?
(a) Dudhwa
(b) Corbett
(c) Kanha
(d) Bandhavgarh
Answer:
(a) Dudhwa
Question 27.
Which was the first national park established in India?
(a) Kanha
(b) Jim corbett
(c) Kaziranga
(d) Gir
Answer:
(a) Kanha
Question 28.
List of endangered species was released by
(a) IUCN
(b) BBC
(c) WCC
(d) UN
Answer:
(a) IUCN
Question 29.
A threatened species category included
(a) only endangered species
(b) only vulnerable species
(c) endangered and rare species
(d) endangered, vulnerable and rare species
Answer:
(d) endangered, vulnerable and rare species
Question 30.
and are combination of Agroforestry
(a) Fodder crops, fibre crop
(b) Food crops, fibre crop
(c) Trees, grasses
(d) Food crops, tree crop
Answer:
(d) Food crops, tree crop
Question 31.
A non-renewal source of energy is
(a) Wild life
(b) Fossil fuels
(c) Water
(d) Forest
Answer:
(b) Fossil fuels
Question 32.
A plant endemic to India is
(a) Banyan
(b) Ginkgo
(c) Sequoia
(d) Triticum
Answer:
(a) Banyan
Question 33.
A recent technique for the study of vegetation is
(a) Ground photography
(b) Remote sensing
(c) Field work
(d) Observation
Answer:
(b) Remote sensing
Question 34.
A renewable exhaustible natural resource is
(a) Forest
(b) Coal
(c) Petroleum
(d) Minerals
Answer:
(a) Forest
Question 35.
A species restricted to a given area is
(a) Endemic species
(b) Allopatric species
(c) Sympatric species
(d) Sibling species
Answer:
(a) Endemic species
Question 36.
According to IUCN red list, what is the status of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens)
(a) Critically endangered
(b) Endangered species
(c) Vulnerable species
(d) Extinct species
Answer:
(b) Endangered species
Question 37.
Agroforestry and social forestry both include
(a) Production forestry
(b) Commercial forestry
(c) Afforestation
(d) Plantation of trees
Answer:
(d) Plantation of trees
Question 38.
An endangered bird is
(a) Passenger Pigeon
(b) Pink-headed duck
(c) Great Indian Bustard
(d) Vulture
Answer:
(c) Great Indian Bustard
Question 39.
An endangered species from the following
(a) Azardirachta
(b) Rosa indica
(c) Rauvolfia serpentina
(d) Acacia arabica
Answer:
(c) Rauvolfia serpentina
Question 40.
An example of ex-situ conservation is
(a) Seed bank
(b) Sacred groves
(c) National parks
(d) Wildlife sanctuary
Answer:
(a) Seed bank
Question 41.
An exhaustible renewable resource is
(a) Coal
(b) Solar energy
(c) Fresh water
(d) Petroleum
Answer:
(c) Fresh water
Question 42.
An inexhaustible and renewable source of energy is
(a) Wood
(b) Natural gas
(c) Fossil fuel
(d) Hydropower
Answer:
(d) Hydropower
Question 43.
Antíropogenic extinction occurs due to
(a) Earthquakes
(b) Floods
(c) Changing environmental conditions
(d) Human activities
Answer:
(d) Human activities
Question 44.
Biogas is which type of natural resources
(a) Renewable
(b) Inexhaustible
(c) Non-conventional
(d) Both(a) and(c)
Answer:
(a) Renewable
Question 45.
Chipko Movement is an example of forest conservation through
(a) Tehri-Garhwal district
(b) Uttaranchal
(c) Public awareness and participation
(d) Political issue
Answer:
(c) Public awareness and participation
Question 46.
Chipko movement is related to
(a) Forest conservation
(b) Soil conservation
(c) Water conservation
(d) Wetland conservation
Answer:
(a) Forest conservation
Question 47.
Chipko movement was launched for protection of
(a) Forests
(b) Grasslands
(c) Wetlands
(d) Livestocks
Answer:
(a) Forests
Question 48.
Conservation of species in its natural habitat is
(a) In-situ
(b) Ex-situ
(c) In-vitro
(d) Both(b) and(c)
Answer:
(a) In-situ
Question 49.
Deforestation brings about
(a) Soil erosion
(b) Weed control
(c) Decreased drought
(d) Increased sunlight
Answer:
(a) Soil erosion
Question 50.
Deforestation is caused due to
(a) Silviculture
(b) Construction of roads
(c) Rainfall
(d) Plantation of trees
Answer:
(b) Construction of roads
Question 51.
Deforestation is the major causal agent of
(a) Depletion of natural resources
(b) Environmental pollution
(c) Desertification of habitat
(d) Genetic erosion
Answer:
(c) Desertification of habitat
Question 52.
Deforestation will decrease
(a) Soil erosion
(b) Land slides
(c) Soil fertility
(d) Rainfall
Answer:
(d) Rainfall
Question 53.
Development of botanical garden is what type of conservation
(a) Ex-situ
(b) A common
(c) An easy
(d) In-situ
Answer:
(a) Ex-situ
Question 54.
Ex-situ conservation is carried out in
(a) Sanctuary
(b) National park
(c) Biosphere reserve
(d) Zoo
Answer:
(d) Zoo
Question 55.
Extensive planting of trees to increase forest cover is called
(a) Deforestation
(b) Agroforestry
(c) Social forestry
(d) Afforestation
Answer:
(d) Afforestation
Question 56.
For mapping, Remote sensing equipment is mounted on
(a) Aircraft and satellite
(b) Ship and spacecraft
(c) Satellite and spacecraft
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Aircraft and satellite
Question 57.
Forests control drought by
(a) Preventing soil erosion
(b) Increasing oxygen
(c) Increasing humidity and rainfall
(d) Preventing floods
Answer:
(c) Increasing humidity and rainfall
Question 58.
Fresh water present on earth is
(a) 97.5%
(b) 0.01%
(c) 2.5%
(d) 1.97%
Answer:
(c) 2.5%
Question 59.
Fresh water problem arises due to
(a) Globally available stocks are insufficient
(b) Uneven distribution on earth
(c) No regeneration of required quantity through natural hydrological cycle
(d) Anyone of the above
Answer:
(d) Anyone of the above
Question 60.
Gamma and X-rays are not used for remote sensing because
(a) They are absorbed by object
(b) They are reflected by object
(c) They are absorbed by layer of atmosphere
(d) They are not absorbed
Answer:
(c) They are absorbed by layer of atmosphere
Question 61.
Geo-stationary satellites
(a) Rotate very fast
(b) Are located near the earth
(c) Are stationary
(d) Rotate with speed equal to that of earth
Answer:
(d) Rotate with speed equal to that of earth
Question 62.
Human dominated biosphere is called
(a) Troposphere
(b) Stratosphere
(c) Hemisphere
(d) Noosphere
Answer:
(d) Noosphere
Question 63.
In a National Park protection is provided to
(a) Entire ecosystem
(b) Flora and fauna
(c) Fauna only
(d) Flora only
Answer:
(b) Flora and fauna
Question 64.
In India, common type of forest is
(a) Tropical thorn forests
(b) Sal and Teak forests
(c) Tropical moist deciduous forest
(d) Tropical dry deciduous forest
Answer:
(d) Tropical dry deciduous forest
Question 65.
Inexhaustible resource among the following is
(a) Minerals
(b) Solar energy
(c) Plants
(d) Fossil fuels
Answer:
(b) Solar energy
Question 66.
INSAT system is type of
(a) Satellite
(b) Geo-stationary satellite
(c) Sun-synchronous satellite
(d) Orbital satellite
Answer:
(b) Geo-stationary satellite
Question 67.
Islands have higher number of endemic species as they are separated from land masses by
(a) Deserts
(b) Mountains
(c) Large expanses of water
(d) Valleys
Answer:
(c) Large expanses of water
Question 68.
It is not a protected forest
(a) Reserve forest
(b) Sanctuary
(c) Core of biosphere
(d) Orchard
Answer:
(d) Orchard
Question 69.
IUCN stands for
(a) Indian Union of chemical Nomenclature
(b) Indian Union of Conservation of Nature
(c) International Union for Conservation of Nature
(d) International Union for Conservation of Nutrients
Answer:
(c) International Union for Conservation of Nature
Question 70.
Life supporting zone of earth’s surface is
(a) Lithosphere
(b) Biosphere
(c) Stratospere
(d) Ecotene
Answer:
(b) Biosphere
Question 71.
Main cause of extinction of species from tropical areas is
(a) Afforestation
(b) Deforestation
(c) Pollution
(d) Soil erosion
Answer:
(b) Deforestation
Question 72.
Main source of water to soil is
(a) Rainfall
(b) River
(c) Canals
(d) Lakes
Answer:
(a) Rainfall
Question 73.
Maximum use of fresh water is in
(a) Agriculture
(b) Domestic use
(c) Industry
(d) Pisciculture
Answer:
(a) Agriculture
Question 74.
More than 70% of world’s fresh water is contained in
(a) Ponds
(b) Glaciers and polar ice caps
(c) Green land
(d) Oceans
Answer:
(b) Glaciers and polar ice caps
Question 75.
Most effective controlling flood is
(a) Deforstation
(b) Constructing dams
(c) Reforestation
(d) Dagging canal
Answer:
(c) Reforestation
Question 76.
Most of the endangered species are victims of
(a) Acid rain
(b) Competition with exotic species
(c) Over hunting
(d) Habitat Destruction
Answer:
(d) Habitat Destruction
Question 77.
Natural resource which have definite cycle is
(a) Exhaustible Non-renewable
(b) Inexhaustible
(c) Non conventional
(d) Exhaustible Renewable
Answer:
(d) Exhaustible Renewable
Question 78.
Natures hydrogical cycle involves
(a) Evaporation, condensation
(c) Evaporation, precipitation
(b) Condensation, precipitation
(d) Evaporation, condensation and precipitation
Answer:
(d) Evaporation, condensation and precipitation
Question 79.
Out of total amount of water, the water found in seas and oceans is about
(a) 70%
(b) 90%
(c) 97%
(d) 85%
Answer:
(c) 97%
Question 80.
Planned management of natural resources is
(a) Not possible
(b) Not easy
(c) called conservation
(d) Called depletion
Answer:
(c) called conservation
Question 81.
Plantation of trees along with monocot crops is known
(a) Agroforestry
(b) Silviculture
(c) Social forestry
(d) Afforestation
Answer:
(a) Agroforestry
Question 82.
Planting of trees on unused farm land, rail and road sides etc. is called
(a) Commercial forestry
(b) Agroforestry
(c) Social forestry
(d) Reforestation
Answer:
(a) Commercial forestry
Question 83.
Planting of trees, shrub sand others in between crop plants for commercial exploitation and stabilization of soil is
(a) Taungya system
(b) Social forestry
(c) Agroforestry
(d) Production plantation
Answer:
(c) Agroforestry
Question 84.
Plants of endangered species are conserved through
(a) Herbarium
(b) Gene library
(c) Gene bank
(d) Reducting pollution
Answer:
(c) Gene bank
Question 85.
Population of species decreasing over a period called as
(a) Extinct
(b) Eliminated
(c) Endangered
(d) Rare
Answer:
(c) Endangered
Question 86.
Radiations not useful in remote sensing are
(a) UV radiations
(b) Microwave
(c) Ultrasonic waves
(d) Infra-red radiations
Answer:
(c) Ultrasonic waves
Question 87.
Red Data Book contains information about
(a) Red coloured insects
(b) Red eyed bird
(c) Red coloured fishes
(d) Endangered plants and animals
Answer:
(d) Endangered plants and animals
Question 88.
Red Data Book deals with
(a) Maintains and publish list of endangered and endemic species
(b) Maintains and publish list of Plants that are extinct
(c) Maintains and publish list off Animals that are extinct
(d) Maintains and publish list of dangerous species
Answer:
(a) Maintains and publish list of endangered and endemic species
Question 89.
Reforestation is
(a) Plantation of forests
(b) Plantation forests in deforested areas
(c) Cutting down of forests
(d) Management of forests
Answer:
(b) Plantation forests in deforested areas
Question 90.
Remote sensing involves the use of
(a) EMR
(b) NMR
(c) ESR
(d) SSR
Answer:
(a) EMR
Question 91.
Resources which are available in unlimited quantity are
(a) National resources
(b) Exhaustible resources
(c) Inexhaustible resources
(d) Natural resources.
Answer:
(c) Inexhaustible resources
Question 92.
Serious threat to wild life is
(a) Habitat destruction
(b) International trade
(c) Introduction of exotic species
(d) Over-exploitation
Answer:
(a) Habitat destruction
Question 93.
Shifting cultivation is also known as
(a) Taungya system
(b) Shum cultivation
(c) Social forestry
(d) Plant cultivation
Answer:
(b) Shum cultivation
Question 94.
Solar energy is which type of natural resources
(a) Renewable
(b) Non-renewable
(c) Exhaustible
(d) Inexhaustible
Answer:
(d) Inexhaustible
Question 95.
Taungya is practice of
(a) Shifting cultivation
(b) Agroforestry
(c) Production forestry
(d) Both A and B
Answer:
(d) Both A and B
Question 96.
The base on which remote sensors are mounted is termed as
(a) Camera
(b) Energy source
(c) Platform
(d) Scanner
Answer:
(c) Platform
Question 97.
The endangered fauna is
(a) The Great Indian Bustard
(b) Viviparous toad
(c) Forest owl
(d) Kashmiri stag
Answer:
(a) The Great Indian Bustard
Question 98.
The function of tree plantation is celebrated through
(a) Environment day
(b) Vanikaran
(c) Social forestry programme
(d) Vasant Mahotsav
Answer:
(c) Social forestry programme
Question 99.
The human activities resulting in endangered species are
(a) Poaching
(b) Deforestation
(c) Forest fires
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these
Question 100.
The life supporting gases such as O2, CO2 and N2 are primarily concentrated in
(a) troposphere
(b) exosphere
(c) homosphere
(d) stratosphere
Answer:
(a) troposphere
Question 101.
The main reserve of fresh water on earth surface is
(a) Ground water
(b) Rivers
(c) Lakes
(d) Polar ice caps and glaciers
Answer:
(d) Polar ice caps and glaciers
Question 102.
The management of resources on earth which maintains the balance between human requirements and other species is
(a) Conservation
(b) Industrialization
(c) Diversity of ecosystem
(d) Geological diversity
Answer:
(a) Conservation
Question 103.
The natural cause for extinction of species is
(a) Floods
(b) Hunting
(c) Industrialization
(d) Destruction of natural habitats
Answer:
(a) Floods
Question 104.
The natural resources available in limited quantity at global level is
(a) Non-renewable
(b) Renewable
(c) Exhaustible
(d) Inexhaustible
Answer:
(c) Exhaustible
Question 105.
The natural resources which are continuously consumed by man but are replenished by nature with a reasonable period of time is called
(a) Exhaustible
(b) Inexhaustible
(c) Exhaustible renewable
(d) Exhaustible non-renewable
Answer:
(c) Exhaustible renewable
Question 106.
The percentage of evaporation of water from land and ocean surface are respectively
(a) 16 and 84%
(b) 84 and 16%
(c) 65 and 35%
(d) 60 and 40%
Answer:
(a) 16 and 84%
Question 107.
The restricted distribution of species in small area called
(a) Biome
(b) Niche
(c) Endemism
(d) Ectosphere
Answer:
(c) Endemism
Question 108.
The vehicle used to carry the sensor in remote sensing is
(a) Camera
(b) Shuttle
(c) Scanner
(d) Platform
Answer:
(d) Platform
Question 109.
There is decrease in because of deforestation
(a) Soil erosion
(b) Global warming
(c) Rainfall
(d) Drought
Answer:
(c) Rainfall
Question 110.
Which has caused maximum damage to Indian forests
(a) Selective harvesting
(b) Block cutting
(c) Taungya cultivation
(d) Jhum cultivation
Answer:
(d) Jhum cultivation
Question 111.
Which of the following acts as a main source of ground water?
(a) Rain
(b) River
(c) Ocean
(d) Canals
Answer:
(a) Rain
Question 112.
Which of the following soil is the best for plant growth?
(a) Loamy soil
(b) Clay
(c) Gravel
(d) Sandy soil
Answer:
(a) Loamy soil
Question 113.
Which of the following species is endemic?
(a) Vanda
(b) Drosera sp
(c) Gnetum ula
(d) Ginkgo biloba
Answer:
(d) Ginkgo biloba
Question 114.
Which one is not an exhaustible resource
(a) Solar energy
(b) Coal
(c) Rainfall
(d) Wind power
Answer:
(b) Coal
Question 115.
Which one is not endangered species?
(a) Bald Eagle
(b) Giant Panda
(c) Podophyllum
(d) Mergosa
Answer:
(d) Mergosa
Question 116.
Which one of the following in endangered species?
(a) Cuscuta
(b) Nepenthes
(c) Datura
(d) Butea sps.
Answer:
(b) Nepenthes
Question 117.
The recent technique used for study of vegetation is
(a) Remote sensing
(b) Field works
(c) Ground photography
(d) Observation
Answer:
(a) Remote sensing
Very Short Answer Type Questions : 1 Mark
Question 1.
What is the total number of Hotspot situated in the world?
Answer:
34.
Question 2.
Who many hotspots present in India.
Answer:
4
Question 3.
Write the two causes of loss of biodiverity.
Answer:
(i) Hunting and poaching. (ii) Land use pattern.
Question 4.
Name two natural calamities due to loss of biodiversity.
Answer:
(i) Earthquakes, (ii) Tsunami.
Question 5.
Name two exotic species causing loss of biodiversity.
Answer:
Parthenium (Plant) Pesiplaneta americana.
Question 6.
Name two mangrove forests in India.
Answer:
(i) Sundarban mangrove forest.
(ii) Andaman mangrove forest.
Question 7.
How many types of conservation there are?
Answer:
Two types- (i) In-situ conservation, (ii) Ex-situ conservation.
Question 8.
Name one National Park in West Bengal.
Answer:
Jaldapara National Park.
Question 9.
Name one Sanctuary in West Bengal.
Answer:
Chapramari Sanctuary.
Question 10.
Name one Reserve forest in West Bengal.
Answer:
Bauxa Reserve forest.
Question 11.
Name one Biosphere reserve in West Bengal.
Answer:
Sundarban Biosphere reserve
Question 12.
Give two examples of ex-situ conservation.
Answer:
Zoological garden, Botanical garden.
Question 13.
What is the temperature for cryopreservation.
Answer:
-196° C
Question 14.
What is the full form of JFM
Answer:
Joint Forest Management.
Question 15.
Where and when JFM was started in India?
Answer:
Arabari forest in West Midnapur in 1971.
Question 16.
What is PBR?
Answer:
People’s Biodiversity Register.
Question 17.
Name one Tiger Project in West Bengal.
Answer:
Sundarban Tiger Project.
Question 18.
Name one Rhino Project in West Bengal.
Answer:
Jaldapara Sanctuary One-horned Rhinoceros Reserve Project.
Question 19.
Name one Lion Reserve Project.
Answer:
Lion Reserve Project in Gir Forest.
Question 20.
Name the Crocodile Reserve Project in West Bengal.
Answer:
Bhagabatpur Crocodile Reserve Project.
Question 21.
Name one Red Panda Reserve Project in West Bengal.
Answer:
Singalila National Project : Red Panda Reserve Project; Darjeeling.’
Question 22.
Which Logo is used for Red Panda conservation.
Answer:
WWF-N.
Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. The species of plants and animals which have disappeared from the face of the earth are said to be ___________.
2. Gene for resistance against a pest on rice, brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) was identified from old varieties of rice from ___________.
3. About ___________ plant species and ___________ vertebrate species are threatened with extinction.
4. Species of plants and animals which are in danger of becoming extinct or have become rare and are at risk are known as ___________ species.
5. Species of plants and animals which have been reduced to a critical level and are in immediate danger of becoming extinct are known as ___________ species.
6. Species of plants and animals which have been severely depleted and are likely to move into endangered category are known as ___________ species.
7. Species of plants and animals which occur in small populations restricted to localised areas or are thinly scattered over more extensive range are known as ___________ species.
8. Conservation is concerned with plants, animals, micro-organisms and their ___________.
9. The rice pest that threatened the entire rice cultivation is ___________ ___________ (Scientific name)
10. Over-fishing is depleting the ___________ living resources.
11. In the ___________ zone of biosphere reserves, no human activity is permitted.
12. In ___________ zone of bíosphere reserves, large number of human activities are allowed.
13. Only ___________ Indian Bustard birds are still living.
14. There are ___________ National Parks in our country.
15. ___________ Forestry Programme aims at planting trees for aesthetic purposes in urban settlements.
Answer:
1. extinct
2. Kerala
3. 25,000 ; 1,000
4. threatened
5. endangered
6. vulnerable
7. rare
8. environment
9. Nilaparvata lugens
10. marine
11. core
12. manipulation
13. 800
14. 66
15. Urban.
State whether the following statements are True or False. If False, then write the correct statement
Question 1.
California condor, the largest flying birds, is being affected by human cleanliness.
Answer:
True.
Question 2.
Forests play an important role in reducing atmospheric pollution.
Answer:
True.
Question 3.
Agroforestry Programme aims at reviving forests on barren agricultural land.
Answer:
False. Agroforestry Programme aims at reviving ancient practice of using same land for farming, forestry and animal husbandry.
Question 4.
The Great Indian Bustard, inhabitant of semiarid areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra is considered as a rare bird.
Answer:
False. The Great Indian Bustard, inhabtant of semi-arid areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra is a highly endangered bird.
Question 5.
In manipulation zone of biosphere reserve, limited human activity is allowed.
Answer:
False. In buffer zone of biosphere reserve limited human activity is allowed.
Question 6.
In a sanctuary, protection is given only to animals.
Answer:
True.
Question 7.
In-situ protection refers to the conservation of wildlife in zoos and botanical gardens.
Answer:
False. In-situ protection refers to the conservation of wildlife in their natural habited.
Question 8.
Uttarakhand Biosphere Reserve includes Silent valley in north western Himalayas.
Answer:
False. Uttarakhand Biosphere Reserve includes Valley of Flowers in northwestern Himalayas.
Question 9.
Silent valley is located in Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
False. Silent Valley is located in Kerala.
Question 10.
Tropical rain forests are the most productive forest types in the world.
Answer:
True.